---
_id: '12028'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'Since the early 2000s, forest owners in Central Europe have increasingly
planted Nordmann fir (Abies nordmanniana (STEV.) SPACH) and Noble fir (Abies procera
REHD.) for Christmas trees, intending to convert them into high forests. Climate-related
damage, especially since 2018, has significantly reduced spruce populations, requirering
a shift towards climate-adaptable tree species in future forests. Additionally,
to reduce CO2 emissions from construction, there''s a push for expanding timber
construction, requiring non-spruce species for load-bearing products and applications.
Although Nordmann and Noble fir are potential alternatives to spruce, they are
not yet integrated into European standardization for load-bearing construction.
Therefore, an assessment of German-origin Nordmann and Noble fir for use in glued
laminated building products (GLT and CLT) is underway. Kiln-dried lamellas are
graded visually and by machine using longitudinal vibration, with selected lamellas
tested for tensile strength. Various mechanical properties are determined using
non-destructive and destructive methods to establish input parameters for Finite
Element Analysis (FEA). '
author:
- first_name: Katja
full_name: Frühwald-König, Katja
id: '26232'
last_name: Frühwald-König
- first_name: Martin
full_name: Hackel, Martin
id: '79798'
last_name: Hackel
- first_name: Dennis
full_name: Kipp, Dennis
id: '69573'
last_name: Kipp
- first_name: Karin
full_name: Lüke, Karin
id: '74640'
last_name: Lüke
- first_name: Felix Leonard
full_name: Stracke, Felix Leonard
id: '77282'
last_name: Stracke
- first_name: Noah
full_name: Burghaus, Noah
id: '77259'
last_name: Burghaus
- first_name: Stefanie
full_name: Wieland, Stefanie
last_name: Wieland
citation:
ama: Frühwald-König K, Hackel M, Kipp D, et al. Nordmann and Noble Fir Lamellas
for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties
by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing. United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA); 2024:192-204.
apa: Frühwald-König, K., Hackel, M., Kipp, D., Lüke, K., Stracke, F. L., Burghaus,
N., & Wieland, S. (2024). Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes
– Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive
and Destructive Testing. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Nondestructive
Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium (pp. 192–204). United States Department
of Agriculture (USDA).
bjps: Frühwald-König K et al. (2024) Nordmann and Noble Fir Lamellas
for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties
by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing. United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA).
chicago: Frühwald-König, Katja, Martin Hackel, Dennis Kipp, Karin Lüke, Felix Leonard
Stracke, Noah Burghaus, and Stefanie Wieland. Nordmann and Noble Fir Lamellas
for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties
by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing. Proceedings of the 23rd International
Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium. United States Department
of Agriculture (USDA), 2024.
chicago-de: Frühwald-König, Katja, Martin Hackel, Dennis Kipp, Karin Lüke, Felix
Leonard Stracke, Noah Burghaus und Stefanie Wieland. 2024. Nordmann and Noble
fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical
Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing. Proceedings of the
23rd International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium.
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
din1505-2-1: 'Frühwald-König, Katja
; Hackel, Martin ; Kipp,
Dennis ; Lüke, Karin ; Stracke, Felix Leonard ; Burghaus,
Noah ; Wieland, Stefanie:
Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination
of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing :
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2024'
havard: K. Frühwald-König, M. Hackel, D. Kipp, K. Lüke, F.L. Stracke, N. Burghaus,
S. Wieland, Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading
and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive
Testing, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2024.
ieee: K. Frühwald-König et al., Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural
Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive
and Destructive Testing. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2024,
pp. 192–204.
mla: Frühwald-König, Katja, et al. “Nordmann and Noble Fir Lamellas for Structural
Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive
and Destructive Testing.” Proceedings of the 23rd International Nondestructive
Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium, United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA), 2024, pp. 192–204.
short: K. Frühwald-König, M. Hackel, D. Kipp, K. Lüke, F.L. Stracke, N. Burghaus,
S. Wieland, Nordmann and Noble Fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading
and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive
Testing, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2024.
ufg: 'Frühwald-König, Katja u. a.: Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural
Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive
and Destructive Testing, o. O. 2024.'
van: Frühwald-König K, Hackel M, Kipp D, Lüke K, Stracke FL, Burghaus N, et al.
Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination
of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing. Proceedings
of the 23rd International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium.
