[{"abstract":[{"text":"Machine learning systems are increasingly integrated into security-relevant applications, making their vul-nerability to adversarial examples a potential risk. Banknote authentication is one such use case that ensures trustworthiness in financial transactions. In addition to traditional security features, the printing technique of banknotes itself is leveraged for authentication. The Intaglio printing produces particularly fine print structures that can be analyzed and differentiated using spatial frequency analysis, e.g. the wavelet packet transform. Ap-propriate feature engineering in the wavelet packet tree allows the extraction of features enabling fast and reliable authentication. This paper presents an approach that generates adversarial examples by manipulating the feature space, classifying counterfeit banknote specimens as genuine. To this end, the variance of the wavelet coefficient distribution of individual detail nodes in the wavelet packet tree is increased. The approach leads to minimally perturbed images that are visually indistinguishable from the original input. The majority of pixels remain unchanged, i.e. 77% for the lower-quality and 86% for the high-quality counterfeit. Furthermore, the limitations of this approach are discussed, shedding light on its applicability and potential challenges.","lang":"eng"}],"publisher":"IEEE","date_created":"2026-06-03T07:47:55Z","year":"2024","publication":"8th International Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry : IEEE RTSI 2024 - Research and Technologies for Society and Industry, International Forum ","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"DEP5023"}],"title":"Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication","author":[{"full_name":"Knaup, Julian","id":"79206","first_name":"Julian","last_name":"Knaup"},{"last_name":"Holst","first_name":"Christoph-Alexander","id":"64782","full_name":"Holst, Christoph-Alexander"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-3325-7887","full_name":"Lohweg, Volker","last_name":"Lohweg","id":"1804","first_name":"Volker"}],"type":"conference_editor_article","user_id":"83781","doi":"10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182","conference":{"location":"Milano, Italy","end_date":"2024-09-20","name":"8th Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry Innovation (RTSI)","start_date":"2024-09-18"},"date_updated":"2026-06-03T08:46:01Z","status":"public","place":"Piscataway, NJ","citation":{"ufg":"<b>Knaup, Julian/Holst, Christoph-Alexander/Lohweg, Volker</b>: Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication, hg. von Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Piscataway, NJ 2024.","ama":"Knaup J, Holst CA, Lohweg V. <i>Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication</i>. (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, ed.). IEEE; 2024:560-565. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182\">10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182</a>","chicago-de":"Knaup, Julian, Christoph-Alexander Holst und Volker Lohweg. 2024. <i>Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication</i>. Hg. von Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. <i>8th International Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry : IEEE RTSI 2024 - Research and Technologies for Society and Industry, International Forum </i>. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182\">10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182</a>, .","chicago":"Knaup, Julian, Christoph-Alexander Holst, and Volker Lohweg. <i>Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication</i>. Edited by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. <i>8th International Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry : IEEE RTSI 2024 - Research and Technologies for Society and Industry, International Forum </i>. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182\">https://doi.org/10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182</a>.","bjps":"<b>Knaup J, Holst C-A and Lohweg V</b> (2024) <i>Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication</i>, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (ed.). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.","ieee":"J. Knaup, C.-A. Holst, and V. Lohweg, <i>Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication</i>. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2024, pp. 560–565. doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182\">10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182</a>.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Knaup, Julian</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Holst, Christoph-Alexander</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Lohweg, Volker</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</span> (Hrsg.): <i>Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication</i>. Piscataway, NJ : IEEE, 2024","havard":"J. Knaup, C.-A. Holst, V. Lohweg, Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2024.","short":"J. Knaup, C.-A. Holst, V. Lohweg, Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2024.","apa":"Knaup, J., Holst, C.-A., &#38; Lohweg, V. (2024). Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication. In Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (Ed.), <i>8th International Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry : IEEE RTSI 2024 - Research and Technologies for Society and Industry, International Forum </i> (pp. 560–565). IEEE. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182\">https://doi.org/10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182</a>","mla":"Knaup, Julian, et al. “Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication.” <i>8th International Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry : IEEE RTSI 2024 - Research and Technologies for Society and Industry, International Forum </i>, edited by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE, 2024, pp. 560–65, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182\">https://doi.org/10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182</a>.","van":"Knaup J, Holst CA, Lohweg V. Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, editor. 8th International Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry : IEEE RTSI 2024 - Research and Technologies for Society and Industry, International Forum . Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; 2024."},"page":"560-565","publication_status":"published","_id":"13796","keyword":["Printing","Technological innovation","Wavelet domain","Perturbation methods","Authentication","Feature extraction","Wavelet analysis","Wavelet packets","Security","Wavelet coefficients"],"corporate_editor":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["979-8-3503-6214-5"],"eisbn":["979-8-3503-6213-8"]}},{"type":"conference","_id":"2086","user_id":"45673","doi":"10.1109/CIP.2010.5604094","keyword":["Noise measurement","Fuzzy sets","Noise","Sensor fusion","Logic gates","Feature extraction","Fuses"],"conference":{"location":"Elba","end_date":"2010-06-16","name":" 2010 2nd International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing","start_date":"2010-06-14"},"date_updated":"2023-03-15T13:49:38Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2327-1671 "],"eisbn":["978-1-4244-6459-3"],"isbn":["978-1-4244-6457-9"],"unknown":["2327-1698 "]},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Many of the existing fusion approaches based on Dempster-Shafer Theory (DST) tend to be unreliable in various scenarios. Therefore, this topic is still in discussion. In this work a Two-Layer Conflict Solving (TLCS) data fusion scheme is proposed which is based on Dempster-Shafer Theory and on Fuzzy-Pattern-Classification (FPC) concepts. The aim is to provide an approach to data fusion which provides a stable conflict scenario handling. Furthermore, the scheme can easily be extended to fuzzy classification and is applicable to sensor fusion applications. Therefore, the suggested approach will contribute as a novel fuzzy fusion method."}],"publisher":"14-16 June, 2010, Elba Island (Tuscany), Italy","date_created":"2019-12-02T08:04:18Z","status":"public","citation":{"chicago":"Lohweg, Volker, and Uwe Mönks. “Sensor Fusion by Two-Layer Conflict Solving.” In <i>The 2nd International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing</i>. 14-16 June, 2010, Elba Island (Tuscany), Italy, 2010. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIP.2010.5604094\">https://doi.org/10.1109/CIP.2010.5604094</a>.","chicago-de":"Lohweg, Volker und Uwe Mönks. 2010. Sensor Fusion by Two-Layer Conflict Solving. In: <i>The 2nd International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing</i>. 14-16 June, 2010, Elba Island (Tuscany), Italy. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIP.2010.5604094,\">10.1109/CIP.2010.5604094,</a> .","ufg":"<b>Lohweg, Volker/Mönks, Uwe (2010)</b>: Sensor Fusion by Two-Layer Conflict Solving, in: <i>The 2nd International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing</i>.","ama":"Lohweg V, Mönks U. Sensor Fusion by Two-Layer Conflict Solving. In: <i>The 2nd International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing</i>. 14-16 June, 2010, Elba Island (Tuscany), Italy; 2010. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIP.2010.5604094\">10.1109/CIP.2010.5604094</a>","mla":"Lohweg, Volker, and Uwe Mönks. “Sensor Fusion by Two-Layer Conflict Solving.” <i>The 2nd International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing</i>, 14-16 June, 2010, Elba Island (Tuscany), Italy, 2010, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIP.2010.5604094\">10.1109/CIP.2010.5604094</a>.","van":"Lohweg V, Mönks U. Sensor Fusion by Two-Layer Conflict Solving. In: The 2nd International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing. 14-16 June, 2010, Elba Island (Tuscany), Italy; 2010.","apa":"Lohweg, V., &#38; Mönks, U. (2010). Sensor Fusion by Two-Layer Conflict Solving. In <i>The 2nd International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing</i>. Elba: 14-16 June, 2010, Elba Island (Tuscany), Italy. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIP.2010.5604094\">https://doi.org/10.1109/CIP.2010.5604094</a>","short":"V. Lohweg, U. Mönks, in: The 2nd International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing, 14-16 June, 2010, Elba Island (Tuscany), Italy, 2010.","havard":"V. Lohweg, U. Mönks, Sensor Fusion by Two-Layer Conflict Solving, in: The 2nd International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing, 14-16 June, 2010, Elba Island (Tuscany), Italy, 2010.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Lohweg, Volker</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Mönks, Uwe</span>: Sensor Fusion by Two-Layer Conflict Solving. In: <i>The 2nd International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing</i> : 14-16 June, 2010, Elba Island (Tuscany), Italy, 2010","ieee":"V. Lohweg and U. Mönks, “Sensor Fusion by Two-Layer Conflict Solving,” in <i>The 2nd International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing</i>, Elba, 2010.","bjps":"<b>Lohweg V and Mönks U</b> (2010) Sensor Fusion by Two-Layer Conflict Solving. <i>The 2nd International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing</i>. 14-16 June, 2010, Elba Island (Tuscany), Italy."},"year":2010,"publication":"The 2nd International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing","publication_status":"published","department":[{"_id":"DEP5023"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"title":"Sensor Fusion by Two-Layer Conflict Solving","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-3325-7887","first_name":"Volker","id":"1804","last_name":"Lohweg","full_name":"Lohweg, Volker"},{"full_name":"Mönks, Uwe","first_name":"Uwe","id":"1825","last_name":"Mönks"}]},{"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1110-8657 "]},"keyword":["image processing","nonlinear circular transforms","feature extraction","fuzzy pattern recognition"],"_id":"2056","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1155/S1110865704404247"}],"publication_status":"published","oa":"1","page":"1912-1920","citation":{"havard":"V. Lohweg, C. Diederichs, D. Müller, Algorithms for Hardware-Based Pattern Recognition, EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing : A Publication of the European Association for Speech, Signal, and Image Processing . 