---
_id: '7981'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'The main purpose of bovine colostrum, being the milk secreted by a cow after
    giving birth, is to transfer passive immunity to the calf. The calves have an
    immature immune system as they lack immunoglobulins (Igs). Subsequently, the supply
    of good quality bovine colostrum is required. The quality of colostrum is classified
    by low bacterial counts and adequate Ig concentrations. Bacterial contamination
    can contain a variety of human pathogens or high counts of spoilage bacteria,
    which has become more challenging with the emerging use of bovine colostrum as
    food and food supplements. There is also a growing risk for the spread of zoonotic
    diseases originating from bovines. For this reason, processing based on heat treatment
    or other feasible techniques is required. This review provides an overview of
    literature on the microbial quality of bovine colostrum and processing methods
    to improve its microbial quality and keep its nutritional values as food. The
    highlights of this review are as follows: high quality colostrum is a valuable
    raw material in food products and supplements; the microbial safety of bovine
    colostrum is increased using an appropriate processing-suitable effective heat
    treatment which does not destroy the high nutrition value of colostrum; the heat
    treatment processes are cost-effective compared to other methods; and heat treatment
    can be performed in both small- and large-scale production.'
author:
- first_name: Sylvia
  full_name: Fasse, Sylvia
  last_name: Fasse
- first_name: Jarmo
  full_name: Alarinta, Jarmo
  last_name: Alarinta
- first_name: Björn
  full_name: Frahm, Björn
  id: '45666'
  last_name: Frahm
- first_name: Gun
  full_name: Wirtanen, Gun
  last_name: Wirtanen
citation:
  ama: Fasse S, Alarinta J, Frahm B, Wirtanen G. Bovine Colostrum for Human Consumption
    - Improving Microbial Quality and Maintaining Bioactive Characteristics through
    Processing. <i>Dairy</i>. 2021;2(4):556-575. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy2040044">10.3390/dairy2040044</a>
  apa: Fasse, S., Alarinta, J., Frahm, B., &#38; Wirtanen, G. (2021). Bovine Colostrum
    for Human Consumption - Improving Microbial Quality and Maintaining Bioactive
    Characteristics through Processing. <i>Dairy</i>, <i>2</i>(4), 556–575. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy2040044">https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy2040044</a>
  bjps: <b>Fasse S <i>et al.</i></b> (2021) Bovine Colostrum for Human Consumption
    - Improving Microbial Quality and Maintaining Bioactive Characteristics through
    Processing. <i>Dairy</i> <b>2</b>, 556–575.
  chicago: 'Fasse, Sylvia, Jarmo Alarinta, Björn Frahm, and Gun Wirtanen. “Bovine
    Colostrum for Human Consumption - Improving Microbial Quality and Maintaining
    Bioactive Characteristics through Processing.” <i>Dairy</i> 2, no. 4 (2021): 556–75.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy2040044">https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy2040044</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Fasse, Sylvia, Jarmo Alarinta, Björn Frahm und Gun Wirtanen. 2021.
    Bovine Colostrum for Human Consumption - Improving Microbial Quality and Maintaining
    Bioactive Characteristics through Processing. <i>Dairy</i> 2, Nr. 4: 556–575.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy2040044">10.3390/dairy2040044</a>, .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Fasse, Sylvia</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Alarinta, Jarmo</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Frahm,
    Björn</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Wirtanen, Gun</span>: Bovine
    Colostrum for Human Consumption - Improving Microbial Quality and Maintaining
    Bioactive Characteristics through Processing. In: <i>Dairy</i> Bd. 2. Basel, MDPI
    (2021), Nr. 4, S. 556–575'
  havard: S. Fasse, J. Alarinta, B. Frahm, G. Wirtanen, Bovine Colostrum for Human
    Consumption - Improving Microbial Quality and Maintaining Bioactive Characteristics
    through Processing, Dairy. 2 (2021) 556–575.
  ieee: 'S. Fasse, J. Alarinta, B. Frahm, and G. Wirtanen, “Bovine Colostrum for Human
    Consumption - Improving Microbial Quality and Maintaining Bioactive Characteristics
    through Processing,” <i>Dairy</i>, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 556–575, 2021, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy2040044">10.3390/dairy2040044</a>.'
  mla: Fasse, Sylvia, et al. “Bovine Colostrum for Human Consumption - Improving Microbial
    Quality and Maintaining Bioactive Characteristics through Processing.” <i>Dairy</i>,
    vol. 2, no. 4, 2021, pp. 556–75, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy2040044">https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy2040044</a>.
  short: S. Fasse, J. Alarinta, B. Frahm, G. Wirtanen, Dairy 2 (2021) 556–575.
