---
_id: '11113'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'When oil palm lumber is considered for load-bearing products such as glued
laminated timber (GLT), defined strength and stiffness values are required. In
this investigation, combined GLT from oil palm wood is tested in compression parallel
and perpendicular and glulam lamellas in tension parallel to the vascular bundles.
Strength and Young´s modulus in compression and tension parallel increase with
the density by power law relationship. In contrast to dicotyledons, the strength
in construction size exceeds that of small, defect-free test specimens (compression
strength perpendicular), are in the same range (tensile and bending strength parallel)
or only a little below (compression strength parallel). The specimen size does
not influence the strength. The ratio of fc,0 : fm : ft,0 is 1.2 : 0.8 … 1.7 … 2.6
: 1 and fc,0 : fc,90 = 2.7 … 13.0 … 32.6 : 1 for ρ = 200 … 400 … 600 kg/m³; the
ratio of Ec,0 : Em : Et,0 is 1.2 : 1.3 : 1 for ρ = 400 kg/m³. Ashby´s performance
indices for minimum weight design rise with the density; the strength-density
performance indices are comparable or only slightly lower than that for structural
size softwood, whereas the modulus-density performance indices are much lower.
The challenge in use of oil palm wood for load-bearing construction products is
the low stiffness.'
author:
- first_name: Katja
full_name: Frühwald-König, Katja
id: '26232'
last_name: Frühwald-König
- first_name: Lena
full_name: Heister, Lena
id: '71887'
last_name: Heister
citation:
ama: Frühwald-König K, Heister L. Compression properties of glued laminated timber
and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood. Wood material
science and engineering. 2024;19(5):1101-1116. doi:10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627
apa: Frühwald-König, K., & Heister, L. (2024). Compression properties of glued
laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood.
Wood Material Science and Engineering, 19(5), 1101–1116. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627
bjps: Frühwald-König K and Heister L (2024) Compression Properties of Glued
Laminated Timber and Tensile Properties of Gluelam Lamellas from Oil Palm Wood.
Wood material science and engineering 19, 1101–1116.
chicago: 'Frühwald-König, Katja, and Lena Heister. “Compression Properties of Glued
Laminated Timber and Tensile Properties of Gluelam Lamellas from Oil Palm Wood.”
Wood Material Science and Engineering 19, no. 5 (2024): 1101–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627.'
chicago-de: 'Frühwald-König, Katja und Lena Heister. 2024. Compression properties
of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil
palm wood. Wood material science and engineering 19, Nr. 5: 1101–1116.
doi:10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Frühwald-König, Katja
; Heister, Lena: Compression properties
of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil
palm wood. In: Wood material science and engineering Bd. 19. London, Taylor
& Francis (2024), Nr. 5, S. 1101–1116'
havard: K. Frühwald-König, L. Heister, Compression properties of glued laminated
timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood, Wood Material
Science and Engineering. 19 (2024) 1101–1116.
ieee: 'K. Frühwald-König and L. Heister, “Compression properties of glued laminated
timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood,” Wood
material science and engineering, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1101–1116, 2024, doi:
10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627.'
mla: Frühwald-König, Katja, and Lena Heister. “Compression Properties of Glued Laminated
Timber and Tensile Properties of Gluelam Lamellas from Oil Palm Wood.” Wood
Material Science and Engineering, vol. 19, no. 5, 2024, pp. 1101–16, https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627.
short: K. Frühwald-König, L. Heister, Wood Material Science and Engineering 19 (2024)
1101–1116.
ufg: 'Frühwald-König, Katja/Heister, Lena: Compression properties of glued
laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood,
in: Wood material science and engineering 19 (2024), H. 5, S. 1101–1116.'
van: Frühwald-König K, Heister L. Compression properties of glued laminated timber
and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood. Wood material science
and engineering. 2024;19(5):1101–16.
