@misc{11113,
  abstract     = {{When oil palm lumber is considered for load-bearing products such as glued laminated timber (GLT), defined strength and stiffness values are required. In this investigation, combined GLT from oil palm wood is tested in compression parallel and perpendicular and glulam lamellas in tension parallel to the vascular bundles. Strength and Young´s modulus in compression and tension parallel increase with the density by power law relationship. In contrast to dicotyle­dons, the strength in construction size exceeds that of small, defect-free test specimens (compression strength perpendicular), are in the same range (tensile and bending strength parallel) or only a little below (compression strength parallel). The specimen size does not influence the strength. The ratio of fc,0 : fm : ft,0 is 1.2 : 0.8 … 1.7 … 2.6 : 1 and fc,0 : fc,90 = 2.7 … 13.0 … 32.6 : 1 for ρ = 200 … 400 … 600 kg/m³; the ratio of Ec,0 : Em : Et,0 is 1.2 : 1.3 : 1 for ρ = 400 kg/m³. Ashby´s performance indices for minimum weight design rise with the density; the strength-density performance indices are comparable or only slightly lower than that for structural size softwood, whereas the modulus-density performance indices are much lower. The challenge in use of oil palm wood for load-bearing construction products is the low stiffness.}},
  author       = {{Frühwald-König, Katja and Heister, Lena}},
  booktitle    = {{Wood material science and engineering}},
  issn         = {{1748-0280}},
  keywords     = {{Oil palm wood, compression, tension, strength, young’s modulus, digital image correlation, glued laminated timber}},
  number       = {{5}},
  pages        = {{1101--1116}},
  publisher    = {{Taylor & Francis}},
  title        = {{{Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood}}},
  doi          = {{10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627}},
  volume       = {{19}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@misc{11114,
  abstract     = {{Oil palm wood is mainly low in density and since strength and stiffness correlate with density, this study aimed to enhance the properties of oil palm wood through thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densification. In contrast to other studies using small laboratory-sized specimens, this study examined the densification of oil palm boards in sawn timber dimensions of 2.0 m length. Modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) in bending, shear strength and shear modulus parallel by two-plate shear test and Young’s modulus in the three main directions as well as shear modulus in the three planes by ultrasonic testing were determined at densified and undensified specimens. The bending properties were increased to considerably higher levels and a compression ratio of 60% showed higher MOE and MOR values than that of 40%; whereas for boards of the inner part of the trunk, a compression ratio of 60% showed better results than that of 75%. The shear properties were only slightly increased through densification. Densification can improve the properties of oil palm wood. However, the wide range of density and properties found in natural oil palm wood is also present in densified oil palm wood.}},
  author       = {{Kölli, Nathan and Frühwald-König, Katja}},
  booktitle    = {{Wood material science and engineering }},
  issn         = {{1748-0280}},
  keywords     = {{Bending strength, densification, e-modulus, g-modulus, shear strength}},
  pages        = {{1--18}},
  publisher    = {{Taylor & Francis}},
  title        = {{{Elasto-mechanical properties of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber}}},
  doi          = {{10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@misc{12891,
  abstract     = {{Copper alloy metal strips are widely used to manufacture electrical connectors. These connectors experience stress relaxation during operation. The reduced contact force may lead to contact failure. For the given design of connectors, the contact force is proportional to the Young's modulus which depends on interatomic bonds, alloying elements and the microstructure of metal grains. According to the literature, it is assumed that Young's modulus does not change significantly during long-term mechanical stress and aging at temperatures below the recrystallization temperature of copper alloys. Based on this assumption, the relaxation of connectors from lifetime tests and from long-term used field vehicles can be determined by the comparison of spring deflection of connectors before and after long-term tests or long-term use. The focus of this paper is to answer the question, whether this assumption is accurate. For this purpose, the influence of long-term thermal and mechanical loads on the Young's modulus of various copper alloys is investigated. The temperature in test approximately matches the maximum design temperature of automotive connectors and the mechanical stress is comparable to that in a typical connector.}},
  author       = {{Bünting, Karolin and Shukla, Abhay Rammurti and Song, Jian}},
  booktitle    = {{	 Electrical contacts - 2024 : proceedings of the Sixty‐Ninth IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts : 6-10 October 2024, Annapolis, MD, USA }},
  isbn         = {{979-8-3315-2907-9}},
  keywords     = {{Young's modulus, thermal and mechanical loads, spring deflection, relaxation}},
  location     = {{Annapolis, MD, USA }},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  title        = {{{The Influence of Long Term Thermal and Mechanical Loads on the Young's Modulus of Cu-Alloys - Determination of Stress Relaxation in Electrical Connectors}}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/holm56222.2024.10768449}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@misc{10602,
  abstract     = {{The anatomical structure of oil palm wood is only to a limited extent comparable to common wood species used in construction. Typical for monocotyledons, the material is composed of high density vascular bundles and a parenchymatous tissue of lower density. In three experiment sets, the local and global moduli of elasticity (MOE) and the flexural strength of oil palm wood based GLT are determined using FEM and various influencing parameters are investigated in a sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, the application of densified tension lamellas is studied. The results of the modelling are compared with the results from mechanical tests. Significant differences, mainly attributed to the specific parameters of the selected material, are observed. The results of this preliminary study serve as a starting point for computer-aided optimisation and modelling of other oil palm-based products.}},
  author       = {{Hackel, Martin}},
  booktitle    = {{Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway }},
  editor       = {{Nyrud, Anders Q. }},
  isbn         = {{978-1-7138-7329-7}},
  keywords     = {{Oil palm wood, finite element method (FEM), GLT, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength}},
  location     = {{Oslo (Norwegen)}},
  publisher    = {{Curran Associates, Inc.}},
  title        = {{{FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD}}},
  doi          = {{10.52202/069179-0088}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@misc{10786,
  abstract     = {{The anatomical structure of oil palm wood is only to a limited extent comparable to common wood species
used in construction. Typical for monocotyledons, the material is composed of high density vascular bundles and a
parenchymatous tissue of lower density. In three experiment sets, the local and global moduli of elasticity (MOE) and the flexural strength of oil palm wood based GLT are determined using FEM and various influencing parameters are
investigated in a sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, the application of densified tension lamellas is studied. The results of the modelling are compared with the results from mechanical tests. Significant differences, mainly attributed to the
specific parameters of the selected material, are observed. The results of this preliminary study serve as a starting point for computer-aided optimisation and modelling of other oil palm-based products.}},
  author       = {{Hackel, Martin}},
  booktitle    = {{World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023)}},
  keywords     = {{Oil palm wood, finite element method (FEM), GLT, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength}},
  location     = {{Oslo (Norwegen)}},
  pages        = {{647--656}},
  publisher    = {{World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023)}},
  title        = {{{FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD}}},
  doi          = {{10.52202/069179-0088}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}