@misc{13337, abstract = {{In manufacturing systems with a job shop organization, queues between workstations create an intermittent process flow, allowing workers to schedule tasks entering the queue based on their needs and preferences. The resulting scheduling autonomy of individual workers often leads to inefficiencies in the overall production process due to the loss of control. Companies are therefore increasingly using algorithmic scheduling systems to assign task sequences to workers, thereby drastically reducing their autonomy and negatively affecting their job performance and well-being. This paper extends the existing flexible job shop scheduling problem by sequencing preferences (FJSPSP) to incorporate a human-centered perspective by predicting workers’ task sequencing decisions using learning-to-rank (LTR) methods. By learning workers’ individual task sequencing preferences, it becomes possible to predict the processing sequence based on task characteristics. The scheduling algorithm for the FJSPSP presented in the paper incorporates workers’ learned sequencing preferences as constraints. Considering workers’ learned task sequencing decisions, the FJSPSP optimizes only task assignments to maintain workers’ autonomy over task sequences. The contributions of this paper are fourfold, namely, (1) presenting an approach to elicit sequencing decision datasets from workers, (2) demonstrating the successful prediction of humans’ and an actual worker’s task sequencing decisions with LTR, (3) formulating the FJSPSP variant that integrates workers’ sequencing preferences as constraints and proving its effectiveness in a simulation study, and (4) consolidating these steps into an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI)- and LTR-enabled sociotechnical system design framework. The paper closes with a discussion of the overall methodology and future research perspectives.}}, author = {{Herrmann, Jan-Phillip and Tackenberg, Sven and Srirajan, Tharsika Pakeerathan and Nitsch, Verena}}, booktitle = {{Journal of Manufacturing Systems}}, issn = {{0278-6125}}, keywords = {{Human-centered scheduling, Job autonomy, Learning-to-rank, Flexible job shop scheduling, Human decision-making, Explainable artificial intelligence}}, number = {{2}}, pages = {{541--560}}, publisher = {{Elsevier BV}}, title = {{{Incorporating scheduling autonomy of workers into flexible job shop scheduling: Learning and balancing decentralized task sequencing decisions with overall scheduling performance}}}, doi = {{10.1016/j.jmsy.2025.12.020}}, volume = {{84}}, year = {{2026}}, } @misc{13349, abstract = {{In weakly-structured work processes, workers are free to decide in which sequence to process their tasks. Predicting their decision-making helps plan production more accurately while preserving workers’ autonomy. The factors that influence workers’ decision-making depend on the manufacturing process and person considered, and they must be newly collected for each use case. This paper identifies the factors influencing workers when deciding in which sequence to process manufacturing tasks in a medium-sized hydraulic cylinder manufacturer. Five workers and two lead workers were observed and interviewed during several work shifts about influencing factors. The authors propose a new interview technique called indifference testing to overcome subjects’ difficulty articulating their decision-making process. Collected factors were categorized using inductive category formation and context analysis. The analyses identified 75 influencing factors comprising 37 decision attributes and 38 decision rules. The identified decision attributes indicate that worker preferences are influenced by attributes from the classical scheduling literature and attributes related to worker well-being, circadian rhythms, and ergonomics. The identified decision rules are useful constituents of more complex preference functions. The decision attributes and rules enable the construction of machine learning models to predict workers’ task sequencing decisions in job shops. Potential applications include systematically eliminating or controlling influencing factors through workplace design measures to increase worker well-being and optimality of their decisions.