  ufg: '<b>Fasse, Sylvia u. a.</b>: Bovine Colostrum for Human Consumption - Improving
    Microbial Quality and Maintaining Bioactive Characteristics through Processing,
    in: <i>Dairy</i> 2 (2021), H. 4,  S. 556–575.'
  van: Fasse S, Alarinta J, Frahm B, Wirtanen G. Bovine Colostrum for Human Consumption
    - Improving Microbial Quality and Maintaining Bioactive Characteristics through
    Processing. Dairy. 2021;2(4):556–75.
date_created: 2022-05-05T12:51:45Z
date_updated: 2025-06-26T08:58:30Z
department:
- _id: DEP4021
doi: 10.3390/dairy2040044
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001178458700001'
intvolume: '         2'
isi: '1'
issue: '4'
keyword:
- bovine colostrum
- bacteria
- pathogens
- probiotic bacteria
- cost-effective processing
- heat treatment
- pasteurization
- contamination control
- immunoglobulins
- enzymes
language:
- iso: eng
page: 556-575
place: Basel
publication: Dairy
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - '2624-862X '
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Bovine Colostrum for Human Consumption - Improving Microbial Quality and Maintaining
  Bioactive Characteristics through Processing
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 2
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '12974'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "BACKGROUND\r\nFruits and vegetables have increasingly been related to foodborne
    outbreaks. Besides surface contamination, a possible internalization of microorganisms
    into edible parts of plants during growth has already been observed. To examine
    an actual risk for the consumer, microbial contamination of the rind and pulp
    of 147 muskmelons from international trade was assessed using cultural and biochemical
    methods, polymerase chain reaction and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time
    of flight mass spectrometry.\r\nRESULTS\r\nOne hundred percent of the rind samples
    [3.69–8.92 log colony forming units (CFU) g−1] and 89.8% of the pulp samples (maximum
    load 3.66 log CFU g−1) were microbiologically contaminated. Among the 432 pulp
    isolates, opportunistic and potentially pathogenic bacteria were identified, mainly
    Staphylococcus spp. (48.9%), Clostridium spp. (42.9%) and Enterobacteriaceae (27.9%).
    Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and isolates of the Bacillus cereus group were
    found on the rind (1.4%, 0.7% and 42.9%, respectively) and in the pulp (0.7%,
    1.4% and 4.7%). Clostridium perfringens was isolated from the rind of seven melons.\r\nCONCLUSION\r\nThe
    present study revealed a regularly occurring internal contamination of melons.
    Possible health risks for consumers because of an occurrence of microorganisms
    in melon pulp should be considered in future food safety assessments. © 2018 Society
    of Chemical Industry."
author:
- first_name: Irene
  full_name: Esteban‐Cuesta, Irene
  last_name: Esteban‐Cuesta
- first_name: Nathalie
  full_name: Drees, Nathalie
  last_name: Drees
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Ulrich, Sebastian
  id: '85847'
  last_name: Ulrich
  orcid: 0000-0002-4511-9537
- first_name: Peter
  full_name: Stauch, Peter
  last_name: Stauch
- first_name: Brigitte
  full_name: Sperner, Brigitte
  last_name: Sperner
- first_name: Karin
  full_name: Schwaiger, Karin
  last_name: Schwaiger
- first_name: Manfred
  full_name: Gareis, Manfred
  last_name: Gareis
- first_name: Christoph
  full_name: Gottschalk, Christoph
  last_name: Gottschalk
citation:
  ama: 'Esteban‐Cuesta I, Drees N, Ulrich S, et al. Endogenous microbial contamination
    of melons (<i>Cucumis melo</i>) from international trade: an underestimated risk
    for the consumer? <i>Journal of the science of food and agriculture : incorporating
    Agri-Biotech</i>. 2018;98(13):5074-5081. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9045">10.1002/jsfa.9045</a>'
  apa: 'Esteban‐Cuesta, I., Drees, N., Ulrich, S., Stauch, P., Sperner, B., Schwaiger,
    K., Gareis, M., &#38; Gottschalk, C. (2018). Endogenous microbial contamination
    of melons (<i>Cucumis melo</i>) from international trade: an underestimated risk
    for the consumer? <i>Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture : Incorporating
    Agri-Biotech</i>, <i>98</i>(13), 5074–5081. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9045">https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9045</a>'
  bjps: '<b>Esteban‐Cuesta I <i>et al.</i></b> (2018) Endogenous Microbial Contamination
    of Melons (<i>Cucumis Melo</i>) from International Trade: An Underestimated Risk
    for the Consumer? <i>Journal of the science of food and agriculture : incorporating
    Agri-Biotech</i> <b>98</b>, 5074–5081.'
