[{"quality_controlled":"1","date_updated":"2025-06-16T11:52:01Z","doi":"10.3390/toxins14080515","issue":"8","publisher":"MDPI","type":"scientific_journal_article","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Stachybotrys chartarum is a toxigenic fungus that is frequently isolated from damp building materials or improperly stored forage. Macrocyclic trichothecenes and in particular satratoxins are the most potent mycotoxins known to be produced by this fungus. Exposure of humans or animals to these secondary metabolites can be associated with severe health problems. To assess the pathogenic potential of S. chartarum isolates, it is essential to cultivate them under conditions that reliably promote toxin production. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was reported to be the optimal nutrition medium for satratoxin production. In this study, the growth of S. chartarum genotype S strains on PDA from two manufacturers led to divergent results, namely, well-grown and sporulating cultures with high satratoxin concentrations (20.8 ± 0.4 µg/cm2) versus cultures with sparse sporulation and low satratoxin production (0.3 ± 0.1 µg/cm2). This finding is important for any attempt to identify toxigenic S. chartarum isolates. Further experiments performed with the two media provided strong evidence for a link between satratoxin production and sporulation. A comparison of three-point and one-point cultures grown on the two types of PDA, furthermore, demonstrated an inter-colony communication that influences both sporulation and mycotoxin production of S. chartarum genotype S strains."}],"keyword":["Stachybotrys chartarum genotype S","sporulation","satratoxins","macrocyclic trichothecenes","inter-colony communication"],"extern":"1","status":"public","department":[{"_id":"DEP4010"}],"user_id":"83781","year":"2022","title":"Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum","publication_status":"published","volume":14,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_created":"2025-06-15T09:56:06Z","citation":{"van":"Tribelhorn K, Twarużek M, Soszczyńska E, Rau J, Baschien C, Straubinger RK, et al. Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum. Toxins. 2022;14(8).","ama":"Tribelhorn K, Twarużek M, Soszczyńska E, et al. Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Toxins</i>. 2022;14(8). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515\">10.3390/toxins14080515</a>","ieee":"K. Tribelhorn <i>et al.</i>, “Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum,” <i>Toxins</i>, vol. 14, no. 8, Art. no. 515, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515\">10.3390/toxins14080515</a>.","chicago":"Tribelhorn, Katharina, Magdalena Twarużek, Ewelina Soszczyńska, Jörg Rau, Christiane Baschien, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Frank Ebel, and Sebastian Ulrich. “Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys Chartarum.” <i>Toxins</i> 14, no. 8 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515\">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515</a>.","bjps":"<b>Tribelhorn K <i>et al.</i></b> (2022) Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys Chartarum. <i>Toxins</i> <b>14</b>.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Tribelhorn, Katharina</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Twarużek, Magdalena</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Soszczyńska, Ewelina</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Rau, Jörg</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Baschien, Christiane</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Straubinger, Reinhard K.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ebel, Frank</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ulrich, Sebastian</span>: Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum. In: <i>Toxins</i> Bd. 14, MDPI (2022), Nr. 8","havard":"K. Tribelhorn, M. Twarużek, E. Soszczyńska, J. Rau, C. Baschien, R.K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, S. Ulrich, Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum, Toxins. 14 (2022).","ufg":"<b>Tribelhorn, Katharina u. a.</b>: Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum, in: <i>Toxins</i> 14 (2022), H. 8.","chicago-de":"Tribelhorn, Katharina, Magdalena Twarużek, Ewelina Soszczyńska, Jörg Rau, Christiane Baschien, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Frank Ebel und Sebastian Ulrich. 2022. Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Toxins</i> 14, Nr. 8. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515\">10.3390/toxins14080515</a>, .","short":"K. Tribelhorn, M. Twarużek, E. Soszczyńska, J. Rau, C. Baschien, R.K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, S. Ulrich, Toxins 14 (2022).","mla":"Tribelhorn, Katharina, et al. “Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys Chartarum.” <i>Toxins</i>, vol. 14, no. 8, 515, 2022, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515\">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515</a>.","apa":"Tribelhorn, K., Twarużek, M., Soszczyńska, E., Rau, J., Baschien, C., Straubinger, R. K., Ebel, F., &#38; Ulrich, S. (2022). Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Toxins</i>, <i>14</i>(8), Article 515. