---
_id: '13495'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The use of additive manufacturing for rapid prototyping of near-infrared and
    terahertz components provides seamless and error-free production. This article
    discusses the additive manufacturing and post-processing of axicons and their
    performance evaluation using attenuation and near-field-measurements based fundamental
    techniques. The axicons are manufactured using the materials cyclic olefin copolymer
    (TOPAS) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), for their respective use in terahertz
    and near-infrared applications. The optical and terahertz components manufactured
    using traditional 3D-printing processes, e.g., fused filament fabrication or stereolithography
    apparatus exhibit high surface roughness in the range of 15 ± 2.5 µm, resulting
    in undesired propagation and scattering in the near infrared wavelengths. This
    research work proposes an economical post-processing technique for additively
    manufactured terahertz and near-infrared axicons for applications in multispectral
    characterization, e.g., bio-sensing. The authors used an enhanced method of dip-coating,
    which involves interval dipping and intermittent hardening to achieve better surface
    finish. An emphasis is placed on interval dipping and intermittent hardening,
    which lead to excellent transparency in case of additively-manufactured near-infrared
    axicons. The dip-coated samples exhibit surface roughness below 10 nm. With the
    use of heated resin material as the coating layer, due to reduced viscosity, the
    resin material distributes uniformly over the surface of the 3D-printed terahertz
    and near-infrared axicons. The authors also observed that the DOF length deviation
    between unprocessed and enhanced dip-coated axicons remains within the measurement
    error estimation from analytical calculations. In addition to the improved surface
    finish and transparency, the coatings are also closely matched in refractive index
    to the axicon material. Such post-processed axicons pave the way for producing
    a wide array of systems in the fields of communication, imaging, and bio-sensing.
article_number: '264'
author:
- first_name: Abhijeet Narendra
  full_name: Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra
  id: '74090'
  last_name: Shrotri
  orcid: 0000-0003-2116-156X
- first_name: Annamarija
  full_name: Starsaja, Annamarija
  last_name: Starsaja
- first_name: Suraj
  full_name: Joshi, Suraj
  last_name: Joshi
- first_name: Sascha
  full_name: Preu, Sascha
  last_name: Preu
- first_name: Oliver
  full_name: Stübbe, Oliver
  id: '51864'
  last_name: Stübbe
  orcid: 0000-0001-7293-6893
citation:
  ama: Shrotri AN, Starsaja A, Joshi S, Preu S, Stübbe O. Multispectral Characterization
    of Additively Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons. <i>Photonics</i>. 2026;13(3).
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13030264">10.3390/photonics13030264</a>
  apa: Shrotri, A. N., Starsaja, A., Joshi, S., Preu, S., &#38; Stübbe, O. (2026).
    Multispectral Characterization of Additively Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons.
    <i>Photonics</i>, <i>13</i>(3), Article 264. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13030264">https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13030264</a>
  bjps: <b>Shrotri AN <i>et al.</i></b> (2026) Multispectral Characterization of Additively
    Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons. <i>Photonics</i> <b>13</b>.
  chicago: Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Annamarija Starsaja, Suraj Joshi, Sascha Preu,
    and Oliver Stübbe. “Multispectral Characterization of Additively Manufactured
    and Dip-Coated Axicons.” <i>Photonics</i> 13, no. 3 (2026). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13030264">https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13030264</a>.
  chicago-de: Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Annamarija Starsaja, Suraj Joshi, Sascha
    Preu und Oliver Stübbe. 2026. Multispectral Characterization of Additively Manufactured
    and Dip-Coated Axicons. <i>Photonics</i> 13, Nr. 3. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13030264">10.3390/photonics13030264</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Starsaja, Annamarija</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Joshi,
    Suraj</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Preu, Sascha</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Stübbe, Oliver</span>: Multispectral Characterization
    of Additively Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons. In: <i>Photonics</i> Bd. 13.
