[{"keyword":["Nordmann fir","Noble fir","grading","elastomechanical properties","ultrasonic testing","vibration measurement"],"abstract":[{"text":"Since the early 2000s, forest owners in Central Europe have increasingly planted Nordmann fir (Abies nordmanniana (STEV.) SPACH) and Noble fir (Abies procera REHD.) for Christmas trees, intending to convert them into high forests. Climate-related damage, especially since 2018, has significantly reduced spruce populations, requirering a shift towards climate-adaptable tree species in future forests. Additionally, to reduce CO2 emissions from construction, there's a push for expanding timber construction, requiring non-spruce species for load-bearing products and applications. Although Nordmann and Noble fir are potential alternatives to spruce, they are not yet integrated into European standardization for load-bearing construction. Therefore, an assessment of German-origin Nordmann and Noble fir for use in glued laminated building products (GLT and CLT) is underway. Kiln-dried lamellas are graded visually and by machine using longitudinal vibration, with selected lamellas tested for tensile strength. Various mechanical properties are determined using non-destructive and destructive methods to establish input parameters for Finite Element Analysis (FEA). ","lang":"eng"}],"conference":{"location":"Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brasil","end_date":"2024-09-21","start_date":"2024-09-17","name":"23rd International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium"},"page":"192-204","user_id":"83781","year":"2024","department":[{"_id":"DEP7018"},{"_id":"DEP1309"}],"status":"public","date_updated":"2024-11-08T14:35:51Z","type":"conference_editor_article","publisher":"United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)","oa":"1","_id":"12028","publication":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://0cdb47ff-77aa-47e5-934f-02cbc1522dca.usrfiles.com/ugd/0cdb47_0e99942089924b718bd01f1cb897f338.pdf","open_access":"1"}],"title":"Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing","author":[{"full_name":"Frühwald-König, Katja","last_name":"Frühwald-König","id":"26232","first_name":"Katja"},{"full_name":"Hackel, Martin","id":"79798","last_name":"Hackel","first_name":"Martin"},{"last_name":"Kipp","id":"69573","full_name":"Kipp, Dennis","first_name":"Dennis"},{"id":"74640","last_name":"Lüke","full_name":"Lüke, Karin","first_name":"Karin"},{"last_name":"Stracke","id":"77282","full_name":"Stracke, Felix Leonard","first_name":"Felix Leonard"},{"id":"77259","last_name":"Burghaus","full_name":"Burghaus, Noah","first_name":"Noah"},{"first_name":"Stefanie","last_name":"Wieland","full_name":"Wieland, Stefanie"}],"citation":{"havard":"K. Frühwald-König, M. Hackel, D. Kipp, K. Lüke, F.L. Stracke, N. Burghaus, S. Wieland, Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2024.","short":"K. Frühwald-König, M. Hackel, D. Kipp, K. Lüke, F.L. Stracke, N. Burghaus, S. Wieland, Nordmann and Noble Fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2024.","mla":"Frühwald-König, Katja, et al. “Nordmann and Noble Fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing.” <i>Proceedings of the 23rd International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium</i>, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2024, pp. 192–204.","apa":"Frühwald-König, K., Hackel, M., Kipp, D., Lüke, K., Stracke, F. L., Burghaus, N., &#38; Wieland, S. (2024). Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing. In <i>Proceedings of the 23rd International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium</i> (pp. 192–204). United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).","ufg":"<b>Frühwald-König, Katja u. a.</b>: Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing, o. O. 2024.","chicago-de":"Frühwald-König, Katja, Martin Hackel, Dennis Kipp, Karin Lüke, Felix Leonard Stracke, Noah Burghaus und Stefanie Wieland. 2024. <i>Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing</i>. <i>Proceedings of the 23rd International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium</i>. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).","ieee":"K. Frühwald-König <i>et al.</i>, <i>Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing</i>. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2024, pp. 192–204.","van":"Frühwald-König K, Hackel M, Kipp D, Lüke K, Stracke FL, Burghaus N, et al. Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing. Proceedings of the 23rd International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); 2024.","ama":"Frühwald-König K, Hackel M, Kipp D, et al. <i>Nordmann and Noble Fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing</i>. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); 2024:192-204.","bjps":"<b>Frühwald-König K <i>et al.</i></b> (2024) <i>Nordmann and Noble Fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing</i>. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Frühwald-König, Katja</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Hackel, Martin</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Kipp, Dennis</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Lüke, Karin</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Stracke, Felix Leonard</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Burghaus, Noah</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Wieland, Stefanie</span>: <i>Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing</i> : United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2024","chicago":"Frühwald-König, Katja, Martin Hackel, Dennis Kipp, Karin Lüke, Felix Leonard Stracke, Noah Burghaus, and Stefanie Wieland. <i>Nordmann and Noble Fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing</i>. <i>Proceedings of the 23rd International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium</i>. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2024."