date_created: 2024-02-25T07:30:24Z
date_updated: 2025-06-25T12:41:40Z
department:
- _id: DEP7018
- _id: DEP1309
doi: 10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627
external_id:
isi:
- '001147069800001'
intvolume: ' 19'
isi: '1'
issue: '5'
keyword:
- Oil palm wood
- compression
- tension
- strength
- young’s modulus
- digital image correlation
- glued laminated timber
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1101-1116
place: London
publication: Wood material science and engineering
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1748-0280
issn:
- 1748-0272
publication_status: published
publisher: Taylor & Francis
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of
gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 19
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '10333'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The wood from oil palm trunks exhibits significant variations in distribution
of structural tissue, density and elastomechanical properties across and along
the trunk. Its reliable, safe, and economic usage for load-bearing purposes, such
as glued laminated timber (GLT), requires a precise definition of its elastomechanical
properties through appropriate strength grading procedures. Oil palm lumber is
strength graded according to its density using an X-ray technique in which 50
% of the lamellas are ripped, graded, edge glued and therefore density homogenized,
and 50 % are cut only according to their geometry. Lamellas are tested in tension
parallel to the vascular bundles; combined GLT is produced from strength-graded
lamellas and tested in bending parallel and compression parallel and perpendicular
to the vascular bundles. The characteristic strength values for C10 and C14 according
to EN 338 are achieved. A correlation between density and elastomechanical properties
is estab-lished. GLT from density-homogenized lamellas achieve higher bending
properties than from lamellas with a “natural” density gradient across the width.
author:
- first_name: Katja
full_name: Frühwald-König, Katja
id: '26232'
last_name: Frühwald-König
citation:
ama: Frühwald-König K. Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber
Made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber. (Nyrud AQ, Malo KA, Nore K, eds.).
Curran Associates, Inc. ; 2023:638-646. doi:https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087
apa: 'Frühwald-König, K. (2023). Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated
Timber made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber. In A. Q. Nyrud, K. A. Malo, &
K. Nore (Eds.), Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering :
WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway (pp. 638–646). Curran Associates,
Inc. . https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087'
bjps: 'Frühwald-König K (2023) Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated
Timber Made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber, Nyrud AQ, Malo KA and Nore
K (eds). Red Hook, NY, USA : Curran Associates, Inc. .'
chicago: 'Frühwald-König, Katja. Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated
Timber Made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber. Edited by Andres Q. Nyrud,
Kjell Arne Malo, and Kristine Nore. Timber for a Livable Future : World Conference
on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway . Red Hook,
NY, USA : Curran Associates, Inc. , 2023. https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087.'
chicago-de: 'Frühwald-König, Katja. 2023. Elastomechanical Properties of Glued
Laminated Timber made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber. Hg. von Andres Q.
Nyrud, Kjell Arne Malo, und Kristine Nore. Timber for a livable future : World
Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway .
Red Hook, NY, USA : Curran Associates, Inc. . doi:https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Frühwald-König, Katja
; Nyrud, A. Q. ; Malo,
K. A. ; Nore, K. (Hrsg.):
Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber made of Strength Graded
Oil Palm Lumber. Red Hook, NY, USA : Curran Associates, Inc. , 2023'
havard: K. Frühwald-König, Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber
made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber, Curran Associates, Inc. , Red Hook, NY,
USA , 2023.
ieee: 'K. Frühwald-König, Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber
made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber. Red Hook, NY, USA : Curran Associates,
Inc. , 2023, pp. 638–646. doi: https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087.'
mla: 'Frühwald-König, Katja. “Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber
Made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber.” Timber for a Livable Future : World
Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway ,
edited by Andres Q. Nyrud et al., Curran Associates, Inc. , 2023, pp. 638–46,
https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087.'
short: K. Frühwald-König, Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber
Made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber, Curran Associates, Inc. , Red Hook, NY,
USA , 2023.