    Basel, MDPI AG (2026), Nr. 3'
  havard: A.N. Shrotri, A. Starsaja, S. Joshi, S. Preu, O. Stübbe, Multispectral Characterization
    of Additively Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons, Photonics. 13 (2026).
  ieee: 'A. N. Shrotri, A. Starsaja, S. Joshi, S. Preu, and O. Stübbe, “Multispectral
    Characterization of Additively Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons,” <i>Photonics</i>,
    vol. 13, no. 3, Art. no. 264, 2026, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13030264">10.3390/photonics13030264</a>.'
  mla: Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, et al. “Multispectral Characterization of Additively
    Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons.” <i>Photonics</i>, vol. 13, no. 3, 264, 2026,
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13030264">https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13030264</a>.
  short: A.N. Shrotri, A. Starsaja, S. Joshi, S. Preu, O. Stübbe, Photonics 13 (2026).
  ufg: '<b>Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra u. a.</b>: Multispectral Characterization of
    Additively Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons, in: <i>Photonics</i> 13 (2026),
    H. 3.'
  van: Shrotri AN, Starsaja A, Joshi S, Preu S, Stübbe O. Multispectral Characterization
    of Additively Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons. Photonics. 2026;13(3).
date_created: 2026-03-12T07:07:54Z
date_updated: 2026-03-12T07:12:29Z
department:
- _id: DEP5020
- _id: DEP6020
doi: 10.3390/photonics13030264
intvolume: '        13'
issue: '3'
keyword:
- additive manufacturing
- stereolithography
- dip-coating
- post-processing
language:
- iso: eng
place: Basel
publication: Photonics
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2304-6732
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
status: public
title: Multispectral Characterization of Additively Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 13
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '13346'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: This article discusses the additive manufacturing and post-processing of axicons,
    and their performance evaluation using attenuation and near-field-measurements
    based fundamental techniques. The axicons are manufactured using the materials
    cyclic olefin copolymer (TOPAS) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), for their
    respective use in terahertz and near-infrared applications. An emphasis is placed
    on the dip-coating-based post-processing. Interval dipping and intermittent hardening
    lead to excellent surface finish and transparency in case of additively-manufactured
    near-infrared axicons. The dip-coated samples exhibit surface roughness of sub
    10nm, and a uniformly distributed thin layer coating over the axicon surface.
    In addition to the improved surface finish and transparency, the coatings are
    also closely matched in refractive index to the axicon material. Such post-processed
    axicons pave the way for rapid-prototyping and production.
author:
- first_name: Abhijeet Narendra
  full_name: Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra
  id: '74090'
  last_name: Shrotri
  orcid: 0000-0003-2116-156X
- first_name: Annamarija
  full_name: Starsaja, Annamarija
  last_name: Starsaja
- first_name: Suraj
  full_name: Joshi, Suraj
  last_name: Joshi
- first_name: 'Sascha '
  full_name: 'Preu, Sascha '
  last_name: Preu
- first_name: Oliver
  full_name: Stübbe, Oliver
  id: '51864'
  last_name: Stübbe
  orcid: 0000-0001-7293-6893
citation:
  ama: Shrotri AN, Starsaja A, Joshi S, Preu S, Stübbe O. Multispectral characterization
    of additively manufactured and dip-coated axicons. <i>Optica Open</i>. Published
    online 2026. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaopen.31149016">https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaopen.31149016</a>
  apa: Shrotri, A. N., Starsaja, A., Joshi, S., Preu, S., &#38; Stübbe, O. (2026).
    Multispectral characterization of additively manufactured and dip-coated axicons.
