---
_id: '12424'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Additive manufacturing of optical, electrical, and mechanical components is
    a beneficial approach for the rapid prototyping of components and error elimination,
    with short turnaround times. However, additively manufactured components usually
    have rough surfaces that need post-processing, particularly for optical components,
    where the surface roughness must be a small fraction of the wavelength. We demonstrate
    an innovative and economical approach by dip-coating with the same resin used
    for printing in a simple post-processing step, providing high transparency to
    the 3D-printed optical components and reducing surface roughness while achieving
    perfect index matching of the coating layer. The surface roughness of the 3D-printed
    optical components drops to 5 nm (arithmetic average) after the dip-coating process.
    We observed significant performance enhancements after comparing the unprocessed
    optical components and the dip-coated optical components, including optical transparency
    and a shiny surface finish for previously rough surfaces.
article_number: '210'
author:
- first_name: Abhijeet Narendra
  full_name: Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra
  id: '74090'
  last_name: Shrotri
  orcid: 0000-0003-2116-156X
- first_name: Sascha
  full_name: Preu, Sascha
  last_name: Preu
- first_name: Oliver
  full_name: Stübbe, Oliver
  id: '51864'
  last_name: Stübbe
  orcid: 0000-0001-7293-6893
citation:
  ama: 'Shrotri AN, Preu S, Stübbe O. Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Losses
    of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish.
    <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>. 2025;15(2). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210">10.3390/coatings15020210</a>'
  apa: 'Shrotri, A. N., Preu, S., &#38; Stübbe, O. (2025). Achieving Transparency
    and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a
    Dip-Coating Surface Finish. <i>Coatings : Open Access Journal</i>, <i>15</i>(2),
    Article 210. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210">https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210</a>'
  bjps: '<b>Shrotri AN, Preu S and Stübbe O</b> (2025) Achieving Transparency and
    Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating
    Surface Finish. <i>Coatings : open access journal</i> <b>15</b>.'
  chicago: 'Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Sascha Preu, and Oliver Stübbe. “Achieving
    Transparency and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components
    by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish.” <i>Coatings : Open Access Journal</i> 15, no.
    2 (2025). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210">https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Sascha Preu und Oliver Stübbe. 2025. Achieving
    Transparency and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components
    by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish. <i>Coatings : open access journal</i> 15, Nr.
    2. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210">10.3390/coatings15020210</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Preu, Sascha</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Stübbe,
    Oliver</span>: Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively
    Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish. In: <i>Coatings :
    open access journal</i> Bd. 15. Basel, MDPI AG (2025), Nr. 2'
  havard: 'A.N. Shrotri, S. Preu, O. Stübbe, Achieving Transparency and Minimizing
    Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface
    Finish, Coatings : Open Access Journal. 15 (2025).'
  ieee: 'A. N. Shrotri, S. Preu, and O. Stübbe, “Achieving Transparency and Minimizing
    Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface
    Finish,” <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>, vol. 15, no. 2, Art. no. 210,
    2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210">10.3390/coatings15020210</a>.'
  mla: 'Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, et al. “Achieving Transparency and Minimizing
    Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface
    Finish.” <i>Coatings : Open Access Journal</i>, vol. 15, no. 2, 210, 2025, <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210">https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020210</a>.'
  short: 'A.N. Shrotri, S. Preu, O. Stübbe, Coatings : Open Access Journal 15 (2025).'
  ufg: '<b>Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra/Preu, Sascha/Stübbe, Oliver</b>: Achieving Transparency
    and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a
    Dip-Coating Surface Finish, in: <i>Coatings : open access journal</i> 15 (2025),
    H. 2.'
  van: 'Shrotri AN, Preu S, Stübbe O. Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Losses
    of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish.
    Coatings : open access journal. 2025;15(2).'
date_created: 2025-02-11T11:56:38Z
date_updated: 2025-02-12T08:37:34Z
department:
- _id: DEP5020
- _id: DEP6020
doi: 10.3390/coatings15020210
intvolume: '        15'
issue: '2'
keyword:
- additive manufacturing
- post-processing
- optics
- dip-coating
language:
- iso: eng
place: Basel
publication: 'Coatings : open access journal'
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2079-6412
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Losses of Rough Additively Manufactured
  Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 15
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '13029'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Additive manufacturing of optical, electrical and mechanical components is
    a beneficial approach for rapid prototyping of components and error elimination
    with short turn around times. However, additively manufactured components usually
    have rough surfaces which need post-processing, in particular for optical components
    where the surface roughness must be a small fraction of the wavelength. We demonstrate
    an innovative and economical approach by dip-coating with the same\r\nresin as
    used for printing, providing high transparency of the 3D-printed optical components
    and reduced surface roughness with perfect index matching of the coating layer
    in a simple post processing step. The surface roughness of the 3D-printed optical
    components drops to 5 nm (arithmetic average) after the dip-coating process. We
    observed significant performance enhancement after comparing the unprocessed optical
    components and dip-coated optical components, including achieving optical transparency
    and shiny surface finish of previously rough surfaces."
