---
_id: '12945'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Stachybotrys chartarum is a toxigenic fungus that is frequently isolated from
    damp building materials or improperly stored forage. Macrocyclic trichothecenes
    and in particular satratoxins are the most potent mycotoxins known to be produced
    by this fungus. Exposure of humans or animals to these secondary metabolites can
    be associated with severe health problems. To assess the pathogenic potential
    of S. chartarum isolates, it is essential to cultivate them under conditions that
    reliably promote toxin production. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was reported to
    be the optimal nutrition medium for satratoxin production. In this study, the
    growth of S. chartarum genotype S strains on PDA from two manufacturers led to
    divergent results, namely, well-grown and sporulating cultures with high satratoxin
    concentrations (20.8 ± 0.4 µg/cm2) versus cultures with sparse sporulation and
    low satratoxin production (0.3 ± 0.1 µg/cm2). This finding is important for any
    attempt to identify toxigenic S. chartarum isolates. Further experiments performed
    with the two media provided strong evidence for a link between satratoxin production
    and sporulation. A comparison of three-point and one-point cultures grown on the
    two types of PDA, furthermore, demonstrated an inter-colony communication that
    influences both sporulation and mycotoxin production of S. chartarum genotype
    S strains.
article_number: '515'
author:
- first_name: Katharina
  full_name: Tribelhorn, Katharina
  last_name: Tribelhorn
- first_name: Magdalena
  full_name: Twarużek, Magdalena
  last_name: Twarużek
- first_name: Ewelina
  full_name: Soszczyńska, Ewelina
  last_name: Soszczyńska
- first_name: Jörg
  full_name: Rau, Jörg
  last_name: Rau
- first_name: Christiane
  full_name: Baschien, Christiane
  last_name: Baschien
- first_name: Reinhard K.
  full_name: Straubinger, Reinhard K.
  last_name: Straubinger
- first_name: Frank
  full_name: Ebel, Frank
  last_name: Ebel
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Ulrich, Sebastian
  id: '85847'
  last_name: Ulrich
  orcid: 0000-0002-4511-9537
citation:
  ama: Tribelhorn K, Twarużek M, Soszczyńska E, et al. Production of Satratoxin G
    and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Toxins</i>.
    2022;14(8). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515">10.3390/toxins14080515</a>
  apa: Tribelhorn, K., Twarużek, M., Soszczyńska, E., Rau, J., Baschien, C., Straubinger,
    R. K., Ebel, F., &#38; Ulrich, S. (2022). Production of Satratoxin G and H Is
    Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Toxins</i>, <i>14</i>(8),
    Article 515. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515</a>
  bjps: <b>Tribelhorn K <i>et al.</i></b> (2022) Production of Satratoxin G and H
    Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys Chartarum. <i>Toxins</i> <b>14</b>.
  chicago: Tribelhorn, Katharina, Magdalena Twarużek, Ewelina Soszczyńska, Jörg Rau,
    Christiane Baschien, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Frank Ebel, and Sebastian Ulrich.
    “Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys
    Chartarum.” <i>Toxins</i> 14, no. 8 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515</a>.
  chicago-de: Tribelhorn, Katharina, Magdalena Twarużek, Ewelina Soszczyńska, Jörg
    Rau, Christiane Baschien, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Frank Ebel und Sebastian Ulrich.
    2022. Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys
    chartarum. <i>Toxins</i> 14, Nr. 8. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515">10.3390/toxins14080515</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Tribelhorn, Katharina</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Twarużek, Magdalena</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Soszczyńska,
    Ewelina</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Rau, Jörg</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Baschien, Christiane</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Straubinger,
    Reinhard K.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ebel, Frank</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ulrich, Sebastian</span>: Production
    of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum.
    In: <i>Toxins</i> Bd. 14, MDPI (2022), Nr. 8'
  havard: K. Tribelhorn, M. Twarużek, E. Soszczyńska, J. Rau, C. Baschien, R.K. Straubinger,
    F. Ebel, S. Ulrich, Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation
    in Stachybotrys chartarum, Toxins. 14 (2022).
  ieee: 'K. Tribelhorn <i>et al.</i>, “Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly
    Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum,” <i>Toxins</i>, vol. 14, no.
    8, Art. no. 515, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515">10.3390/toxins14080515</a>.'
  mla: Tribelhorn, Katharina, et al. “Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly
    Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys Chartarum.” <i>Toxins</i>, vol. 14, no.
