---
_id: '11113'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'When oil palm lumber is considered for load-bearing products such as glued
laminated timber (GLT), defined strength and stiffness values are required. In
this investigation, combined GLT from oil palm wood is tested in compression parallel
and perpendicular and glulam lamellas in tension parallel to the vascular bundles.
Strength and Young´s modulus in compression and tension parallel increase with
the density by power law relationship. In contrast to dicotyledons, the strength
in construction size exceeds that of small, defect-free test specimens (compression
strength perpendicular), are in the same range (tensile and bending strength parallel)
or only a little below (compression strength parallel). The specimen size does
not influence the strength. The ratio of fc,0 : fm : ft,0 is 1.2 : 0.8 … 1.7 … 2.6
: 1 and fc,0 : fc,90 = 2.7 … 13.0 … 32.6 : 1 for ρ = 200 … 400 … 600 kg/m³; the
ratio of Ec,0 : Em : Et,0 is 1.2 : 1.3 : 1 for ρ = 400 kg/m³. Ashby´s performance
indices for minimum weight design rise with the density; the strength-density
performance indices are comparable or only slightly lower than that for structural
size softwood, whereas the modulus-density performance indices are much lower.
The challenge in use of oil palm wood for load-bearing construction products is
the low stiffness.'
author:
- first_name: Katja
full_name: Frühwald-König, Katja
id: '26232'
last_name: Frühwald-König
- first_name: Lena
full_name: Heister, Lena
id: '71887'
last_name: Heister
citation:
ama: Frühwald-König K, Heister L. Compression properties of glued laminated timber
and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood. Wood material
science and engineering. 2024;19(5):1101-1116. doi:10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627
apa: Frühwald-König, K., & Heister, L. (2024). Compression properties of glued
laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood.
Wood Material Science and Engineering, 19(5), 1101–1116. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627
bjps: Frühwald-König K and Heister L (2024) Compression Properties of Glued
Laminated Timber and Tensile Properties of Gluelam Lamellas from Oil Palm Wood.
Wood material science and engineering 19, 1101–1116.
chicago: 'Frühwald-König, Katja, and Lena Heister. “Compression Properties of Glued
Laminated Timber and Tensile Properties of Gluelam Lamellas from Oil Palm Wood.”
Wood Material Science and Engineering 19, no. 5 (2024): 1101–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627.'
chicago-de: 'Frühwald-König, Katja und Lena Heister. 2024. Compression properties
of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil
palm wood. Wood material science and engineering 19, Nr. 5: 1101–1116.
doi:10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Frühwald-König, Katja
; Heister, Lena: Compression properties
of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil
palm wood. In: Wood material science and engineering Bd. 19. London, Taylor
& Francis (2024), Nr. 5, S. 1101–1116'
havard: K. Frühwald-König, L. Heister, Compression properties of glued laminated
timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood, Wood Material
Science and Engineering. 19 (2024) 1101–1116.
ieee: 'K. Frühwald-König and L. Heister, “Compression properties of glued laminated
timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood,” Wood
material science and engineering, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1101–1116, 2024, doi:
10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627.'
mla: Frühwald-König, Katja, and Lena Heister. “Compression Properties of Glued Laminated
Timber and Tensile Properties of Gluelam Lamellas from Oil Palm Wood.” Wood
Material Science and Engineering, vol. 19, no. 5, 2024, pp. 1101–16, https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627.
short: K. Frühwald-König, L. Heister, Wood Material Science and Engineering 19 (2024)
1101–1116.
ufg: 'Frühwald-König, Katja/Heister, Lena: Compression properties of glued
laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood,
in: Wood material science and engineering 19 (2024), H. 5, S. 1101–1116.'
van: Frühwald-König K, Heister L. Compression properties of glued laminated timber
and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood. Wood material science
and engineering. 2024;19(5):1101–16.