    In <i>Optica Open</i>. Optica Publishing Group. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaopen.31149016">https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaopen.31149016</a>
  bjps: <b>Shrotri AN <i>et al.</i></b> (2026) Multispectral Characterization of Additively
    Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons. <i>Optica Open</i>.
  chicago: Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Annamarija Starsaja, Suraj Joshi, Sascha  Preu,
    and Oliver Stübbe. “Multispectral Characterization of Additively Manufactured
    and Dip-Coated Axicons.” <i>Optica Open</i>. Optica Publishing Group, 2026. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaopen.31149016">https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaopen.31149016</a>.
  chicago-de: Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Annamarija Starsaja, Suraj Joshi, Sascha  Preu
    und Oliver Stübbe. 2026. Multispectral characterization of additively manufactured
    and dip-coated axicons. <i>Optica Open</i>. Optica Publishing Group. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaopen.31149016">https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaopen.31149016</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Starsaja, Annamarija</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Joshi,
    Suraj</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Preu, Sascha </span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Stübbe, Oliver</span>: Multispectral characterization
    of additively manufactured and dip-coated axicons. In: <i>Optica Open</i>, Optica
    Publishing Group (2026)'
  havard: A.N. Shrotri, A. Starsaja, S. Joshi, S. Preu, O. Stübbe, Multispectral characterization
    of additively manufactured and dip-coated axicons, Optica Open. (2026).
  ieee: 'A. N. Shrotri, A. Starsaja, S. Joshi, S. Preu, and O. Stübbe, “Multispectral
    characterization of additively manufactured and dip-coated axicons,” <i>Optica
    Open</i>. Optica Publishing Group, 2026. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaopen.31149016">https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaopen.31149016</a>.'
  mla: Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, et al. “Multispectral Characterization of Additively
    Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons.” <i>Optica Open</i>, Optica Publishing Group,
    2026, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaopen.31149016">https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaopen.31149016</a>.
  short: A.N. Shrotri, A. Starsaja, S. Joshi, S. Preu, O. Stübbe, Optica Open (2026).
  ufg: '<b>Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra u. a.</b>: Multispectral characterization of
    additively manufactured and dip-coated axicons, in: <i>Optica Open</i>o. O. 2026.'
  van: Shrotri AN, Starsaja A, Joshi S, Preu S, Stübbe O. Multispectral characterization
    of additively manufactured and dip-coated axicons. Optica Open. Optica Publishing
    Group; 2026.
date_created: 2026-01-27T11:53:40Z
date_updated: 2026-02-10T10:16:40Z
department:
- _id: DEP5020
- _id: DEP6020
doi: https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaopen.31149016
keyword:
- additive manufacturing
- stereolithography
- dip-coating
- post-processing
language:
- iso: eng
page: '5'
publication: Optica Open
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - '2334-2536 '
publication_status: published
publisher: Optica Publishing Group
status: public
title: Multispectral characterization of additively manufactured and dip-coated axicons
type: preprint
user_id: '83781'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '13363'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: This article discusses the additive manufacturing and post-processing of axicons,
    and their performance evaluation using attenuation and near-field-measurements
    based fundamental techniques. The axicons are manufactured using the materials
    cyclic olefin copolymer (TOPAS) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), for their
    respective use in terahertz and near-infrared applications. An emphasis is placed
    on the dip-coating-based post-processing. Interval dipping and intermittent hardening
    lead to excellent surface finish and transparency in case of additively-manufactured
    near-infrared axicons. The dip-coated samples exhibit surface roughness of sub
    10 nm, and a uniformly distributed thin layer coating over the axicon surface.
    In addition to the improved surface finish and transparency, the coatings are
    also closely matched in refractive index to the axicon material. Such post-processed
    axicons pave the way for rapid-prototyping and production.
author:
- first_name: Abhijeet Narendra
  full_name: Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra
  id: '74090'
  last_name: Shrotri
  orcid: 0000-0003-2116-156X
- first_name: Annamarija
  full_name: Starsaja, Annamarija
  last_name: Starsaja
- first_name: 'Suraj '
  full_name: 'Joshi, Suraj '
  last_name: Joshi
- first_name: Sascha
  full_name: Preu, Sascha
  last_name: Preu
- first_name: Oliver
  full_name: Stübbe, Oliver
  id: '51864'
  last_name: Stübbe
  orcid: 0000-0001-7293-6893
citation:
  ama: 'Shrotri AN, Starsaja A, Joshi S, Preu S, Stübbe O. Multispectral Characterization
    of Additively Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons. <i>Photonics: Open Access Journal</i>.