    8, 515, 2022, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515</a>.
  short: K. Tribelhorn, M. Twarużek, E. Soszczyńska, J. Rau, C. Baschien, R.K. Straubinger,
    F. Ebel, S. Ulrich, Toxins 14 (2022).
  ufg: '<b>Tribelhorn, Katharina u. a.</b>: Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly
    Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum, in: <i>Toxins</i> 14 (2022),
    H. 8.'
  van: Tribelhorn K, Twarużek M, Soszczyńska E, Rau J, Baschien C, Straubinger RK,
    et al. Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys
    chartarum. Toxins. 2022;14(8).
date_created: 2025-06-15T09:56:06Z
date_updated: 2025-06-16T11:52:01Z
department:
- _id: DEP4010
doi: 10.3390/toxins14080515
extern: '1'
intvolume: '        14'
issue: '8'
keyword:
- Stachybotrys chartarum genotype S
- sporulation
- satratoxins
- macrocyclic trichothecenes
- inter-colony communication
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Toxins
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2072-6651
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys
  chartarum
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 14
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '12956'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum had been linked to severe health problems in humans
    and animals, which occur after exposure to the toxic secondary metabolites of
    this mold. S. chartarum had been isolated from different environmental sources,
    ranging from culinary herbs and improperly stored fodder to damp building materials.
    To access the pathogenic potential of isolates, it is essential to analyze them
    under defined conditions that allow for the production of their toxic metabolites.
    All Stachybotrys species are assumed to produce the immunosuppressive phenylspirodrimanes,
    but the highly cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes are exclusively generated
    by the genotype S of S. chartarum. In this study, we have analyzed four genotype
    S strains initially isolated from three different habitats. We grew them on five
    commonly used media (malt-extract-agar, glucose-yeast-peptone-agar, potato-dextrose-agar,
    cellulose-agar, Sabouraud-dextrose-agar) to identify conditions that promote mycotoxin
    production. Using LC-MS/MS, we have quantified stachybotrylactam and all S-type
    specific macrocyclic trichothecenes (satratoxin G, H, F, roridin E, L-2, verrucarin
    J). All five media supported a comparable fungal growth and sporulation at 25
    °C in the dark. The highest concentrations of macrocyclic trichothecenes were
    detected on potato-dextrose-agar or cellulose-agar. Malt-extract-agar let to an
    intermediate and glucose-yeast-peptone-agar and Sabouraud-dextrose-agar to a poor
    mycotoxin production. These data demonstrate that the mycotoxin production clearly
    depends on the composition of the respective medium. Our findings provide a starting
    point for further studies in order to identify individual components that either
    support or repress the production of mycotoxins in S. chartarum.
article_number: '159'
author:
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Ulrich, Sebastian
  id: '85847'
  last_name: Ulrich
  orcid: 0000-0002-4511-9537
- first_name: Cornelius
  full_name: Schäfer, Cornelius
  last_name: Schäfer
citation:
  ama: Ulrich S, Schäfer C. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S
    on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>. 2020;6(3). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159">10.3390/jof6030159</a>
  apa: Ulrich, S., &#38; Schäfer, C. (2020). Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum
    Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, <i>6</i>(3), Article
    159. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159</a>
  bjps: <b>Ulrich S and Schäfer C</b> (2020) Toxin Production by Stachybotrys Chartarum
    Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> <b>6</b>.
  chicago: Ulrich, Sebastian, and Cornelius Schäfer. “Toxin Production by Stachybotrys
    Chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6, no.
    3 (2020). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159</a>.
  chicago-de: Ulrich, Sebastian und Cornelius Schäfer. 2020. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys
    chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6, Nr.
    3. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159">10.3390/jof6030159</a>, .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ulrich, Sebastian</span> ;
    <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Schäfer, Cornelius</span>: Toxin Production
    by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. In: <i>Journal
    of Fungi</i> Bd. 6. Basel, MDPI  (2020), Nr. 3'
  havard: S. Ulrich, C. Schäfer, Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype
    S on Different Culture Media, Journal of Fungi. 6 (2020).
  ieee: 'S. Ulrich and C. Schäfer, “Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype
    S on Different Culture Media,” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 6, no. 3, Art. no.
    159, 2020, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159">10.3390/jof6030159</a>.'
  mla: Ulrich, Sebastian, and Cornelius Schäfer. “Toxin Production by Stachybotrys
    Chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol.
    6, no. 3, 159, 2020, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159</a>.
  short: S. Ulrich, C. Schäfer, Journal of Fungi 6 (2020).
  ufg: '<b>Ulrich, Sebastian/Schäfer, Cornelius</b>: Toxin Production by Stachybotrys
    chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media, in: <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6
    (2020), H. 3.'
  van: Ulrich S, Schäfer C. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S
    on Different Culture Media. Journal of Fungi. 2020;6(3).
date_created: 2025-06-15T10:01:42Z
date_updated: 2025-06-16T13:59:56Z
department:
- _id: DEP4010
doi: 10.3390/jof6030159
extern: '1'
intvolume: '         6'
issue: '3'
keyword:
- Stachybotrys
- genotype
- macrocyclic trichothecenes
- stachybotrylactam
language:
- iso: eng
place: Basel
publication: Journal of Fungi
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2309-608X
publication_status: published
publisher: 'MDPI '
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture
  Media
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 6
year: '2020'
...