@misc{11113, abstract = {{When oil palm lumber is considered for load-bearing products such as glued laminated timber (GLT), defined strength and stiffness values are required. In this investigation, combined GLT from oil palm wood is tested in compression parallel and perpendicular and glulam lamellas in tension parallel to the vascular bundles. Strength and Young´s modulus in compression and tension parallel increase with the density by power law relationship. In contrast to dicotyle­dons, the strength in construction size exceeds that of small, defect-free test specimens (compression strength perpendicular), are in the same range (tensile and bending strength parallel) or only a little below (compression strength parallel). The specimen size does not influence the strength. The ratio of fc,0 : fm : ft,0 is 1.2 : 0.8 … 1.7 … 2.6 : 1 and fc,0 : fc,90 = 2.7 … 13.0 … 32.6 : 1 for ρ = 200 … 400 … 600 kg/m³; the ratio of Ec,0 : Em : Et,0 is 1.2 : 1.3 : 1 for ρ = 400 kg/m³. Ashby´s performance indices for minimum weight design rise with the density; the strength-density performance indices are comparable or only slightly lower than that for structural size softwood, whereas the modulus-density performance indices are much lower. The challenge in use of oil palm wood for load-bearing construction products is the low stiffness.}}, author = {{Frühwald-König, Katja and Heister, Lena}}, booktitle = {{Wood material science and engineering}}, issn = {{1748-0280}}, keywords = {{Oil palm wood, compression, tension, strength, young’s modulus, digital image correlation, glued laminated timber}}, number = {{5}}, pages = {{1101--1116}}, publisher = {{Taylor & Francis}}, title = {{{Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood}}}, doi = {{10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627}}, volume = {{19}}, year = {{2024}}, } @misc{10333, abstract = {{The wood from oil palm trunks exhibits significant variations in distribution of structural tissue, density and elastomechanical properties across and along the trunk. Its reliable, safe, and economic usage for load-bearing purposes, such as glued laminated timber (GLT), requires a precise definition of its elastomechanical properties through appropriate strength grading procedures. Oil palm lumber is strength graded according to its density using an X-ray technique in which 50 % of the lamellas are ripped, graded, edge glued and therefore density homogenized, and 50 % are cut only according to their geometry. Lamellas are tested in tension parallel to the vascular bundles; combined GLT is produced from strength-graded lamellas and tested in bending parallel and compression parallel and perpendicular to the vascular bundles. The characteristic strength values for C10 and C14 according to EN 338 are achieved. A correlation between density and elastomechanical properties is estab-lished. GLT from density-homogenized lamellas achieve higher bending properties than from lamellas with a “natural” density gradient across the width.}}, author = {{Frühwald-König, Katja}}, booktitle = {{Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway }}, editor = {{Nyrud, Andres Q. and Malo, Kjell Arne and Nore, Kristine}}, isbn = {{9781713873297}}, keywords = {{Oil palm lumber, glue laminated timber, GLT, strength grading, elastomechanical properties}}, location = {{Oslo, Norway}}, pages = {{638--646}}, publisher = {{Curran Associates, Inc. }}, title = {{{Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber}}}, doi = {{https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087}}, year = {{2023}}, } @misc{10602, abstract = {{The anatomical structure of oil palm wood is only to a limited extent comparable to common wood species used in construction. Typical for monocotyledons, the material is composed of high density vascular bundles and a parenchymatous tissue of lower density. In three experiment sets, the local and global moduli of elasticity (MOE) and the flexural strength of oil palm wood based GLT are determined using FEM and various influencing parameters are investigated in a sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, the application of densified tension lamellas is studied. The results of the modelling are compared with the results from mechanical tests. Significant differences, mainly attributed to the specific parameters of the selected material, are observed. The results of this preliminary study serve as a starting point for computer-aided optimisation and modelling of other oil palm-based products.}}, author = {{Hackel, Martin}}, booktitle = {{Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway }}, editor = {{Nyrud, Anders Q. }}, isbn = {{978-1-7138-7329-7}}, keywords = {{Oil palm wood, finite element method (FEM), GLT, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength}}, location = {{Oslo (Norwegen)}}, publisher = {{Curran Associates, Inc.