},"date_created":"2024-11-08T09:33:17Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published"},{"title":"Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber","main_file_link":[{"url":"www.proceedings.com/69179.html"}],"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9781713873297"],"eisbn":["9781713873273"]},"author":[{"first_name":"Katja","last_name":"Frühwald-König","id":"26232","full_name":"Frühwald-König, Katja"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_created":"2023-09-14T18:30:58Z","publication_status":"published","place":"Red Hook, NY, USA ","citation":{"din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Frühwald-König, Katja</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Nyrud, A. Q.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Malo, K. A.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Nore, K.</span> (Hrsg.): <i>Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber</i>. Red Hook, NY, USA  : Curran Associates, Inc. , 2023","bjps":"<b>Frühwald-König K</b> (2023) <i>Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber Made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber</i>, Nyrud AQ, Malo KA and Nore K (eds). Red Hook, NY, USA : Curran Associates, Inc. .","chicago":"Frühwald-König, Katja. <i>Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber Made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber</i>. Edited by Andres Q. Nyrud, Kjell Arne  Malo, and Kristine Nore. <i>Timber for a Livable Future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway </i>. Red Hook, NY, USA : Curran Associates, Inc. , 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087\">https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087</a>.","ieee":"K. Frühwald-König, <i>Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber</i>. Red Hook, NY, USA : Curran Associates, Inc. , 2023, pp. 638–646. doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087\">https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087</a>.","ama":"Frühwald-König K. <i>Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber Made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber</i>. (Nyrud AQ, Malo KA, Nore K, eds.). Curran Associates, Inc. ; 2023:638-646. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087\">https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087</a>","van":"Frühwald-König K. Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber. Nyrud AQ, Malo KA, Nore K, editors. Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway . Red Hook, NY, USA : Curran Associates, Inc. ; 2023.","apa":"Frühwald-König, K. (2023). Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber. In A. Q. Nyrud, K. A. Malo, &#38; K. Nore (Eds.), <i>Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway </i> (pp. 638–646). Curran Associates, Inc. . <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087\">https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087</a>","mla":"Frühwald-König, Katja. “Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber Made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber.” <i>Timber for a Livable Future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway </i>, edited by Andres Q. Nyrud et al., Curran Associates, Inc. , 2023, pp. 638–46, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087\">https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087</a>.","short":"K. Frühwald-König, Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber Made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber, Curran Associates, Inc. , Red Hook, NY, USA , 2023.","chicago-de":"Frühwald-König, Katja. 2023. <i>Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber</i>. Hg. von Andres Q. Nyrud, Kjell Arne  Malo, und Kristine Nore. <i>Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway </i>. Red Hook, NY, USA : Curran Associates, Inc. . doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087\">https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087</a>, .","ufg":"<b>Frühwald-König, Katja</b>: Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber, hg. von Nyrud, Andres Q./Malo, Kjell Arne/Nore, Kristine, Red Hook, NY, USA  2023.","havard":"K. Frühwald-König, Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber, Curran Associates, Inc. , Red Hook, NY, USA , 2023."},"_id":"10333","publication":"Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway ","date_updated":"2023-10-25T12:59:07Z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087","type":"conference_editor_article","publisher":"Curran Associates, Inc. ","editor":[{"first_name":"Andres Q.","last_name":"Nyrud","full_name":"Nyrud, Andres Q."},{"first_name":"Kjell Arne ","full_name":"Malo, Kjell Arne ","last_name":"Malo"},{"first_name":"Kristine","full_name":"Nore, Kristine","last_name":"Nore"}],"keyword":["Oil palm lumber","glue laminated timber","GLT","strength grading","elastomechanical properties"],"page":"638-646","conference":{"start_date":"2023-06-19","end_date":"2023-06-22","name":"13.  World Conference on Timber Engineering WCTE 2023","location":"Oslo, Norway"},"abstract":[{"text":"The wood from oil palm trunks exhibits significant variations in distribution of structural tissue, density and elastomechanical properties across and along the trunk. Its reliable, safe, and economic usage for load-bearing purposes, such as glued laminated timber (GLT), requires a precise definition of its elastomechanical properties through appropriate strength grading procedures. Oil palm lumber is strength graded according to its density using an X-ray technique in which 50 % of the lamellas are ripped, graded, edge glued and therefore density homogenized, and 50 % are cut only according to their geometry. Lamellas are tested in tension parallel to the vascular bundles; combined GLT is produced from strength-graded lamellas and tested in bending parallel and compression parallel and perpendicular to the vascular bundles. The characteristic strength values for C10 and C14 according to EN 338 are achieved. A correlation between density and elastomechanical properties is estab-lished. GLT from density-homogenized lamellas achieve higher bending properties than from lamellas with a “natural” density gradient across the width.","lang":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"DEP7018"},{"_id":"DEP1309"}],"year":"2023","user_id":"26232","status":"public"}]