[{"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2079-6412"]},"intvolume":"        15","volume":15,"title":"Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish","status":"public","publication":"Coatings : open access journal","issue":"2","author":[{"first_name":"Abhijeet Narendra","full_name":"Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra","last_name":"Shrotri","orcid":"0000-0003-2116-156X","id":"74090"},{"last_name":"Preu","full_name":"Preu, Sascha","first_name":"Sascha"},{"full_name":"Stübbe, Oliver","first_name":"Oliver","orcid":"0000-0001-7293-6893","last_name":"Stübbe","id":"51864"}],"publisher":"MDPI AG","publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"text":"Additive manufacturing of optical, electrical, and mechanical components is a beneficial approach for the rapid prototyping of components and error elimination, with short turnaround times. However, additively manufactured components usually have rough surfaces that need post-processing, particularly for optical components, where the surface roughness must be a small fraction of the wavelength. We demonstrate an innovative and economical approach by dip-coating with the same resin used for printing in a simple post-processing step, providing high transparency to the 3D-printed optical components and reducing surface roughness while achieving perfect index matching of the coating layer. The surface roughness of the 3D-printed optical components drops to 5 nm (arithmetic average) after the dip-coating process. We observed significant performance enhancements after comparing the unprocessed optical components and the dip-coated optical components, including optical transparency and a shiny surface finish for previously rough surfaces.","lang":"eng"}],"year":"2025","type":"scientific_journal_article","citation":{"din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Preu, Sascha</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Stübbe, Oliver</span>: Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish. In: <i>Coatings : open access journal</i> Bd. 15. Basel, MDPI AG (2025), Nr. 2","havard":"A.N. Shrotri, S. Preu, O. Stübbe, Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish, Coatings : Open Access Journal. 15 (2025).","apa":"Shrotri, A. N., Preu, S., &#38; Stübbe, O. (2025). Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish. <i>Coatings : Open Access Journal</i>, <i>15</i>(2), Article 210. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210\">https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210</a>","bjps":"<b>Shrotri AN, Preu S and Stübbe O</b> (2025) Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish. <i>Coatings : open access journal</i> <b>15</b>.","ufg":"<b>Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra/Preu, Sascha/Stübbe, Oliver</b>: Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish, in: <i>Coatings : open access journal</i> 15 (2025), H. 2.","chicago-de":"Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Sascha Preu und Oliver Stübbe. 2025. Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish. <i>Coatings : open access journal</i> 15, Nr. 2. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210\">10.3390/coatings15020210</a>, .","ieee":"A. N. Shrotri, S. Preu, and O. Stübbe, “Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish,” <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>, vol. 15, no. 2, Art. no. 210, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210\">10.3390/coatings15020210</a>.","van":"Shrotri AN, Preu S, Stübbe O. Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish. Coatings : open access journal. 2025;15(2).","ama":"Shrotri AN, Preu S, Stübbe O. Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish. <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>. 2025;15(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210\">10.3390/coatings15020210</a>","chicago":"Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Sascha Preu, and Oliver Stübbe. “Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish.” <i>Coatings : Open Access Journal</i> 15, no. 2 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210\">https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210</a>.","mla":"Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, et al. “Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish.” <i>Coatings : Open Access Journal</i>, vol. 15, no. 2, 210, 2025, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210\">https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210</a>.","short":"A.N. Shrotri, S. Preu, O. Stübbe, Coatings : Open Access Journal 15 (2025)."},"user_id":"83781","date_created":"2025-02-11T11:56:38Z","department":[{"_id":"DEP5020"},{"_id":"DEP6020"}],"date_updated":"2025-02-12T08:37:34Z","doi":"10.3390/coatings15020210","article_number":"210","keyword":["additive manufacturing","post-processing","optics","dip-coating"],"quality_controlled":"1","place":"Basel","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"12424"},{"citation":{"ama":"Shrotri AN, Preu S, Stübbe O. Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish. <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>. Published online 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1\">10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1</a>","chicago":"Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Sascha Preu, and Oliver Stübbe. “Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish.” <i>Coatings : Open Access Journal</i>. MDPI, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1\">https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1</a>.","mla":"Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, et al. “Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish.” <i>Coatings : Open Access Journal</i>, MDPI, 2025, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1\">https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1</a>.","ieee":"A. N. Shrotri, S. Preu, and O. Stübbe, “Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish,” <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>. MDPI, 2025. doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1\">10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1</a>.","van":"Shrotri AN, Preu S, Stübbe O. Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish. Coatings : open access journal. MDPI; 2025.","short":"A.N. Shrotri, S. Preu, O. Stübbe, Coatings : Open Access Journal (2025).","havard":"A.N. Shrotri, S. Preu, O. Stübbe, Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish, Coatings : Open Access Journal. (2025).","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Preu, Sascha</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Stübbe, Oliver</span>: Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish. In: <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>, MDPI (2025)","chicago-de":"Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Sascha Preu und Oliver Stübbe. 2025. Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish. <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>. MDPI. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1\">10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1</a>, .","bjps":"<b>Shrotri AN, Preu S and Stübbe O</b> (2025) Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish. <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>.","ufg":"<b>Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra/Preu, Sascha/Stübbe, Oliver</b>: Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish, in: <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>o. O. 2025.","apa":"Shrotri, A. N., Preu, S., &#38; Stübbe, O. (2025). Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish. In <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>. MDPI. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1\">https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1</a>"},"type":"preprint","year":"2025","doi":"10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1","user_id":"83781","department":[{"_id":"DEP5020"},{"_id":"DEP6020"}],"date_created":"2025-06-30T07:39:43Z","date_updated":"2025-07-01T06:38:44Z","keyword":["additive manufacturing","post-processing","optics","dip-coating"],"page":"10","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"13029","has_accepted_license":"1","title":"Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish","ddc":["620"],"publication":"Coatings : open access journal","status":"public","publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"text":"Additive manufacturing of optical, electrical and mechanical components is a beneficial approach for rapid prototyping of components and error elimination with short turn around times. However, additively manufactured components usually have rough surfaces which need post-processing, in particular for optical components where the surface roughness must be a small fraction of the wavelength. We demonstrate an innovative and economical approach by dip-coating with the same\r\nresin as used for printing, providing high transparency of the 3D-printed optical components and reduced surface roughness with perfect index matching of the coating layer in a simple post processing step. The surface roughness of the 3D-printed optical components drops to 5 nm (arithmetic average) after the dip-coating process. We observed significant performance enhancement after comparing the unprocessed optical components and dip-coated optical components, including achieving optical transparency and shiny surface finish of previously rough surfaces.","lang":"eng"}],"author":[{"first_name":"Abhijeet Narendra","full_name":"Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra","orcid":"0000-0003-2116-156X","last_name":"Shrotri","id":"74090"},{"last_name":"Preu","first_name":"Sascha","full_name":"Preu, Sascha"},{"first_name":"Oliver","full_name":"Stübbe, Oliver","orcid":"0000-0001-7293-6893","last_name":"Stübbe","id":"51864"}],"publisher":"MDPI"},{"year":"2023","isi":"1","type":"scientific_journal_article","citation":{"ama":"Shukla AR, Martin R, Probst R, Song J. Comparison of different statistical methods for prediction of lifetime of electrical connectors with short term tests. <i>Microelectronics Reliability</i>. 2023;150. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216\">10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216</a>","short":"A.R. Shukla, R. Martin, R. Probst, J. Song, Microelectronics Reliability 150 (2023).","havard":"A.R. Shukla, R. Martin, R. Probst, J. Song, Comparison of different statistical methods for prediction of lifetime of electrical connectors with short term tests, Microelectronics Reliability. 