12 (2004) 1912–1920.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Lohweg, Volker</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Diederichs, Carsten</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Müller, Dietmar</span>: Algorithms for Hardware-Based Pattern Recognition. In: <i>EURASIP journal on applied signal processing : a publication of the European Association for Speech, Signal, and Image Processing </i> Bd. 12. Akron, Ohio, Hindawi Publ. (2004), Nr. 1, S. 1912–1920","apa":"Lohweg, V., Diederichs, C., &#38; Müller, D. (2004). Algorithms for Hardware-Based Pattern Recognition. <i>EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing : A Publication of the European Association for Speech, Signal, and Image Processing </i>, <i>12</i>(1), 1912–1920. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1155/S1110865704404247\">https://doi.org/10.1155/S1110865704404247</a>","van":"Lohweg V, Diederichs C, Müller D. Algorithms for Hardware-Based Pattern Recognition. EURASIP journal on applied signal processing : a publication of the European Association for Speech, Signal, and Image Processing . 2004;12(1):1912–20.","mla":"Lohweg, Volker, et al. “Algorithms for Hardware-Based Pattern Recognition.” <i>EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing : A Publication of the European Association for Speech, Signal, and Image Processing </i>, vol. 12, no. 1, Hindawi Publ., 2004, pp. 1912–20, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1155/S1110865704404247\">https://doi.org/10.1155/S1110865704404247</a>.","short":"V. Lohweg, C. Diederichs, D. Müller, EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing : A Publication of the European Association for Speech, Signal, and Image Processing  12 (2004) 1912–1920.","ieee":"V. Lohweg, C. Diederichs, and D. Müller, “Algorithms for Hardware-Based Pattern Recognition,” <i>EURASIP journal on applied signal processing : a publication of the European Association for Speech, Signal, and Image Processing </i>, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1912–1920, 2004.","bjps":"<b>Lohweg V, Diederichs C and Müller D</b> (2004) Algorithms for Hardware-Based Pattern Recognition. <i>EURASIP journal on applied signal processing : a publication of the European Association for Speech, Signal, and Image Processing </i> <b>12</b>, 1912–1920.","chicago-de":"Lohweg, Volker, Carsten Diederichs und Dietmar Müller. 2004. Algorithms for Hardware-Based Pattern Recognition. <i>EURASIP journal on applied signal processing : a publication of the European Association for Speech, Signal, and Image Processing </i> 12, Nr. 1: 1912–1920. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1155/S1110865704404247,\">https://doi.org/10.1155/S1110865704404247,</a> .","chicago":"Lohweg, Volker, Carsten Diederichs, and Dietmar Müller. “Algorithms for Hardware-Based Pattern Recognition.” <i>EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing : A Publication of the European Association for Speech, Signal, and Image Processing </i> 12, no. 1 (2004): 1912–20. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1155/S1110865704404247\">https://doi.org/10.1155/S1110865704404247</a>.","ufg":"<b>Lohweg, Volker et. al. (2004)</b>: Algorithms for Hardware-Based Pattern Recognition, in: <i>EURASIP journal on applied signal processing : a publication of the European Association for Speech, Signal, and Image Processing </i> <i>12</i> (<i>1</i>), S. 1912–1920.","ama":"Lohweg V, Diederichs C, Müller D. Algorithms for Hardware-Based Pattern Recognition. <i>EURASIP journal on applied signal processing : a publication of the European Association for Speech, Signal, and Image Processing </i>. 2004;12(1):1912-1920. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1155/S1110865704404247\">https://doi.org/10.1155/S1110865704404247</a>"},"place":"Akron, Ohio","status":"public","date_updated":"2023-03-15T13:49:38Z","intvolume":"        12","volume":12,"doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/S1110865704404247","user_id":"15514","type":"journal_article","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-3325-7887","last_name":"Lohweg","id":"1804","first_name":"Volker","full_name":"Lohweg, Volker"},{"first_name":"Carsten","id":"44209","last_name":"Diederichs","full_name":"Diederichs, Carsten"},{"first_name":"Dietmar","last_name":"Müller","full_name":"Müller, Dietmar"}],"title":"Algorithms for Hardware-Based Pattern Recognition","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"DEP5023"}],"publication":"EURASIP journal on applied signal processing : a publication of the European Association for Speech, Signal, and Image Processing ","year":2004,"issue":"1","date_created":"2019-11-29T13:09:05Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Nonlinear spatial transforms and fuzzy pattern classification with unimodal potential functions are established in signal processing. They have proved to be excellent tools in feature extraction and classification. In this paper, we will present a hardware-accelerated image processing and classification system which is implemented on one field-programmable gate array (FPGA). Nonlinear discrete circular transforms generate a feature vector. The features are analyzed by a fuzzy classifier. This principle can be used for feature extraction, pattern recognition, and classification tasks. Implementation in radix-2 structures is possible, allowing fast calculations with a computational complexity of up to. Furthermore, the pattern separability properties of these transforms are better than those achieved with the well-known method based on the power spectrum of the Fourier Transform, or on several other transforms. Using different signal flow structures, the transforms can be adapted to different image and signal processing applications."}],"publisher":"Hindawi Publ."}]