ufg: 'Frühwald-König, Katja: Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated
Timber made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber, hg. von Nyrud, Andres Q./Malo,
Kjell Arne/Nore, Kristine, Red Hook, NY, USA 2023.'
van: 'Frühwald-König K. Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber made
of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber. Nyrud AQ, Malo KA, Nore K, editors. Timber
for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22
June 2023, Oslo, Norway . Red Hook, NY, USA : Curran Associates, Inc. ; 2023.'
conference:
end_date: 2023-06-22
location: Oslo, Norway
name: 13. World Conference on Timber Engineering WCTE 2023
start_date: 2023-06-19
date_created: 2023-09-14T18:30:58Z
date_updated: 2023-10-25T12:59:07Z
department:
- _id: DEP7018
- _id: DEP1309
doi: https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087
editor:
- first_name: Andres Q.
full_name: Nyrud, Andres Q.
last_name: Nyrud
- first_name: 'Kjell Arne '
full_name: 'Malo, Kjell Arne '
last_name: Malo
- first_name: Kristine
full_name: Nore, Kristine
last_name: Nore
keyword:
- Oil palm lumber
- glue laminated timber
- GLT
- strength grading
- elastomechanical properties
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: www.proceedings.com/69179.html
page: 638-646
place: 'Red Hook, NY, USA '
publication: 'Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering
: WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway '
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- '9781713873273'
isbn:
- '9781713873297'
publication_status: published
publisher: 'Curran Associates, Inc. '
status: public
title: Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber made of Strength Graded
Oil Palm Lumber
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '26232'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '10602'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The anatomical structure of oil palm wood is only to a limited extent comparable
to common wood species used in construction. Typical for monocotyledons, the material
is composed of high density vascular bundles and a parenchymatous tissue of lower
density. In three experiment sets, the local and global moduli of elasticity (MOE)
and the flexural strength of oil palm wood based GLT are determined using FEM
and various influencing parameters are investigated in a sensitivity analysis.
Furthermore, the application of densified tension lamellas is studied. The results
of the modelling are compared with the results from mechanical tests. Significant
differences, mainly attributed to the specific parameters of the selected material,
are observed. The results of this preliminary study serve as a starting point
for computer-aided optimisation and modelling of other oil palm-based products.
author:
- first_name: Martin
full_name: Hackel, Martin
id: '79798'
last_name: Hackel
citation:
ama: Hackel M. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. (Nyrud AQ, Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige
universitet , Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet , Arkitektur- og
designhøgskolen i Oslo, eds.). Curran Associates, Inc.; 2023. doi:10.52202/069179-0088
apa: 'Hackel, M. (2023). FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED
TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. In A. Q. Nyrud, Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige
universitet , Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet , & Arkitektur-
og designhøgskolen i Oslo (Eds.), Timber for a livable future : World Conference
on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway . Curran
Associates, Inc. https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0088'
bjps: 'Hackel M (2023) FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE
LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, Nyrud AQ et al. (eds). Red Hook,
NY, USA: Curran Associates, Inc.'
chicago: 'Hackel, Martin. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED
TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. Edited by Anders Q. Nyrud, Norges miljø-
og biovitenskapelige universitet , Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
, and Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo. Timber for a Livable Future :
World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway
. Red Hook, NY, USA: Curran Associates, Inc., 2023. https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0088.'
chicago-de: 'Hackel, Martin. 2023. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED
GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. Hg. von Anders Q. Nyrud,
Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet , Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige
universitet , und Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo. Timber for a livable
future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023,
Oslo, Norway . Red Hook, NY, USA: Curran Associates, Inc. doi:10.52202/069179-0088,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Hackel, Martin ; Nyrud, A. Q. ; Norges
miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet ; Norges
teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet ; Arkitektur-
og designhøgskolen i Oslo (Hrsg.): FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD
BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. Red Hook, NY, USA :
Curran Associates, Inc., 2023'
havard: M. Hackel, FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, Curran Associates, Inc., Red Hook, NY, USA, 2023.