}}, title = {{{FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD}}}, doi = {{10.52202/069179-0088}}, year = {{2023}}, } @misc{10786, abstract = {{The anatomical structure of oil palm wood is only to a limited extent comparable to common wood species used in construction. Typical for monocotyledons, the material is composed of high density vascular bundles and a parenchymatous tissue of lower density. In three experiment sets, the local and global moduli of elasticity (MOE) and the flexural strength of oil palm wood based GLT are determined using FEM and various influencing parameters are investigated in a sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, the application of densified tension lamellas is studied. The results of the modelling are compared with the results from mechanical tests. Significant differences, mainly attributed to the specific parameters of the selected material, are observed. The results of this preliminary study serve as a starting point for computer-aided optimisation and modelling of other oil palm-based products.}}, author = {{Hackel, Martin}}, booktitle = {{World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023)}}, keywords = {{Oil palm wood, finite element method (FEM), GLT, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength}}, location = {{Oslo (Norwegen)}}, pages = {{647--656}}, publisher = {{World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023)}}, title = {{{FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD}}}, doi = {{10.52202/069179-0088}}, year = {{2023}}, } @inproceedings{6945, abstract = {{Sustainable use of renewable raw materials is an important issue of policy and industry. Wood prices are rising because of increasing market demand while simultaneously forests are challenged through conservation issues, deforestation and hazards. The main reasons for deforestation are agriculture, infrastructure and wood harvesting. Oil palm plantations stock on former tropical forest land and cover some 25 Mio ha worldwide. They are replanted every 25 years due to reduced productivity. Using the available wooden trunk material of the cleared plantation not only makes sense in ecological terms but is also a big chance for economy and trade. Research over the last 30 years has led to several ideas in the use for products. The biggest challenge is the anatomical structure of palm wood which is different to coniferous or broadleaf trees. Hard vascular bundles are embedded in low-density parenchyma storage tissue with high moisture content. The soft and sponge-like parenchyma tissue can be compressed easily and a significant share of the water (mc up to 600 % based on dry wood) can be squeezed out. Through press drying, the volume of the parenchyma can be reduced and the wood density increases. Wood strength and stiffness are related to its density and can be improved by densification. TH OWL developed a four-step densification process for oil palm boards. Oil palm lumber was produced from oil palm trunks in a sawmill and then densified under defined conditions. The densification process includes (1) compression to remove a certain percentage of the palm sap, (2) plastification under heat and moisture to soften the wood, (3) hot compression to achieve the densification and remove more water, and (4) press-drying to dry and harden the material. A future perspective on how the laboratory tests could be scaled up to an industrial application with a possible machinery set-up is presented. }}, author = {{Kölli, Nathan}}, booktitle = {{6th International Conference on Process Technologies for the Forest and Biobased Products Industries PTF BPI 2021 }}, editor = {{Young , Timothy M. and Petutschnigg, Alexander }}, keywords = {{Oil Palm Wood, Densification, Drying}}, location = {{St. Simons Island, Georgia / USA}}, title = {{{Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber}}}, year = {{2021}}, } @misc{12805, abstract = {{n recent decades, the demand for palm oil has constantly increased and with it the cultivation of oil palms. After a period of 25 years, the oil yield of the palm trees decreases and they are felled. The trees are cut into pieces and remain on the plantations. However, due to their high moisture and sugar content, fungi and molds cause problems for replanting. The use of the wood for the timber industry is difficult due to its structural characteristics. Biotechnological processes use microorganisms to produce relevant industrial products. The basis for each process is a culture medium that contains all necessary nutrients, especially carbohydrates. The culture medium makes up a high percentage of the costs, so alternative, cheaper substrates are preferred. In this review, we show and compare different analyses of the sap mechanically pressed from the oil palm trunk regarding its sugar and nutrient content. The total sugar concentration in the palm sap varies between 16.97–140 g L−1 and it is mainly composed of glucose, fructose, and sucrose. The comparison with common nutrient media and the results of fermentation processes already carried out on a laboratory scale show that palm sap offers great potential as a fermentation medium for biotechnological conversion into industrially relevant products. }}, author = {{Dirkes, Rabea and Neubauer, Pia Rebecca and Rabenhorst, Jürgen}}, booktitle = {{Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining}}, issn = {{1932-1031}}, keywords = {{oil palm, trunks, pressed sap, Elaeis guineensis, sugar, nutrients, review}}, number = {{3}}, pages = {{931--944}}, publisher = {{Wiley}}, title = {{{Pressed sap from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) trunks: a revolutionary growth medium for the biotechnological industry?}}}, doi = {{10.1002/bbb.2201}}, volume = {{15}}, year = {{2021}}, }