150 (2023).","bjps":"<b>Shukla AR <i>et al.</i></b> (2023) Comparison of Different Statistical Methods for Prediction of Lifetime of Electrical Connectors with Short Term Tests. <i>Microelectronics Reliability</i> <b>150</b>.","chicago-de":"Shukla, Abhay Rammurti, Robert Martin, Roman Probst und Jian Song. 2023. Comparison of different statistical methods for prediction of lifetime of electrical connectors with short term tests. <i>Microelectronics Reliability</i> 150. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216\">10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216</a>, .","ufg":"<b>Shukla, Abhay Rammurti u. a.</b>: Comparison of different statistical methods for prediction of lifetime of electrical connectors with short term tests, in: <i>Microelectronics Reliability</i> 150 (2023).","ieee":"A. R. Shukla, R. Martin, R. Probst, and J. Song, “Comparison of different statistical methods for prediction of lifetime of electrical connectors with short term tests,” <i>Microelectronics Reliability</i>, vol. 150, Art. no. 115216, 2023, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216\">10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216</a>.","van":"Shukla AR, Martin R, Probst R, Song J. Comparison of different statistical methods for prediction of lifetime of electrical connectors with short term tests. Microelectronics Reliability. 2023;150.","mla":"Shukla, Abhay Rammurti, et al. “Comparison of Different Statistical Methods for Prediction of Lifetime of Electrical Connectors with Short Term Tests.” <i>Microelectronics Reliability</i>, vol. 150, 115216, 2023, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216</a>.","chicago":"Shukla, Abhay Rammurti, Robert Martin, Roman Probst, and Jian Song. “Comparison of Different Statistical Methods for Prediction of Lifetime of Electrical Connectors with Short Term Tests.” <i>Microelectronics Reliability</i> 150 (2023). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216</a>.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Shukla, Abhay Rammurti</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Martin, Robert</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Probst, Roman</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Song, Jian</span>: Comparison of different statistical methods for prediction of lifetime of electrical connectors with short term tests. In: <i>Microelectronics Reliability</i> Bd. 150. Amsterdam, Elsevier  (2023)","apa":"Shukla, A. R., Martin, R., Probst, R., &#38; Song, J. (2023). Comparison of different statistical methods for prediction of lifetime of electrical connectors with short term tests. <i>Microelectronics Reliability</i>, <i>150</i>, Article 115216. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216</a>"},"user_id":"83781","date_updated":"2025-06-26T07:51:25Z","department":[{"_id":"DEP6012"}],"date_created":"2024-04-18T08:55:38Z","doi":"10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216","article_number":"115216","keyword":["Electrical and Electronic Engineering","Surfaces","Coatings and Films","Safety","Risk","Reliability and Quality","Condensed Matter Physics","Atomic and Molecular Physics","and Optics","Electronic","Optical and Magnetic Materials"],"place":"Amsterdam","_id":"11348","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0026-2714"],"unknown":["1872-941X"]},"has_accepted_license":"1","volume":150,"external_id":{"isi":["001106942700001"]},"intvolume":"       150","article_type":"original","title":"Comparison of different statistical methods for prediction of lifetime of electrical connectors with short term tests","status":"public","publication":"Microelectronics Reliability","author":[{"id":"74188","full_name":"Shukla, Abhay Rammurti","first_name":"Abhay Rammurti","last_name":"Shukla"},{"last_name":"Martin","first_name":"Robert","full_name":"Martin, Robert"},{"id":"69156","first_name":"Roman","full_name":"Probst, Roman","last_name":"Probst"},{"id":"5297","full_name":"Song, Jian","first_name":"Jian","last_name":"Song"}],"publisher":"Elsevier ","publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Lifetime is an important feature defining the reliability of electrical connectors. In general practice, the lifetime tests required for reliability estimation are time and labor intensive. In our previous work, a data driven method using a statistical process, with an application of probability distributions such as standard normal distribution and generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution with negative skewness to predict degradation paths, was introduced for estimation of the lifetime and FIT rate with the help of electrical contact resistance data collected from short term tests. The proposed method proved its significance by showing the possibility of drastic reduction in the lifetime test duration required for reliability determination. In this work, a non-parametric distribution free method using percentiles of actual measured contact resistances is used for determining the lifetime as against the percentiles of probability distribution used in previous work, thereby simplifying the process further and leading to an even more precise estimation. The lifetimes calculated from parametric and non-parametric methods are compared to highlight the significance of distribution free method in reliability estimation."}]}]