    Published online 2026. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202602.0389.v1">https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202602.0389.v1</a>'
  apa: 'Shrotri, A. N., Starsaja, A., Joshi, S., Preu, S., &#38; Stübbe, O. (2026).
    Multispectral Characterization of Additively Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons.
    In <i>Photonics: Open Access Journal</i>. MDPI . <a href="https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202602.0389.v1">https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202602.0389.v1</a>'
  bjps: '<b>Shrotri AN <i>et al.</i></b> (2026) Multispectral Characterization of
    Additively Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons. <i>Photonics: Open Access Journal</i>.'
  chicago: 'Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Annamarija Starsaja, Suraj  Joshi, Sascha
    Preu, and Oliver Stübbe. “Multispectral Characterization of Additively Manufactured
    and Dip-Coated Axicons.” <i>Photonics: Open Access Journal</i>. MDPI , 2026. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202602.0389.v1">https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202602.0389.v1</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Annamarija Starsaja, Suraj  Joshi, Sascha
    Preu und Oliver Stübbe. 2026. Multispectral Characterization of Additively Manufactured
    and Dip-Coated Axicons. <i>Photonics: Open Access Journal</i>. MDPI . doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202602.0389.v1">https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202602.0389.v1</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Starsaja, Annamarija</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Joshi,
    Suraj </span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Preu, Sascha</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Stübbe, Oliver</span>: Multispectral Characterization
    of Additively Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons. In: <i>Photonics: Open Access
    Journal</i>, MDPI  (2026)'
  havard: 'A.N. Shrotri, A. Starsaja, S. Joshi, S. Preu, O. Stübbe, Multispectral
    Characterization of Additively Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons, Photonics:
    Open Access Journal. (2026).'
  ieee: 'A. N. Shrotri, A. Starsaja, S. Joshi, S. Preu, and O. Stübbe, “Multispectral
    Characterization of Additively Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons,” <i>Photonics:
    Open Access Journal</i>. MDPI , 2026. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202602.0389.v1">https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202602.0389.v1</a>.'
  mla: 'Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, et al. “Multispectral Characterization of Additively
    Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons.” <i>Photonics: Open Access Journal</i>, MDPI
    , 2026, <a href="https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202602.0389.v1">https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202602.0389.v1</a>.'
  short: 'A.N. Shrotri, A. Starsaja, S. Joshi, S. Preu, O. Stübbe, Photonics: Open
    Access Journal (2026).'
  ufg: '<b>Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra u. a.</b>: Multispectral Characterization of
    Additively Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons, in: <i>Photonics: Open Access
    Journal</i>o. O. 2026.'
  van: 'Shrotri AN, Starsaja A, Joshi S, Preu S, Stübbe O. Multispectral Characterization
    of Additively Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons. Photonics: Open Access Journal.
    MDPI ; 2026.'
date_created: 2026-02-09T14:25:17Z
date_updated: 2026-02-10T10:12:11Z
department:
- _id: DEP5020
- _id: DEP6020
doi: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202602.0389.v1
keyword:
- additive manufacturing
- stereolithography
- dip-coating
- post-processing
language:
- iso: eng
page: '15'
publication: 'Photonics: Open Access Journal'
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - '2304-6732 '
publication_status: published
publisher: 'MDPI '
status: public
title: Multispectral Characterization of Additively Manufactured and Dip-Coated Axicons
type: preprint
user_id: '83781'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '12424'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Additive manufacturing of optical, electrical, and mechanical components is
    a beneficial approach for the rapid prototyping of components and error elimination,
    with short turnaround times. However, additively manufactured components usually
    have rough surfaces that need post-processing, particularly for optical components,
    where the surface roughness must be a small fraction of the wavelength. We demonstrate
    an innovative and economical approach by dip-coating with the same resin used
    for printing in a simple post-processing step, providing high transparency to
    the 3D-printed optical components and reducing surface roughness while achieving
    perfect index matching of the coating layer. The surface roughness of the 3D-printed
    optical components drops to 5 nm (arithmetic average) after the dip-coating process.