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); 2024.
conference:
end_date: 2024-09-21
location: Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brasil
name: 23rd International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium
start_date: 2024-09-17
date_created: 2024-11-08T09:33:17Z
date_updated: 2024-11-08T14:35:51Z
department:
- _id: DEP7018
- _id: DEP1309
keyword:
- Nordmann fir
- Noble fir
- grading
- elastomechanical properties
- ultrasonic testing
- vibration measurement
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://0cdb47ff-77aa-47e5-934f-02cbc1522dca.usrfiles.com/ugd/0cdb47_0e99942089924b718bd01f1cb897f338.pdf
oa: '1'
page: 192-204
publication: Proceedings of the 23rd International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation
of Wood Symposium
publication_status: published
publisher: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
status: public
title: Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination
of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '10333'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The wood from oil palm trunks exhibits significant variations in distribution
of structural tissue, density and elastomechanical properties across and along
the trunk. Its reliable, safe, and economic usage for load-bearing purposes, such
as glued laminated timber (GLT), requires a precise definition of its elastomechanical
properties through appropriate strength grading procedures. Oil palm lumber is
strength graded according to its density using an X-ray technique in which 50
% of the lamellas are ripped, graded, edge glued and therefore density homogenized,
and 50 % are cut only according to their geometry. Lamellas are tested in tension
parallel to the vascular bundles; combined GLT is produced from strength-graded
lamellas and tested in bending parallel and compression parallel and perpendicular
to the vascular bundles. The characteristic strength values for C10 and C14 according
to EN 338 are achieved. A correlation between density and elastomechanical properties
is estab-lished. GLT from density-homogenized lamellas achieve higher bending
properties than from lamellas with a “natural” density gradient across the width.
author:
- first_name: Katja
full_name: Frühwald-König, Katja
id: '26232'
last_name: Frühwald-König
citation:
ama: Frühwald-König K. Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber
Made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber. (Nyrud AQ, Malo KA, Nore K, eds.).
Curran Associates, Inc. ; 2023:638-646. doi:https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087
apa: 'Frühwald-König, K. (2023). Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated
Timber made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber. In A. Q. Nyrud, K. A. Malo, &
K. Nore (Eds.), Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering :
WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway (pp. 638–646). Curran Associates,
Inc. . https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087'
bjps: 'Frühwald-König K (2023) Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated
Timber Made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber, Nyrud AQ, Malo KA and Nore
K (eds). Red Hook, NY, USA : Curran Associates, Inc. .'
chicago: 'Frühwald-König, Katja. Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated
Timber Made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber. Edited by Andres Q. Nyrud,
Kjell Arne Malo, and Kristine Nore. Timber for a Livable Future : World Conference
on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway . Red Hook,
NY, USA : Curran Associates, Inc. , 2023. https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087.'
chicago-de: 'Frühwald-König, Katja. 2023. Elastomechanical Properties of Glued
Laminated Timber made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber. Hg. von Andres Q.
Nyrud, Kjell Arne Malo, und Kristine Nore. Timber for a livable future : World
Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway .
Red Hook, NY, USA : Curran Associates, Inc. . doi:https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Frühwald-König, Katja
; Nyrud, A. Q. ; Malo,
K. A. ; Nore, K. (Hrsg.):
Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber made of Strength Graded
Oil Palm Lumber. Red Hook, NY, USA : Curran Associates, Inc. , 2023'
havard: K. Frühwald-König, Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber
made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber, Curran Associates, Inc. , Red Hook, NY,
USA , 2023.
ieee: 'K. Frühwald-König, Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber
made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber. Red Hook, NY, USA : Curran Associates,
Inc. , 2023, pp. 638–646. doi: https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087.'
mla: 'Frühwald-König, Katja. “Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber
Made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber.” Timber for a Livable Future : World
Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway ,
edited by Andres Q. Nyrud et al., Curran Associates, Inc. , 2023, pp. 638–46,
https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087.'
short: K. Frühwald-König, Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber
Made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber, Curran Associates, Inc. , Red Hook, NY,
USA , 2023.
ufg: 'Frühwald-König, Katja: Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated
Timber made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber, hg. von Nyrud, Andres Q./Malo,
Kjell Arne/Nore, Kristine, Red Hook, NY, USA 2023.'
van: 'Frühwald-König K. Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber made
of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber. Nyrud AQ, Malo KA, Nore K, editors. Timber
for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22
June 2023, Oslo, Norway . Red Hook, NY, USA : Curran Associates, Inc. ; 2023.'
conference:
end_date: 2023-06-22
location: Oslo, Norway
name: 13. World Conference on Timber Engineering WCTE 2023
start_date: 2023-06-19
date_created: 2023-09-14T18:30:58Z
date_updated: 2023-10-25T12:59:07Z
department:
- _id: DEP7018
- _id: DEP1309
doi: https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087
editor:
- first_name: Andres Q.
full_name: Nyrud, Andres Q.
last_name: Nyrud
- first_name: 'Kjell Arne '
full_name: 'Malo, Kjell Arne '
last_name: Malo
- first_name: Kristine
full_name: Nore, Kristine
last_name: Nore
keyword:
- Oil palm lumber
- glue laminated timber
- GLT
- strength grading
- elastomechanical properties
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: www.proceedings.com/69179.html
page: 638-646
place: 'Red Hook, NY, USA '
publication: 'Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering
: WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway '
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- '9781713873273'
isbn:
- '9781713873297'
publication_status: published
publisher: 'Curran Associates, Inc. '
status: public
title: Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber made of Strength Graded
Oil Palm Lumber
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '26232'
year: '2023'
...