  chicago: 'Esteban‐Cuesta, Irene, Nathalie Drees, Sebastian Ulrich, Peter Stauch,
    Brigitte Sperner, Karin Schwaiger, Manfred Gareis, and Christoph Gottschalk. “Endogenous
    Microbial Contamination of Melons (<i>Cucumis Melo</i>) from International Trade:
    An Underestimated Risk for the Consumer?” <i>Journal of the Science of Food and
    Agriculture : Incorporating Agri-Biotech</i> 98, no. 13 (2018): 5074–81. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9045">https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9045</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Esteban‐Cuesta, Irene, Nathalie Drees, Sebastian Ulrich, Peter Stauch,
    Brigitte Sperner, Karin Schwaiger, Manfred Gareis und Christoph Gottschalk. 2018.
    Endogenous microbial contamination of melons (<i>Cucumis melo</i>) from international
    trade: an underestimated risk for the consumer? <i>Journal of the science of food
    and agriculture : incorporating Agri-Biotech</i> 98, Nr. 13: 5074–5081. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9045">10.1002/jsfa.9045</a>, .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Esteban‐Cuesta, Irene</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Drees, Nathalie</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ulrich,
    Sebastian</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Stauch, Peter</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Sperner, Brigitte</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Schwaiger,
    Karin</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Gareis, Manfred</span> ;
    <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Gottschalk, Christoph</span>: Endogenous
    microbial contamination of melons (<i>Cucumis melo</i>) from international trade:
    an underestimated risk for the consumer? In: <i>Journal of the science of food
    and agriculture : incorporating Agri-Biotech</i> Bd. 98. Chichester, Wiley (2018),
    Nr. 13, S. 5074–5081'
  havard: 'I. Esteban‐Cuesta, N. Drees, S. Ulrich, P. Stauch, B. Sperner, K. Schwaiger,
    M. Gareis, C. Gottschalk, Endogenous microbial contamination of melons (<i>Cucumis
    melo</i>) from international trade: an underestimated risk for the consumer?,
    Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture : Incorporating Agri-Biotech. 98
    (2018) 5074–5081.'
  ieee: 'I. Esteban‐Cuesta <i>et al.</i>, “Endogenous microbial contamination of melons
    (<i>Cucumis melo</i>) from international trade: an underestimated risk for the
    consumer?,” <i>Journal of the science of food and agriculture : incorporating
    Agri-Biotech</i>, vol. 98, no. 13, pp. 5074–5081, 2018, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9045">10.1002/jsfa.9045</a>.'
  mla: 'Esteban‐Cuesta, Irene, et al. “Endogenous Microbial Contamination of Melons
    (<i>Cucumis Melo</i>) from International Trade: An Underestimated Risk for the
    Consumer?” <i>Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture : Incorporating Agri-Biotech</i>,
    vol. 98, no. 13, 2018, pp. 5074–81, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9045">https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9045</a>.'
  short: 'I. Esteban‐Cuesta, N. Drees, S. Ulrich, P. Stauch, B. Sperner, K. Schwaiger,
    M. Gareis, C. Gottschalk, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture : Incorporating
    Agri-Biotech 98 (2018) 5074–5081.'
  ufg: '<b>Esteban‐Cuesta, Irene u. a.</b>: Endogenous microbial contamination of
    melons (<i>Cucumis melo</i>) from international trade: an underestimated risk
    for the consumer?, in: <i>Journal of the science of food and agriculture : incorporating
    Agri-Biotech</i> 98 (2018), H. 13,  S. 5074–5081.'
  van: 'Esteban‐Cuesta I, Drees N, Ulrich S, Stauch P, Sperner B, Schwaiger K, et
    al. Endogenous microbial contamination of melons (<i>Cucumis melo</i>) from international
    trade: an underestimated risk for the consumer? Journal of the science of food
    and agriculture : incorporating Agri-Biotech. 2018;98(13):5074–81.'
date_created: 2025-06-15T10:28:46Z
date_updated: 2025-06-18T11:32:30Z
department:
- _id: DEP4010
doi: 10.1002/jsfa.9045
extern: '1'
intvolume: '        98'
issue: '13'
keyword:
- foodborne pathogens
- Salmonella
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Enterobacteriaceae
- vegetables
language:
- iso: eng
page: 5074-5081
place: Chichester
publication: 'Journal of the science of food and agriculture : incorporating Agri-Biotech'
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1097-0010
  issn:
  - 0022-5142
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Endogenous microbial contamination of melons (<i>Cucumis melo</i>) from international
  trade: an underestimated risk for the consumer?'
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 98
year: '2018'
...