}}, author = {{Herrmann, Jan-Phillip and Tackenberg, Sven and Burgert, Florens and Nitsch, Verena}}, booktitle = {{Procedia Computer Science}}, issn = {{1877-0509}}, keywords = {{Task Sequencing, Manufacturing, Learning To Rank, Scheduling Human Factors, Case Study}}, pages = {{1820--1829}}, publisher = {{Elsevier BV}}, title = {{{Influencing factors on worker task sequencing decisions in a medium-sized hydraulic cylinder manufacturer}}}, doi = {{10.1016/j.procs.2025.01.244}}, volume = {{253}}, year = {{2025}}, } @misc{13350, abstract = {{In einer humanzentrierten Kleinserien- und Einzelfertigung mit Werkstattorganisation verfügen Fertigungsmitarbeitende häufig über eine hohe Autonomie und Entscheidungsfreiheit. Das Zusammenspiel individueller Planungsstrategien von Mitarbeitenden innerhalb eines Fertigungsprozesses kann sich positiv als auch negativ auf das Erreichen der produktionslogistischen Zielgrößen auswirken. In diesem Beitrag wird eine Variante des Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problems vorgestellt, welches das Entscheidungsverhalten autonomer Arbeitspersonen bezüglich der Bearbeitungsreihenfolgebildung berücksichtigt. Weiterhin wird die Ableitung arbeitsorganisatorischer Gestaltungsempfehlungen durch die Analyse individueller Planungsstrategien von Arbeitspersonen mittels Methoden der erklärbaren künstlichen Intelligenz demonstriert. Betrachtungsgegenstand der Analyse ist die Entscheidung von Arbeitspersonen, in welcher Reihenfolge sie ihre täglichen Aufgaben abarbeiten. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Diskussion über die Nutzung der vorgestellten Verfahren zur Ableitung von arbeitsorganisatorischen Gestaltungsempfehlungen.}}, author = {{Herrmann, Jan-Phillip and Tackenberg, Sven and Nitsch, Verena}}, booktitle = {{Arbeit 5.0: Menschzentrierte Innovationen für die Zukunft der Arbeit}}, keywords = {{Flexible Job Shop Scheduling, Learning To Rank, Erklärbare Künstliche Intelligenz, Planungsautonomie, Simulation}}, location = {{Aachen}}, pages = {{415--420}}, publisher = {{GfA-Press}}, title = {{{Analyse der Entscheidungsfindung von Fertigungsmitarbeitenden durch erklärbare künstliche Intelligenz zur Ableitung arbeitsorganisatorischer Gestaltungsempfehlungen}}}, doi = {{10.61063/FK2025}}, year = {{2025}}, } @misc{13651, abstract = {{Microbial food safety is the master key for reducing illness caused by the consumption of foodstuffs. This demonstration therefore aims to use non-pathogenic surrogates to draw conclusions whether vegan ready-to-eat model food serves as a base for growth of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes in vegan ready-to-eat meat substitute in case of a potential contamination, causing a reduction of food safety. Packages of ready-to-eat vegan meat substitutes were inoculated with certain level of non-pathogenic L. innocua and E. coli and incubated at varying environmental conditions before they were examined for changes in the physico-chemical properties. The observed ability of the microbes to grow in the snacks may cause a reduction in food safety. This demonstration shows that these ready-to-eat-snacks may cause a reduction in food safety if the product studied is contaminated.}}, author = {{Müller, Carolin and Alarinta, Jarmo and Frahm, Björn and Wirtanen, Gun}}, booktitle = {{SeAMK Journal}}, issn = {{2984-1917}}, keywords = {{Vegan food, Ready-to-eat food, RTE, Listeria innocua, Escherichia coli, food safety, microbial spoilage, shelf life study}}, number = {{1}}, publisher = {{SeAMK}}, title = {{{Demonstration of Listeria innocua and Escherichia coli growth in ready-to-eat vegan foods}}}, volume = {{2}}, year = {{2025}}, } @misc{11495, abstract = {{To evaluate the suitability of an analytical instrument, essential figures of merit such as the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) can be employed. However, as the definitions k nown in the literature are mostly applicable to one signal per sample, estimating the LOD for substances with instruments yielding multidimensional results like electronic noses (eNoses) is still challenging. In this paper, we will compare and present different approaches to estimate the LOD for eNoses by employing commonly used multivariate data analysis and regression techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA), principal component regression (PCR), as well as partial least squares regression (PLSR). These methods could subsequently be used to assess the suitability of eNoses to help control and steer processes where volatiles are key process parameters. As a use case, we determined the LODs for key compounds involved in beer maturation, namely acetaldehyde, diacetyl, dimethyl sulfide, ethyl acetate, isobutanol, and 2-phenylethanol, and discussed the suitability of our eNose for that dertermination process. The results of the methods performed demonstrated differences of up to a factor of eight. For diacetyl, the LOD and the LOQ were sufficiently low to suggest potential for monitoring via eNose. }}, author = {{Kruse, Julia and Wörner, Julius and Schneider, Jan and