ieee: 'M. Hackel, FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. Red Hook, NY, USA: Curran Associates, Inc., 2023.
doi: 10.52202/069179-0088.'
mla: 'Hackel, Martin. “FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED
TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD.” Timber for a Livable Future : World Conference
on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway , edited
by Anders Q. Nyrud et al., Curran Associates, Inc., 2023, https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0088.'
short: M. Hackel, FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, Curran Associates, Inc., Red Hook, NY, USA, 2023.
ufg: 'Hackel, Martin: FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED
TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, hg. von Nyrud, Anders Q. u. a., Red Hook,
NY, USA 2023.'
van: 'Hackel M. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. Nyrud AQ, Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet
, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet , Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen
i Oslo, editors. Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering :
WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway . Red Hook, NY, USA: Curran Associates,
Inc.; 2023.'
conference:
end_date: 2023-06-22
location: Oslo (Norwegen)
name: 13th World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023)
start_date: 2023-06-19
corporate_editor:
- 'Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet '
- 'Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet '
- Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo
date_created: 2023-10-26T13:59:52Z
date_updated: 2024-06-03T14:10:01Z
department:
- _id: DEP7018
- _id: DEP1309
doi: 10.52202/069179-0088
editor:
- first_name: 'Anders Q. '
full_name: 'Nyrud, Anders Q. '
last_name: Nyrud
keyword:
- Oil palm wood
- finite element method (FEM)
- GLT
- modulus of elasticity
- flexural strength
language:
- iso: eng
place: Red Hook, NY, USA
publication: 'Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering
: WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway '
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- 978-1-7138-7327-3
isbn:
- 978-1-7138-7329-7
publication_status: published
publisher: Curran Associates, Inc.
status: public
title: FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE
ELEMENT METHOD
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '10786'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "The anatomical structure of oil palm wood is only to a limited extent comparable
to common wood species\r\nused in construction. Typical for monocotyledons, the
material is composed of high density vascular bundles and a\r\nparenchymatous
tissue of lower density. In three experiment sets, the local and global moduli
of elasticity (MOE) and the flexural strength of oil palm wood based GLT are determined
using FEM and various influencing parameters are\r\ninvestigated in a sensitivity
analysis. Furthermore, the application of densified tension lamellas is studied.
The results of the modelling are compared with the results from mechanical tests.
Significant differences, mainly attributed to the\r\nspecific parameters of the
selected material, are observed. The results of this preliminary study serve as
a starting point for computer-aided optimisation and modelling of other oil palm-based
products."
author:
- first_name: Martin
full_name: Hackel, Martin
id: '79798'
last_name: Hackel
citation:
ama: Hackel M. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE
2023); 2023:647-656. doi:10.52202/069179-0088
apa: Hackel, M. (2023). FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED
TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. In World Conference on Timber Engineering
(WCTE 2023) (pp. 647–656). World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023).
https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0088
bjps: Hackel M (2023) FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE
LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. World Conference on Timber Engineering
(WCTE 2023).
chicago: Hackel, Martin. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED
TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. World Conference on Timber Engineering
(WCTE 2023). World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023), 2023. https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0088.
chicago-de: Hackel, Martin. 2023. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED
GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. World Conference on
Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023). World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE
2023). doi:10.52202/069179-0088,
.
din1505-2-1: 'Hackel, Martin: FLEXURAL
PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD :
World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023), 2023'
havard: M. Hackel, FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023),
2023.
ieee: 'M. Hackel, FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE
2023), 2023, pp. 647–656. doi: 10.52202/069179-0088.'
mla: Hackel, Martin. “FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED
TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD.” World Conference on Timber Engineering
(WCTE 2023), World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023), 2023, pp.
647–56, https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0088.
short: M. Hackel, FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023),
2023.
ufg: 'Hackel, Martin: FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED
TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, o. O. 2023.'
van: Hackel M. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023).