    We observed significant performance enhancements after comparing the unprocessed
    optical components and the dip-coated optical components, including optical transparency
    and a shiny surface finish for previously rough surfaces.
article_number: '210'
author:
- first_name: Abhijeet Narendra
  full_name: Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra
  id: '74090'
  last_name: Shrotri
  orcid: 0000-0003-2116-156X
- first_name: Sascha
  full_name: Preu, Sascha
  last_name: Preu
- first_name: Oliver
  full_name: Stübbe, Oliver
  id: '51864'
  last_name: Stübbe
  orcid: 0000-0001-7293-6893
citation:
  ama: 'Shrotri AN, Preu S, Stübbe O. Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Losses
    of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish.
    <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>. 2025;15(2). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210">10.3390/coatings15020210</a>'
  apa: 'Shrotri, A. N., Preu, S., &#38; Stübbe, O. (2025). Achieving Transparency
    and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a
    Dip-Coating Surface Finish. <i>Coatings : Open Access Journal</i>, <i>15</i>(2),
    Article 210. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210">https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210</a>'
  bjps: '<b>Shrotri AN, Preu S and Stübbe O</b> (2025) Achieving Transparency and
    Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating
    Surface Finish. <i>Coatings : open access journal</i> <b>15</b>.'
  chicago: 'Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Sascha Preu, and Oliver Stübbe. “Achieving
    Transparency and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components
    by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish.” <i>Coatings : Open Access Journal</i> 15, no.
    2 (2025). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210">https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Sascha Preu und Oliver Stübbe. 2025. Achieving
    Transparency and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components
    by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish. <i>Coatings : open access journal</i> 15, Nr.
    2. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210">10.3390/coatings15020210</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Preu, Sascha</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Stübbe,
    Oliver</span>: Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively
    Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish. In: <i>Coatings :
    open access journal</i> Bd. 15. Basel, MDPI AG (2025), Nr. 2'
  havard: 'A.N. Shrotri, S. Preu, O. Stübbe, Achieving Transparency and Minimizing
    Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface
    Finish, Coatings : Open Access Journal. 15 (2025).'
  ieee: 'A. N. Shrotri, S. Preu, and O. Stübbe, “Achieving Transparency and Minimizing
    Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface
    Finish,” <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>, vol. 15, no. 2, Art. no. 210,
    2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210">10.3390/coatings15020210</a>.'
  mla: 'Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, et al. “Achieving Transparency and Minimizing
    Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface
    Finish.” <i>Coatings : Open Access Journal</i>, vol. 15, no. 2, 210, 2025, <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210">https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210</a>.'
  short: 'A.N. Shrotri, S. Preu, O. Stübbe, Coatings : Open Access Journal 15 (2025).'
  ufg: '<b>Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra/Preu, Sascha/Stübbe, Oliver</b>: Achieving Transparency
    and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a
    Dip-Coating Surface Finish, in: <i>Coatings : open access journal</i> 15 (2025),
    H. 2.'
  van: 'Shrotri AN, Preu S, Stübbe O. Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Losses
    of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish.
    Coatings : open access journal. 2025;15(2).'