Dörksen, Helene and Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam}}, booktitle = {{Sensors}}, issn = {{1424-8220 }}, keywords = {{multidimensional sensor arrays, MOS sensors, beer fermentation, process control, gas analysis, metal oxide semiconductors, intentional data analysis, chemometrics, PLSR, PCA, first-order calibration}}, number = {{11}}, publisher = {{MDPI}}, title = {{{Methods for Estimating the Detection and Quantification Limits of Key Substances in Beer Maturation with Electronic Noses }}}, doi = {{10.3390/s24113520}}, volume = {{24}}, year = {{2024}}, } @misc{11656, abstract = {{Natural ventilation in a building is an effective way to achieve acceptable indoor air quality. Ventilation dilutes contaminants such as bioeffluents generated by occupants, substances emitted from building materials, and the water vapor generated by occupants’ activities. In a building that requires heating and cooling, adequate ventilation is crucial to minimize energy consumption while maintaining healthy indoor air quality. However, measuring the actual magnitude of the natural ventilation rate, including infiltration through the building envelope and airflow through the building openings, is not always feasible. Although international and national standards suggested the required ventilation rates to maintain acceptable indoor air quality in buildings, they did not offer action plans to achieve or evaluate those design ventilation rates in buildings in use. In this study, the occupant-generated carbon dioxide (CO2) tracer gas decay method was applied to estimate the ventilation rates in an office room in Seoul, South Korea, from summer to winter. Using the method, real-time ventilation rates can be calculated by monitoring indoor and outdoor CO2 concentrations without injecting a tracer gas. For natural ventilation in the test room, 145 mm-diameter circular openings on the fixed glass were used. As a result, first, the indoor CO2 concentrations were used as an indicator to evaluate how much the indoor air quality deteriorated when all the windows were closed in an occupied office room compared to the international standards for indoor air quality. Moreover, we found out that the estimated ventilation rates varied depending on various environmental conditions, even with the same openings for natural ventilation. Considering the indoor and outdoor temperature differences and outdoor wind speeds as the main factors influencing the ventilation rates, we analyzed how they affected the ventilation rates in the different seasons of South Korea. When the wind speeds were calm, less than 2 m/s, the temperature difference played as a factor that influenced the estimated ventilation rates. On the other hand, when the temperature differences were low, less than 3 °C, the wind speed was the primary factor. This study raises awareness about the risk of poor indoor air quality in office rooms that could lead to health problems or unpleasant working environments. This study presents an example of estimating the ventilation rates in an existing building. By using the presented method, the ventilation rate in an existing building can be simply estimated while using the building as usual, and appropriate ventilation strategies for the building can be determined to maintain the desired indoor air quality.}}, author = {{Seol, Hyeonji and Arztmann, Daniel and Kim, Naree and Balderrama, Alvaro}}, booktitle = {{Sustainability}}, issn = {{2071-1050}}, keywords = {{natural ventilation, occupant-generated CO2 tracer gas method, ventilation rates, infiltration rates}}, number = {{13}}, publisher = {{MDPI AG}}, title = {{{Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method}}}, doi = {{10.3390/su15139892}}, volume = {{15}}, year = {{2023}}, } @misc{13010, abstract = {{Especially in highly interdisciplinary fields such as automation engineering, contemporary programming education with tailored assignments and individual feedback is a major challenge for educational institutions due to the increasing number of students per teacher and the ever-increasing demand for computer science professionals. To address this gap, we present ”KIAAA” an AI Assistant for Automation Engineering Teaching, a work-in-progress approach for an integrated, customized, and AI-based learning support system for automation and programming courses based on instructor-defined course objectives. Thereby in the KIAAA system, the individual knowledge level of the students is determined and individually tailored virtual learning scenarios are generated based on the knowledge and learning profile of the students. These are iteratively adapted based on the answers given. To achieve this, KIAAA uses several AI components, a hybrid rule-based scenario generation component, a Help-DKT-based cognitive model, and a solution assessor that uses a combination of traditional code analysis methods and AI-based analyses methods for automated programming task assessment. These components are the main parts of KIAAA to generate customized programming scenarios as well as visualization and simulation based on a modern game and physics engine.