date_created: 2024-02-25T07:30:24Z
date_updated: 2025-06-25T12:41:40Z
department:
- _id: DEP7018
- _id: DEP1309
doi: 10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627
external_id:
isi:
- '001147069800001'
intvolume: ' 19'
isi: '1'
issue: '5'
keyword:
- Oil palm wood
- compression
- tension
- strength
- young’s modulus
- digital image correlation
- glued laminated timber
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1101-1116
place: London
publication: Wood material science and engineering
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1748-0280
issn:
- 1748-0272
publication_status: published
publisher: Taylor & Francis
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of
gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 19
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '11793'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: One obstacle to the industrial processing of oil palm wood is its nearly water-saturated
state in green condition and its high tendency to develop cell collapse during
kiln drying. This study analyzed mechanical dewatering by flat compression as
an alternative pre-drying method for wet oil palm sawn timber. In the process,
boards 700 mm long were compressed at ratios of 40% and 60% using a laboratory
press, which resulted in water extraction of the free water varying between 38–52%
and 60–73%, respectively. Since unperforated press plates were used, the water
could only escape over the crosscut and long edges. The extent to which the crosscut
and long edges were involved in dewatering was examined, and found to depend on
the position of the board in the trunk due to the different water permeability
conditions at the different heights. Permeability measurements, therefore, were
carried out on cylindrical specimens using a specifically designed testing device.
For the analysis of the hydrostatic pressure development in the boards, three
pressure transducers were installed at different distances to the crosscut at
half board thickness. The analysis of the recovery of compression showed, that
the boards recovered to a large extend immediately after compression.
author:
- first_name: Nathan
full_name: Kölli, Nathan
id: '74242'
last_name: Kölli
citation:
ama: Kölli N. Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat compression.
Wood Material Science & Engineering. Published online 2024:1-15. doi:10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545
apa: Kölli, N. (2024). Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat
compression. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545
bjps: Kölli N (2024) Dewatering Behavior of Wet Oil Palm Sawn Timber during
Flat Compression. Wood Material Science & Engineering 1–15.
chicago: Kölli, Nathan. “Dewatering Behavior of Wet Oil Palm Sawn Timber during
Flat Compression.” Wood Material Science & Engineering, 2024, 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545.
chicago-de: 'Kölli, Nathan. 2024. Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber
during flat compression. Wood Material Science & Engineering: 1–15.
doi:10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Kölli, Nathan: Dewatering
behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat compression. In: Wood Material
Science & Engineering. London, Taylor & Francis (2024), S. 1–15'
havard: N. Kölli, Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat compression,
Wood Material Science & Engineering. (2024) 1–15.
ieee: 'N. Kölli, “Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat compression,”
Wood Material Science & Engineering, pp. 1–15, 2024, doi: 10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545.'
mla: Kölli, Nathan. “Dewatering Behavior of Wet Oil Palm Sawn Timber during Flat
Compression.” Wood Material Science & Engineering, 2024, pp. 1–15,
https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545.
short: N. Kölli, Wood Material Science & Engineering (2024) 1–15.
ufg: 'Kölli, Nathan: Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during
flat compression, in: Wood Material Science & Engineering (2024),
S. 1–15.'
van: Kölli N. Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat compression.
Wood Material Science & Engineering. 2024;1–15.
date_created: 2024-07-27T05:39:13Z
date_updated: 2024-11-08T09:39:22Z
department:
- _id: DEP7018
- _id: DEP1309
doi: 10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545
keyword:
- Flat compression
- hydrostatic pressure
- mechanical dewatering
- water permeability
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1-15
place: London
publication: Wood Material Science & Engineering
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1748-0280
issn:
- 1748-0272
publication_status: published
publisher: Taylor & Francis
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat compression
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '26232'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '9568'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Pellet production is a multi-step manufacturing process comprising granulation,
extrusion and spheronisation. The first step represents a critical control point,
since the quality of the granule mass highly influences subsequent process steps
and, consequently, the quality of final pellets. The most important parameter
of wet granulation is the liquid requirement, which can often only be quantitatively
evaluated after further process steps. To identify an alternative for optimal
liquid requirements, experiments were conducted with a formulation based on lactose
and microcrystalline cellulose. Granules were analyzed with a Powder Vertical
Shear Rig. We identified the compression density (ρpress) as the said alternative,
linking information from the powder material and the moisture content (R2 = 0.995).