date_created: 2025-02-11T11:56:38Z
date_updated: 2025-02-12T08:37:34Z
department:
- _id: DEP5020
- _id: DEP6020
doi: 10.3390/coatings15020210
intvolume: '        15'
issue: '2'
keyword:
- additive manufacturing
- post-processing
- optics
- dip-coating
language:
- iso: eng
place: Basel
publication: 'Coatings : open access journal'
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2079-6412
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured
  Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 15
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '13029'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Additive manufacturing of optical, electrical and mechanical components is
    a beneficial approach for rapid prototyping of components and error elimination
    with short turn around times. However, additively manufactured components usually
    have rough surfaces which need post-processing, in particular for optical components
    where the surface roughness must be a small fraction of the wavelength. We demonstrate
    an innovative and economical approach by dip-coating with the same\r\nresin as
    used for printing, providing high transparency of the 3D-printed optical components
    and reduced surface roughness with perfect index matching of the coating layer
    in a simple post processing step. The surface roughness of the 3D-printed optical
    components drops to 5 nm (arithmetic average) after the dip-coating process. We
    observed significant performance enhancement after comparing the unprocessed optical
    components and dip-coated optical components, including achieving optical transparency
    and shiny surface finish of previously rough surfaces."
author:
- first_name: Abhijeet Narendra
  full_name: Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra
  id: '74090'
  last_name: Shrotri
  orcid: 0000-0003-2116-156X
- first_name: Sascha
  full_name: Preu, Sascha
  last_name: Preu
- first_name: Oliver
  full_name: Stübbe, Oliver
  id: '51864'
  last_name: Stübbe
  orcid: 0000-0001-7293-6893
citation:
  ama: 'Shrotri AN, Preu S, Stübbe O. Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Loss of
    Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish.
    <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>. Published online 2025. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1">10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1</a>'
  apa: 'Shrotri, A. N., Preu, S., &#38; Stübbe, O. (2025). Achieving Transparency
    and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating
    Surface Finish. In <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>. MDPI. <a href="https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1">https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1</a>'
  bjps: '<b>Shrotri AN, Preu S and Stübbe O</b> (2025) Achieving Transparency and
    Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating
    Surface Finish. <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>.'
  chicago: 'Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Sascha Preu, and Oliver Stübbe. “Achieving
    Transparency and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components
    by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish.” <i>Coatings : Open Access Journal</i>. MDPI,
    2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1">https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Sascha Preu und Oliver Stübbe. 2025. Achieving
    Transparency and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components
    by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish. <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>. MDPI.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1">10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Preu, Sascha</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Stübbe,
    Oliver</span>: Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively
    Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish. In: <i>Coatings :
    open access journal</i>, MDPI (2025)'
  havard: 'A.N. Shrotri, S. Preu, O. Stübbe, Achieving Transparency and Minimizing
    Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface
    Finish, Coatings : Open Access Journal. (2025).'
  ieee: 'A. N. Shrotri, S. Preu, and O. Stübbe, “Achieving Transparency and Minimizing
    Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface
    Finish,” <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>. MDPI, 2025. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1">10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1</a>.'
  mla: 'Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, et al. “Achieving Transparency and Minimizing
    Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface
    Finish.” <i>Coatings : Open Access Journal</i>, MDPI, 2025, <a href="https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1">https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1</a>.'
  short: 'A.N. Shrotri, S. Preu, O. Stübbe, Coatings : Open Access Journal (2025).'
  ufg: '<b>Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra/Preu, Sascha/Stübbe, Oliver</b>: Achieving Transparency
    and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating
    Surface Finish, in: <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>o. O. 2025.'
  van: 'Shrotri AN, Preu S, Stübbe O. Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Loss of
    Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish.
    Coatings : open access journal. MDPI; 2025.'