World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023); 2023.
conference:
end_date: 2023-06-22
location: Oslo (Norwegen)
name: World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023)
start_date: 2023-06-19
date_created: 2023-11-21T07:44:35Z
date_updated: 2025-05-24T13:21:52Z
department:
- _id: DEP7018
- _id: DEP1309
doi: 10.52202/069179-0088
keyword:
- Oil palm wood
- finite element method (FEM)
- GLT
- modulus of elasticity
- flexural strength
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.proceedings.com/content/069/069179-0088open.pdf
oa: '1'
page: 647-656
publication: World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023)
publication_status: published
publisher: World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023)
status: public
title: FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE
ELEMENT METHOD
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '79798'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '6945'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'Sustainable use of renewable raw materials is an important issue of policy
and industry. Wood prices are rising because of increasing market demand while
simultaneously forests are challenged through conservation issues, deforestation
and hazards. The main reasons for deforestation are agriculture, infrastructure
and wood harvesting. Oil palm plantations stock on former tropical forest land
and cover some 25 Mio ha worldwide. They are replanted every 25 years due to reduced
productivity. Using the available wooden trunk material of the cleared plantation
not only makes sense in ecological terms but is also a big chance for economy
and trade. Research over the last 30 years has led to several ideas in the use
for products. The biggest challenge is the anatomical structure of palm wood which
is different to coniferous or broadleaf trees. Hard vascular bundles are embedded
in low-density parenchyma storage tissue with high moisture content. The soft
and sponge-like parenchyma tissue can be compressed easily and a significant share
of the water (mc up to 600 % based on dry wood) can be squeezed out. Through press
drying, the volume of the parenchyma can be reduced and the wood density increases.
Wood strength and stiffness are related to its density and can be improved by
densification. TH OWL developed a four-step densification process for oil palm
boards. Oil palm lumber was produced from oil palm trunks in a sawmill and then
densified under defined conditions. The densification process includes (1) compression
to remove a certain percentage of the palm sap, (2) plastification under heat
and moisture to soften the wood, (3) hot compression to achieve the densification
and remove more water, and (4) press-drying to dry and harden the material. A
future perspective on how the laboratory tests could be scaled up to an industrial
application with a possible machinery set-up is presented. '
author:
- first_name: Nathan
full_name: Kölli, Nathan
id: '74242'
last_name: Kölli
citation:
ama: 'Kölli N. Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber. In: Young TM,
Petutschnigg A, eds. 6th International Conference on Process Technologies
for the Forest and Biobased Products Industries PTF BPI 2021 . ; 2021.'
apa: Kölli, N. (2021). Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber. In
T. M. Young & A. Petutschnigg (Eds.), 6th International Conference on
Process Technologies for the Forest and Biobased Products Industries PTF BPI
2021 .
bjps: Kölli N (2021) Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber.
In Young TM and Petutschnigg A (eds), 6th International Conference on Process
Technologies for the Forest and Biobased Products Industries PTF BPI 2021 .
chicago: Kölli, Nathan. “Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber.”
In 6th International Conference on Process Technologies for the Forest and
Biobased Products Industries PTF BPI 2021 , edited by Timothy M. Young and
Alexander Petutschnigg, 2021.
chicago-de: 'Kölli, Nathan. 2021. Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm
Lumber. In: 6th International Conference on Process Technologies for the Forest
and Biobased Products Industries PTF BPI 2021 , hg. von Timothy M. Young und
Alexander Petutschnigg.'
din1505-2-1: 'Kölli, Nathan: Densification
and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber. In: Young
, T. M. ; Petutschnigg, A.
(Hrsg.): 6th International Conference on Process Technologies for the Forest
and Biobased Products Industries PTF BPI 2021 , 2021'
havard: 'N. Kölli, Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber, in: T.M.