author:
- first_name: Abhijeet Narendra
  full_name: Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra
  id: '74090'
  last_name: Shrotri
  orcid: 0000-0003-2116-156X
- first_name: Sascha
  full_name: Preu, Sascha
  last_name: Preu
- first_name: Oliver
  full_name: Stübbe, Oliver
  id: '51864'
  last_name: Stübbe
  orcid: 0000-0001-7293-6893
citation:
  ama: 'Shrotri AN, Preu S, Stübbe O. Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Loss of
    Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish.
    <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>. Published online 2025. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1">10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1</a>'
  apa: 'Shrotri, A. N., Preu, S., &#38; Stübbe, O. (2025). Achieving Transparency
    and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating
    Surface Finish. In <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>. MDPI. <a href="https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1">https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1</a>'
  bjps: '<b>Shrotri AN, Preu S and Stübbe O</b> (2025) Achieving Transparency and
    Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating
    Surface Finish. <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>.'
  chicago: 'Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Sascha Preu, and Oliver Stübbe. “Achieving
    Transparency and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components
    by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish.” <i>Coatings : Open Access Journal</i>. MDPI,
    2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1">https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Sascha Preu und Oliver Stübbe. 2025. Achieving
    Transparency and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components
    by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish. <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>. MDPI.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1">10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Preu, Sascha</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Stübbe,
    Oliver</span>: Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively
    Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish. In: <i>Coatings :
    open access journal</i>, MDPI (2025)'
  havard: 'A.N. Shrotri, S. Preu, O. Stübbe, Achieving Transparency and Minimizing
    Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface
    Finish, Coatings : Open Access Journal. (2025).'
  ieee: 'A. N. Shrotri, S. Preu, and O. Stübbe, “Achieving Transparency and Minimizing
    Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface
    Finish,” <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>. MDPI, 2025. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1">10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1</a>.'
  mla: 'Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, et al. “Achieving Transparency and Minimizing
    Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface
    Finish.” <i>Coatings : Open Access Journal</i>, MDPI, 2025, <a href="https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1">https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1</a>.'
  short: 'A.N. Shrotri, S. Preu, O. Stübbe, Coatings : Open Access Journal (2025).'
  ufg: '<b>Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra/Preu, Sascha/Stübbe, Oliver</b>: Achieving Transparency
    and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating
    Surface Finish, in: <i>Coatings : open access journal</i>o. O. 2025.'
  van: 'Shrotri AN, Preu S, Stübbe O. Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Loss of
    Rough Additively Manufactured Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish.
    Coatings : open access journal. MDPI; 2025.'
date_created: 2025-06-30T07:39:43Z
date_updated: 2025-07-01T06:38:44Z
ddc:
- '620'
department:
- _id: DEP5020
- _id: DEP6020
doi: 10.20944/preprints202501.1899.v1
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- additive manufacturing
- post-processing
- optics
- dip-coating
language:
- iso: eng
page: '10'
publication: 'Coatings : open access journal'
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI
status: public
title: Achieving Transparency and Minimizing Loss of Rough Additively Manufactured
  Optical Components by a Dip-Coating Surface Finish
type: preprint
user_id: '83781'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '11348'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Lifetime is an important feature defining the reliability of electrical connectors.
    In general practice, the lifetime tests required for reliability estimation are
    time and labor intensive. In our previous work, a data driven method using a statistical
    process, with an application of probability distributions such as standard normal
    distribution and generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution with negative skewness
    to predict degradation paths, was introduced for estimation of the lifetime and
    FIT rate with the help of electrical contact resistance data collected from short
    term tests. The proposed method proved its significance by showing the possibility
    of drastic reduction in the lifetime test duration required for reliability determination.