date_created: 2025-06-30T07:39:43Z
date_updated: 2025-07-01T06:38:44Z
ddc:
- '620'
department:
- _id: DEP5020
- _id: DEP6020
doi: 10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- additive manufacturing
- post-processing
- optics
- dip-coating
language:
- iso: eng
page: '10'
publication: 'Coatings : open access journal'
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI
status: public
title: Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured
  Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish
type: preprint
user_id: '83781'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '11359'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The reliability and lifetime of electrical contacts is an important aspect
    in system reliability and is influenced by numerous factors. Micro motions as
    well as vibrations lead to fretting wear, which can result in wear through of
    the protective coating. If this layer is worn through, the non-noble layer underneath
    is exposed, resulting in the occurrence of fretting corrosion with further relative
    motion. This leads to an increased electrical contact resistance (ECR) and can
    cause the contact to fail. Increasing the hardness of the coating material can
    reduce the wear and in turn increase contacts’ lifetime. The micro hardness, wear
    and lifetime of contacts with modified hard silver coatings are investigated in
    fretting wear and corrosion tests and the results compared to a conventional silver
    coating. Since one of the modifications shows a significant reduction in wear
    and hence improvement in lifetime, further analysis with SEM and FIB is conducted
    in order to identify the key mechanisms leading to this improvement. With a further
    increase in lifetime however, fatigue as well as delamination of the coating are
    revealed to be of high relevance. Both can be main causes of electrical contact
    failure under fretting load. In general, at lower number of cycles, increased
    micro hardness has the greatest effect on lifetime and wear while at the higher
    number of cycles, fatigue is observed to be the dominant failure mechanism.
author:
- first_name: Roman
  full_name: Probst, Roman
  id: '69156'
  last_name: Probst
- first_name: Jian
  full_name: Song, Jian
  id: '5297'
  last_name: Song
citation:
  ama: Probst R, Song J. <i>Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of a
    Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests</i>. IEEE; 2023:88-94.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299">10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299</a>
  apa: Probst, R., &#38; Song, J. (2023). Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the
    Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests. In
    <i>2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)</i> (pp. 88–94).
    IEEE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299">https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299</a>
  bjps: '<b>Probst R and Song J</b> (2023) <i>Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on
    the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests</i>.
    [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE.'
  chicago: 'Probst, Roman, and Jian Song. <i>Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on
    the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests</i>.
    <i>2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)</i>. Electrical
    Contacts-IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts. [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE,
    2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299">https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Probst, Roman und Jian Song. 2023. <i>Influence of Hardness and Fatigue
    on the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests</i>.
    <i>2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)</i>. Electrical
    Contacts-IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts. [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299">10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Probst, Roman</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Song, Jian</span>: <i>Influence of Hardness and
    Fatigue on the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion
    Tests</i>, <i>Electrical Contacts-IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts</i>.
    [Piscataway, NJ] : IEEE, 2023'
  havard: R. Probst, J. Song, Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of
    a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests, IEEE, [Piscataway,
    NJ], 2023.
  ieee: 'R. Probst and J. Song, <i>Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime
    of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests</i>. [Piscataway,
    NJ]: IEEE, 2023, pp. 88–94. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299">10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299</a>.'
  mla: Probst, Roman, and Jian Song. “Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime
    of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests.” <i>2023 IEEE
    68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)</i>, IEEE, 2023, pp. 88–94,
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299">https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299</a>.
  short: R. Probst, J. Song, Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of
    a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests, IEEE, [Piscataway,
    NJ], 2023.
  ufg: '<b>Probst, Roman/Song, Jian</b>: Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the
    Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests, [Piscataway,
    NJ] 2023 (Electrical Contacts-IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts).'
  van: 'Probst R, Song J. Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of a Modified
    Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests. 2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference
    on Electrical Contacts (HOLM). [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE; 2023. (Electrical Contacts-IEEE
    Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts).'
conference:
  end_date: 2023-10-11
  location: 'Seattle '
  name: 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)
  start_date: 2023-10-04
date_created: 2024-04-18T10:05:51Z
date_updated: 2025-06-26T07:54:13Z
department:
- _id: DEP6012
doi: 10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299
keyword:
- electrical contacts
- lifetime
- silver coating
- fretting corrosion
- fatigue
- wear through
language:
- iso: eng
page: 88 - 94
place: '[Piscataway, NJ]'
publication: 2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)
publication_identifier:
  eisbn:
  - '979‐8‐3503‐4246‐8 '
  - 979‐8‐3503‐4245‐1
  isbn:
  - 979‐8‐3503‐4244‐4
  issn:
  - 2158‐9992
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
series_title: Electrical Contacts-IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts
status: public
title: Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating
  in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2023'
...