Young , A. Petutschnigg (Eds.), 6th International Conference on Process Technologies
for the Forest and Biobased Products Industries PTF BPI 2021 , 2021.'
ieee: N. Kölli, “Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber,” in 6th
International Conference on Process Technologies for the Forest and Biobased
Products Industries PTF BPI 2021 , St. Simons Island, Georgia / USA, 2021.
mla: Kölli, Nathan. “Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber.” 6th
International Conference on Process Technologies for the Forest and Biobased
Products Industries PTF BPI 2021 , edited by Timothy M. Young and Alexander Petutschnigg,
2021.
short: 'N. Kölli, in: T.M. Young , A. Petutschnigg (Eds.), 6th International Conference
on Process Technologies for the Forest and Biobased Products Industries PTF
BPI 2021 , 2021.'
ufg: 'Kölli, Nathan: Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber,
in: Young , Timothy M./Petutschnigg, Alexander (Hgg.): 6th International
Conference on Process Technologies for the Forest and Biobased Products Industries
PTF BPI 2021 , o. O. 2021.'
van: 'Kölli N. Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber. In: Young TM,
Petutschnigg A, editors. 6th International Conference on Process Technologies
for the Forest and Biobased Products Industries PTF BPI 2021 . 2021.'
conference:
end_date: 2021-11-03
location: St. Simons Island, Georgia / USA
name: PTF BPI 2021 (Process Technologies for the Forest & Biobased Product Industries)
start_date: 2021-11-01
date_created: 2022-01-06T11:43:06Z
date_updated: 2023-10-30T15:20:10Z
department:
- _id: DEP7018
- _id: DEP1309
editor:
- first_name: 'Timothy M. '
full_name: 'Young , Timothy M. '
last_name: 'Young '
- first_name: 'Alexander '
full_name: 'Petutschnigg, Alexander '
last_name: Petutschnigg
keyword:
- Oil Palm Wood
- Densification
- Drying
language:
- iso: eng
publication: '6th International Conference on Process Technologies for the Forest and
Biobased Products Industries PTF BPI 2021 '
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber
type: conference
user_id: '83781'
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '12805'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'n recent decades, the demand for palm oil has constantly increased and with
it the cultivation of oil palms. After a period of 25 years, the oil yield of
the palm trees decreases and they are felled. The trees are cut into pieces and
remain on the plantations. However, due to their high moisture and sugar content,
fungi and molds cause problems for replanting. The use of the wood for the timber
industry is difficult due to its structural characteristics. Biotechnological
processes use microorganisms to produce relevant industrial products. The basis
for each process is a culture medium that contains all necessary nutrients, especially
carbohydrates. The culture medium makes up a high percentage of the costs, so
alternative, cheaper substrates are preferred. In this review, we show and compare
different analyses of the sap mechanically pressed from the oil palm trunk regarding
its sugar and nutrient content. The total sugar concentration in the palm sap
varies between 16.97–140 g L−1 and it is mainly composed
of glucose, fructose, and sucrose. The comparison with common nutrient media and
the results of fermentation processes already carried out on a laboratory scale
show that palm sap offers great potential as a fermentation medium for biotechnological
conversion into industrially relevant products. '
author:
- first_name: Rabea
full_name: Dirkes, Rabea
id: '68594'
last_name: Dirkes
- first_name: Pia Rebecca
full_name: Neubauer, Pia Rebecca
id: '75420'
last_name: Neubauer
- first_name: Jürgen
full_name: Rabenhorst, Jürgen
id: '13454'
last_name: Rabenhorst
citation:
ama: 'Dirkes R, Neubauer PR, Rabenhorst J. Pressed sap from oil palm (<scp>Elaeis
guineensis</scp>) trunks: a revolutionary growth medium for the biotechnological
industry? Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 2021;15(3):931-944. doi:10.1002/bbb.2201'
apa: 'Dirkes, R., Neubauer, P. R., & Rabenhorst, J. (2021). Pressed sap from
oil palm (<scp>Elaeis guineensis</scp>) trunks: a revolutionary
growth medium for the biotechnological industry? Biofuels, Bioproducts and
Biorefining, 15(3), 931–944. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2201'
bjps: 'Dirkes R, Neubauer PR and Rabenhorst J (2021) Pressed Sap from Oil
Palm (<scp>Elaeis Guineensis</Scp>) Trunks: A Revolutionary
Growth Medium for the Biotechnological Industry? Biofuels, Bioproducts and
Biorefining 15, 931–944.'