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515\">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2072-6651"]},"intvolume":"        14","author":[{"full_name":"Tribelhorn, Katharina","last_name":"Tribelhorn","first_name":"Katharina"},{"first_name":"Magdalena","last_name":"Twarużek","full_name":"Twarużek, Magdalena"},{"last_name":"Soszczyńska","full_name":"Soszczyńska, Ewelina","first_name":"Ewelina"},{"first_name":"Jörg","full_name":"Rau, Jörg","last_name":"Rau"},{"full_name":"Baschien, Christiane","last_name":"Baschien","first_name":"Christiane"},{"first_name":"Reinhard K.","last_name":"Straubinger","full_name":"Straubinger, Reinhard K."},{"first_name":"Frank","full_name":"Ebel, Frank","last_name":"Ebel"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-4511-9537","first_name":"Sebastian","last_name":"Ulrich","id":"85847","full_name":"Ulrich, Sebastian"}],"article_number":"515","_id":"12945","publication":"Toxins"},{"quality_controlled":"1","date_updated":"2025-06-16T13:59:56Z","doi":"10.3390/jof6030159","issue":"3","publisher":"MDPI ","type":"scientific_journal_article","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum had been linked to severe health problems in humans and animals, which occur after exposure to the toxic secondary metabolites of this mold. S. chartarum had been isolated from different environmental sources, ranging from culinary herbs and improperly stored fodder to damp building materials. To access the pathogenic potential of isolates, it is essential to analyze them under defined conditions that allow for the production of their toxic metabolites. All Stachybotrys species are assumed to produce the immunosuppressive phenylspirodrimanes, but the highly cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes are exclusively generated by the genotype S of S. chartarum. In this study, we have analyzed four genotype S strains initially isolated from three different habitats. We grew them on five commonly used media (malt-extract-agar, glucose-yeast-peptone-agar, potato-dextrose-agar, cellulose-agar, Sabouraud-dextrose-agar) to identify conditions that promote mycotoxin production. Using LC-MS/MS, we have quantified stachybotrylactam and all S-type specific macrocyclic trichothecenes (satratoxin G, H, F, roridin E, L-2, verrucarin J). All five media supported a comparable fungal growth and sporulation at 25 °C in the dark. The highest concentrations of macrocyclic trichothecenes were detected on potato-dextrose-agar or cellulose-agar. Malt-extract-agar let to an intermediate and glucose-yeast-peptone-agar and Sabouraud-dextrose-agar to a poor mycotoxin production. These data demonstrate that the mycotoxin production clearly depends on the composition of the respective medium. Our findings provide a starting point for further studies in order to identify individual components that either support or repress the production of mycotoxins in S. chartarum."}],"keyword":["Stachybotrys","genotype","macrocyclic trichothecenes","stachybotrylactam"],"extern":"1","status":"public","department":[{"_id":"DEP4010"}],"year":"2020","user_id":"83781","title":"Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_created":"2025-06-15T10:01:42Z","volume":6,"publication_status":"published","place":"Basel","citation":{"ieee":"S. Ulrich and C. Schäfer, “Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media,” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 6, no. 3, Art. no. 159, 2020, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">10.3390/jof6030159</a>.","van":"Ulrich S, Schäfer C. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. Journal of Fungi. 2020;6(3).","ama":"Ulrich S, Schäfer C. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>. 2020;6(3). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">10.3390/jof6030159</a>","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ulrich, Sebastian</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Schäfer, Cornelius</span>: Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. In: <i>Journal of Fungi</i> Bd. 6. Basel, MDPI  (2020), Nr. 3","bjps":"<b>Ulrich S and Schäfer C</b> (2020) Toxin Production by Stachybotrys Chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> <b>6</b>.","chicago":"Ulrich, Sebastian, and Cornelius Schäfer. “Toxin Production by Stachybotrys Chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6, no. 3 (2020). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159</a>.","havard":"S. Ulrich, C. Schäfer, Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media, Journal of Fungi. 6 (2020).","apa":"Ulrich, S., &#38; Schäfer, C. (2020). Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, <i>6</i>(3), Article 159. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159</a>","mla":"Ulrich, Sebastian, and Cornelius Schäfer. “Toxin Production by Stachybotrys Chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 6, no. 3, 159, 2020, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159</a>.","short":"S. Ulrich, C. Schäfer, Journal of Fungi 6 (2020).","chicago-de":"Ulrich, Sebastian und Cornelius Schäfer. 2020. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6, Nr. 3. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">10.3390/jof6030159</a>, .","ufg":"<b>Ulrich, Sebastian/Schäfer, Cornelius</b>: Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media, in: <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6 (2020), H. 3."},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2309-608X"]},"author":[{"first_name":"Sebastian","full_name":"Ulrich, Sebastian","id":"85847","last_name":"Ulrich","orcid":"0000-0002-4511-9537"},{"last_name":"Schäfer","full_name":"Schäfer, Cornelius","first_name":"Cornelius"}],"intvolume":"         6","article_number":"159","_id":"12956","publication":"Journal of Fungi"}]