}}, author = {{Eilermann, Sebastian and Wehmeier, Leon and Niggemann, Oliver and Deuter, Andreas}}, booktitle = {{2023 IEEE 21st International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN)}}, editor = {{Jasperneite, Jürgen}}, isbn = {{978-1-6654-9314-7}}, keywords = {{Visualization, Automation, Education, Games, Hybrid power systems, Task analysis, Artificial intelligence}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{KIAAA: An AI Assistant for Teaching Programming in the Field of Automation}}}, doi = {{10.1109/indin51400.2023.10218157}}, year = {{2023}}, } @proceedings{8437, abstract = {{Low voltage direct current microgrids (DC-MG) provide a solution for increased efficiency by the reduction of conversion losses, total reuse of recuperation energy and an increased share of local power generation. Especially industrial applications ask for high uptimes and a stable voltage supply, which are both at stake in a power grid dominated by renewable generation. DC-MGs overcome these drawbacks by balancing energy distribution and power demand locally. For the planning and design of these grids a systemic approach is needed, due to the fact that many components are interacting. The task arises of structuring the knowledge available for individual technologies in an overall design framework. For this purpose, current state-of-the-art design processes are discussed in this article. These processes are mapped into the context of the requirements in an industrial environment. The findings are transferred to the design of industrial DC networks. Finally, a complete design process for DC-MGs is derived, which is proposed as a basis for the development of tools.}}, editor = {{Schaab, Darian and Spanier, Patrick and Ehlich , Martin and Fosselmann, Eric }}, isbn = {{978-1-6654-4042-4}}, keywords = {{Renewable energy sources, Power demand, Process control, Voltage, Robustness, Planning, Stakeholders}}, location = {{ Macau, Macao }}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Design Framework for Multiple Infeed DC-Microgrids in Industrial Applications}}}, doi = {{10.1109/CEECT53198.2021.9672633}}, year = {{2022}}, } @misc{8434, abstract = {{An open industrial DCgrid for energy supply has many benefits. Also new challenges arise by coupling the DClink capacitors of all devices, e.g. inverters. This paper presents the effects of component failures causing short circuit faults in combination with electrically coupled and charged DClink capacitors. Resulting energy flows are shown, which arise in the DCgrid in case of faults. In addition, measurements of short circuit tests and two solutions are shown, which enable the safe and simple operation of an open industrial DCgrid.}}, author = {{Borcherding, Holger and Blank, Frederic and Grünberg, Olaf and Höflsauer, Josef and Puls, Simon}}, booktitle = {{2021 23rd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’21 ECCE Europe)}}, isbn = {{978-1-6654-3384-6}}, issn = {{2325-0313}}, keywords = {{DC power supply, Fault handling strategy, Short circuit, Grid-connected inverter, DC machine}}, location = {{Virtuell}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{EFFECTS OF COMPONENT FAILURES IN DRIVE INVERTERS DURING PARALLEL OPERATING ON AN OPEN INDUSTRIAL DC GRID}}}, doi = {{10.23919/EPE21ECCEEurope50061.2021.9570706}}, year = {{2021}}, } @misc{12954, abstract = {{Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum is a cellulolytic mould with the ability to produce highly cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes. Two chemotypes are defined according to their ability to produce either atranones or satratoxins. S. chartarum has been well known as the causative agent of the lethal disease stachybotryotoxicosis in horses. Further investigations revealed that this disease is strictly correlated with the presence of macrocyclic trichothecenes. Furthermore, their occurrence in water-damaged buildings has been linked to adverse health effects such as the sick building syndrome. As the chemotypes cannot be characterized via phenotypic criteria, different methods such as PCR, MALDI–TOF MS, LC–MS/MS, thin-layer chromatography and cytotoxicity assays have been used so far. Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) is commonly used for the differentiation of bacteria and yeasts, but this technique is also applicable to filamentous fungi. Hence, this study aimed at evaluating to which extent a reliable differentiation of S. chartarum chemotypes A and S is possible. Besides, another objective was to verify if the recently introduced third genotype of S. chartarum can be identified. Therefore, 28 strains including the two chemotypes and the third genotype H were cultivated on malt extract agar (MEA) and potato dextrose agar in three biological replicates. Each sample was applied to FT-IR measurements on day 7, 14 and 21 of cultivation. In this study, we achieved a distinction of the chemotypes A and S via FT-IR spectroscopy after incubation for 7 days on MEA. In terms of genotype differentiation, the PCR detecting satratoxin- and atranone-gene clusters remained the only applicable method.}}, author = {{Ekruth, Julia and Gottschalk, Christoph and Ulrich, Sebastian and Gareis, Manfred and Schwaiger, Karin}}, booktitle = {{Mycopathologia}}, issn = {{1573-0832}}, keywords = {{Aspergillus nidulans, Fungal biology, Gas chromatography, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Western Blot, Bacillus subtilis}}, number = {{6}}, pages = {{993--1004}}, publisher = {{Springer }}, title = {{{Differentiation of S. chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Chemotypes A and S via FT-IR Spectroscopy}}}, doi = {{10.1007/s11046-020-00495-0}}, volume = {{185}}, year = {{2021}}, } @misc{4918, abstract = {{An open industrial DC grid has a lot of advantages. Also new challenges arise by coupling several DC link capacitors of inverters. This paper presents an approach and measurements of an active device protection to withstand possible faults that can occur in the DC grid. In particular, robustness in the event of faults plays a key role.}}, author = {{Puls, Simon and Obernolte, Urs and Borcherding, Holger and Ehlich, Martin}}, booktitle = {{2020 22nd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'20 ECCE Europe VIRTUAL)}}, isbn = {{978-1-7281-9807-1}}, issn = {{2325-0313}}, keywords = {{DC grid, fault handling strategy, DC-power supply, active protection, drive inverters}}, location = {{Lyon, France}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Approach of an Active Device Protection for Drive Inverters against Short Circuit Faults in an Open Industrial DC Grid}}}, doi = {{10.23919/EPE20ECCEEurope43536.2020.9215949}}, year = {{2020}}, } @article{1721, abstract = {{In this contribution, the effect of the presence of a presumed inert gas like N2 in the feed gas on the biological methanation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide with Methanothermobacter marburgensis was investigated. N2 can be found as a component besides CO2 in possible feed gases like mine gas, weak gas, or steel mill gas. To determine whether there is an effect on the biological methanation of CO2 and H2 from renewable sources or not, the process was investigated using feed gases containing CO2, H2, and N2 in different ratios, depending on the CO2 content. A possible effect can be a lowered conversion rate of CO2 and H2 to CH4. Feed gases containing up to 47N2 were investigated. The conversion of hydrogen and carbon dioxide was possible with a conversion rate of up to 91 but was limited by the amount of H2 when feeding a stoichiometric ratio of 4:1 and not by adding N2 to the feed gas.}}, author = {{Hoffarth, Marc Philippe and Broeker, Timo and Schneider, Jan}}, issn = {{2311-5637}}, journal = {{Fermentation}}, keywords = {{biological methanation, CSTR, Methanothermobacter marburgensis, methane, carbon dioxide, dinitrogen, hydrogen, power-to-gas}}, number = {{3}}, publisher = {{MDPI }}, title = {{{Effect of N2 on Biological Methanation in a Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor with Methanothermobacter marburgensis}}}, doi = {{10.3390/fermentation5030056}}, volume = {{5}}, year = {{2019}}, } @inproceedings{328, abstract = {{In this paper, concepts for an extended DC network for the main power supply of components from various manufacturers in industrial production are presented. In the first part, detailed requirements for such a network are given from the viewpoint of a customer. Based on those, different concepts for AC/DC conversion and energy management are discussed. As far as AC/DC conversion is concerned, the advantages and drawbacks of several rectifier topologies are listed, as they have a significant impact on the system behavior and EMC properties. An intelligent energy management can improve the energy efficiency and reduce downtimes of a plant, which