chicago: 'Dirkes, Rabea, Pia Rebecca Neubauer, and Jürgen Rabenhorst. “Pressed Sap
from Oil Palm (<scp>Elaeis Guineensis</Scp>) Trunks: A
Revolutionary Growth Medium for the Biotechnological Industry?” Biofuels, Bioproducts
and Biorefining 15, no. 3 (2021): 931–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2201.'
chicago-de: 'Dirkes, Rabea, Pia Rebecca Neubauer und Jürgen Rabenhorst. 2021. Pressed
sap from oil palm (<scp>Elaeis guineensis</scp>) trunks:
a revolutionary growth medium for the biotechnological industry? Biofuels,
Bioproducts and Biorefining 15, Nr. 3: 931–944. doi:10.1002/bbb.2201,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Dirkes, Rabea ; Neubauer, Pia Rebecca ; Rabenhorst,
Jürgen: Pressed sap from oil palm (<scp>Elaeis guineensis</scp>)
trunks: a revolutionary growth medium for the biotechnological industry? In: Biofuels,
Bioproducts and Biorefining Bd. 15. Chichester, Wiley (2021), Nr. 3, S. 931–944'
havard: 'R. Dirkes, P.R. Neubauer, J. Rabenhorst, Pressed sap from oil palm (<scp>Elaeis
guineensis</scp>) trunks: a revolutionary growth medium for the biotechnological
industry?, Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 15 (2021) 931–944.'
ieee: 'R. Dirkes, P. R. Neubauer, and J. Rabenhorst, “Pressed sap from oil palm
(<scp>Elaeis guineensis</scp>) trunks: a revolutionary
growth medium for the biotechnological industry?,” Biofuels, Bioproducts and
Biorefining, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 931–944, 2021, doi: 10.1002/bbb.2201.'
mla: 'Dirkes, Rabea, et al. “Pressed Sap from Oil Palm (<scp>Elaeis Guineensis</Scp>)
Trunks: A Revolutionary Growth Medium for the Biotechnological Industry?” Biofuels,
Bioproducts and Biorefining, vol. 15, no. 3, 2021, pp. 931–44, https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2201.'
short: R. Dirkes, P.R. Neubauer, J. Rabenhorst, Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining
15 (2021) 931–944.
ufg: 'Dirkes, Rabea/Neubauer, Pia Rebecca/Rabenhorst, Jürgen: Pressed sap
from oil palm (<scp>Elaeis guineensis</scp>) trunks: a
revolutionary growth medium for the biotechnological industry?, in: Biofuels,
Bioproducts and Biorefining 15 (2021), H. 3, S. 931–944.'
van: 'Dirkes R, Neubauer PR, Rabenhorst J. Pressed sap from oil palm (<scp>Elaeis
guineensis</scp>) trunks: a revolutionary growth medium for the biotechnological
industry? Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 2021;15(3):931–44.'
date_created: 2025-04-16T07:00:19Z
date_updated: 2025-06-26T13:37:39Z
department:
- _id: DEP4000
- _id: DEP4028
- _id: DEP4018
doi: 10.1002/bbb.2201
external_id:
isi:
- '000625400200001'
intvolume: ' 15'
isi: '1'
issue: '3'
keyword:
- oil palm
- trunks
- pressed sap
- Elaeis guineensis
- sugar
- nutrients
- review
language:
- iso: eng
page: 931-944
place: Chichester
publication: Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1932-1031
issn:
- 1932-104X
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
status: public
title: 'Pressed sap from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) trunks: a
revolutionary growth medium for the biotechnological industry?'
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 15
year: '2021'
...