    In this work, a non-parametric distribution free method using percentiles of actual
    measured contact resistances is used for determining the lifetime as against the
    percentiles of probability distribution used in previous work, thereby simplifying
    the process further and leading to an even more precise estimation. The lifetimes
    calculated from parametric and non-parametric methods are compared to highlight
    the significance of distribution free method in reliability estimation.
article_number: '115216'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Abhay Rammurti
  full_name: Shukla, Abhay Rammurti
  id: '74188'
  last_name: Shukla
- first_name: Robert
  full_name: Martin, Robert
  last_name: Martin
- first_name: Roman
  full_name: Probst, Roman
  id: '69156'
  last_name: Probst
- first_name: Jian
  full_name: Song, Jian
  id: '5297'
  last_name: Song
citation:
  ama: Shukla AR, Martin R, Probst R, Song J. Comparison of different statistical
    methods for prediction of lifetime of electrical connectors with short term tests.
    <i>Microelectronics Reliability</i>. 2023;150. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216">10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216</a>
  apa: Shukla, A. R., Martin, R., Probst, R., &#38; Song, J. (2023). Comparison of
    different statistical methods for prediction of lifetime of electrical connectors
    with short term tests. <i>Microelectronics Reliability</i>, <i>150</i>, Article
    115216. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216</a>
  bjps: <b>Shukla AR <i>et al.</i></b> (2023) Comparison of Different Statistical
    Methods for Prediction of Lifetime of Electrical Connectors with Short Term Tests.
    <i>Microelectronics Reliability</i> <b>150</b>.
  chicago: Shukla, Abhay Rammurti, Robert Martin, Roman Probst, and Jian Song. “Comparison
    of Different Statistical Methods for Prediction of Lifetime of Electrical Connectors
    with Short Term Tests.” <i>Microelectronics Reliability</i> 150 (2023). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216</a>.
  chicago-de: Shukla, Abhay Rammurti, Robert Martin, Roman Probst und Jian Song. 2023.
    Comparison of different statistical methods for prediction of lifetime of electrical
    connectors with short term tests. <i>Microelectronics Reliability</i> 150. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216">10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Shukla, Abhay Rammurti</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Martin, Robert</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Probst,
    Roman</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Song, Jian</span>: Comparison
    of different statistical methods for prediction of lifetime of electrical connectors
    with short term tests. In: <i>Microelectronics Reliability</i> Bd. 150. Amsterdam,
    Elsevier  (2023)'
  havard: A.R. Shukla, R. Martin, R. Probst, J. Song, Comparison of different statistical
    methods for prediction of lifetime of electrical connectors with short term tests,
    Microelectronics Reliability. 150 (2023).
  ieee: 'A. R. Shukla, R. Martin, R. Probst, and J. Song, “Comparison of different
    statistical methods for prediction of lifetime of electrical connectors with short
    term tests,” <i>Microelectronics Reliability</i>, vol. 150, Art. no. 115216, 2023,
    doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216">10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216</a>.'
  mla: Shukla, Abhay Rammurti, et al. “Comparison of Different Statistical Methods
    for Prediction of Lifetime of Electrical Connectors with Short Term Tests.” <i>Microelectronics
    Reliability</i>, vol. 150, 115216, 2023, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216</a>.
  short: A.R. Shukla, R. Martin, R. Probst, J. Song, Microelectronics Reliability
    150 (2023).
  ufg: '<b>Shukla, Abhay Rammurti u. a.</b>: Comparison of different statistical methods
    for prediction of lifetime of electrical connectors with short term tests, in:
    <i>Microelectronics Reliability</i> 150 (2023).'
  van: Shukla AR, Martin R, Probst R, Song J. Comparison of different statistical
    methods for prediction of lifetime of electrical connectors with short term tests.
    Microelectronics Reliability. 2023;150.
date_created: 2024-04-18T08:55:38Z
date_updated: 2025-06-26T07:51:25Z
department:
- _id: DEP6012
doi: 10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001106942700001'
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '       150'
isi: '1'
keyword:
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Surfaces
- Coatings and Films
- Safety
- Risk
- Reliability and Quality
- Condensed Matter Physics
- Atomic and Molecular Physics
- and Optics
- Electronic
- Optical and Magnetic Materials
language:
- iso: eng
place: Amsterdam
publication: Microelectronics Reliability
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0026-2714
  unknown:
  - 1872-941X
publication_status: published
publisher: 'Elsevier '
status: public
title: Comparison of different statistical methods for prediction of lifetime of electrical
  connectors with short term tests
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 150
year: '2023'
...