are major requirements from a customer’s viewpoint. }}, author = {{Borcherding, Holger and Austermann, Johann and Kuhlmann, Timm and Weis, Benno and Leonide, Andre}}, booktitle = {{2017 IEEE Second International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)}}, keywords = {{AC-DC power convertors, electromagnetic compatibility, energy conservation, energy management systems, rectifiers, main power supply, industrial production, DC network, AC-DC conversion, rectifier topologies, EMC properties, intelligent energy management, energy efficiency improvement, downtime reduction, Rectifiers, Switches, Voltage control, Topology, Network topology, Production, Grounding, industrial DC grid, SMART Grid}}, location = {{Nürnberg}}, number = {{1}}, pages = {{227--234}}, title = {{{Concepts for a DC Network in Industrial Production}}}, doi = {{10.1109/ICDCM.2017.8001049}}, year = {{2017}}, } @inproceedings{599, abstract = {{Order picking has long been identified as the most labor costly and intensively activity in warehouse management. The orders from the customers need to be fulfilled tightly and timely. In order to keep the required high service level, the warehouse has to increase the picking productivity under the constraints of limited capacity. This paper concerns a man-togoods order picking system, in which the order pickers have to drive with a pallet jack to the storage locations. Considering that the orders are mostly small orders which consist of less lines, it is efficient to combine severalsingle customer orders into one picking order. Under this circumstance, this paper intends to answer the question of how customer orders should be grouped into picking orders with the aim of minimizing the total travel length through the warehouse. Consequently the productivity of the order picking system can be improved. An optimization problem for order batching is introduced. The optimization method of order batching is then proposed. Based on the simulation of different scenarios of incoming orders, it can be concluded that the developed method is effective in improving the productivity of the concerned order picking system. }}, author = {{Li, Li and Schulze, L.}}, booktitle = {{Production Engineering and Management}}, editor = {{Padoano, Elio and Villmer, Franz-Josef}}, isbn = {{978-3-941645-11-0}}, keywords = {{Order picking, man-to-goods, order batching, picking productivity, genetic algorithm}}, location = {{Trieste, Italy}}, number = {{1}}, pages = {{319--326}}, title = {{{Improving the Productivity of a Man-to-Goods Order Picking System through Optimization of Order Batching}}}, year = {{2015}}, } @misc{10167, abstract = {{This paper discusses an alternative to common Powerline or Power-over-Ethernet applications, combining a 100BASE-TX-equivalent full duplex communication and simultaneous DC power transmission on one single twisted pair wire. The reduction of wires and connections can potentially ease the modularity and reconfigurability of industrial production installations, if the data communication offers a sufficiently high robustness against influences from the DC power transmission. This part of our research focuses on the necessary electrical adaptations between data and power circuitry and evaluates interference scenarios that are common for industrial fieldbus installations.}}, author = {{Wesemann, Derk and Dünnermann, Jens and Schaller, Marian and Banick, Norman and Witte, Stefan}}, booktitle = {{2015 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)}}, keywords = {{Wires, Transmission line measurements, Transceivers, Data communication, Power transmission lines, Wiring, Inductance}}, location = {{Palma de Mallorca, Spain}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Less wires — A novel approach on combined power and ethernet transmission on a single, unshielded twisted pair cable}}}, doi = {{10.1109/WFCS.2015.7160588}}, year = {{2015}}, } @misc{2340, author = {{Frahm, Björn and Blank, H.-C. and Cornand, P. and Oelßner, W. and Guth, U. and Lane, P. and Munack, A. and Johannsen, K. and Pörtner, R.}}, booktitle = {{Journal of Biotechnology}}, issn = {{1873-4863 }}, keywords = {{Dissolved carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide production rate, Carbon dioxide transfer rate, Off-gas measurement, Mammalian cell suspension culture}}, number = {{2}}, pages = {{133--148}}, publisher = {{Elsevier}}, title = {{{Determination of dissolved CO2 concentration and CO2 production rate of mammalian cell suspension culture based on off-gas measurement}}}, doi = {{https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1656(02)00180-3}}, volume = {{99}}, year = {{2002}}, }