We used ρpress to successfully predict liquid requirements for unknown formulation
compositions. By means of this prediction, pellets with high quality, regarding
shape and size distribution, were produced by carrying out a multi-step manufacturing
process. Furthermore, the applicability of ρpress as an alternative quality parameter
to other placebo formulations and to formulations containing active pharmaceutical
ingredients (APIs) was demonstrated.
article_number: '2303'
author:
- first_name: Selina
full_name: Ramm, Selina
id: '68713'
last_name: Ramm
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0502-8032
- first_name: Ruwen
full_name: Fulek, Ruwen
id: '79527'
last_name: Fulek
- first_name: Veronika Anna
full_name: Eberle, Veronika Anna
last_name: Eberle
- first_name: Christian
full_name: Kiera, Christian
last_name: Kiera
- first_name: Ulrich
full_name: Odefey, Ulrich
id: '74218'
last_name: Odefey
- first_name: Miriam
full_name: Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam
id: '64952'
last_name: Pein-Hackelbusch
orcid: 0000-0002-7920-0595
citation:
ama: Ramm S, Fulek R, Eberle VA, Kiera C, Odefey U, Pein-Hackelbusch M. Compression
Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear
Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(11).
doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112303
apa: Ramm, S., Fulek, R., Eberle, V. A., Kiera, C., Odefey, U., & Pein-Hackelbusch,
M. (2022). Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture
Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation.
Pharmaceutics, 14(11), Article 2303. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112303
bjps: Ramm S et al. (2022) Compression Density as an Alternative to
Identify an Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial
Step for Spheronisation. Pharmaceutics 14.
chicago: Ramm, Selina, Ruwen Fulek, Veronika Anna Eberle, Christian Kiera, Ulrich
Odefey, and Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch. “Compression Density as an Alternative to
Identify an Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial
Step for Spheronisation.” Pharmaceutics 14, no. 11 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112303.
chicago-de: Ramm, Selina, Ruwen Fulek, Veronika Anna Eberle, Christian Kiera, Ulrich
Odefey und Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch. 2022. Compression Density as an Alternative
to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial
Step for Spheronisation. Pharmaceutics 14, Nr. 11. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112303,
.
din1505-2-1: 'Ramm, Selina ; Fulek, Ruwen ; Eberle,
Veronika Anna ; Kiera, Christian
; Odefey, Ulrich ; Pein-Hackelbusch,
Miriam: Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture
Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation.
In: Pharmaceutics Bd. 14. Basel, MDPI (2022), Nr. 11'
havard: S. Ramm, R. Fulek, V.A. Eberle, C. Kiera, U. Odefey, M. Pein-Hackelbusch,
Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content
for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation., Pharmaceutics.
14 (2022).
ieee: 'S. Ramm, R. Fulek, V. A. Eberle, C. Kiera, U. Odefey, and M. Pein-Hackelbusch,
“Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content
for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation.,” Pharmaceutics,
vol. 14, no. 11, Art. no. 2303, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112303.'
mla: Ramm, Selina, et al. “Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify an
Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for
Spheronisation.” Pharmaceutics, vol. 14, no. 11, 2303, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112303.
short: S. Ramm, R. Fulek, V.A. Eberle, C. Kiera, U. Odefey, M. Pein-Hackelbusch,
Pharmaceutics 14 (2022).
ufg: 'Ramm, Selina u. a.: Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify
an Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step
for Spheronisation., in: Pharmaceutics 14 (2022), H. 11.'
van: Ramm S, Fulek R, Eberle VA, Kiera C, Odefey U, Pein-Hackelbusch M. Compression
Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear
Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(11).
date_created: 2023-03-03T11:23:01Z
date_updated: 2025-07-29T13:22:53Z
department:
- _id: DEP4022
- _id: DEP4028
- _id: DEP4014
doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112303
external_id:
isi:
- '000883998100001'
pmid:
- '36365122'
intvolume: ' 14'
isi: '1'
issue: '11'
keyword:
- wet granulation
- liquid requirement
- granulation endpoint
- compression density
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/11/2303
oa: '1'
place: Basel
pmid: '1'
publication: Pharmaceutics
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1999-4923
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI
status: public
title: Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content
for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation.
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 14
year: '2022'
...