---
_id: '12811'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: For environmental, sustainable economic and political reasons, recycling processes
    are becoming increasingly important, aiming at a much higher use of secondary
    raw materials. Currently, for the copper and aluminum industries, no method for
    the non-destructive online analysis of heterogeneous materials is available. The
    prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) has the potential to overcome
    this challenge. A difficulty when using PGNAA for online classification arises
    from the small amount of noisy data, due to short-term measurements. In this case,
    classical evaluation methods using detailed peak by peak analysis fail. Therefore,
    we propose to view spectral data as probability distributions. Then, we can classify
    material using maximum log-likelihood with respect to kernel density estimation
    and use discrete sampling to optimize hyperparameters. For measurements of pure
    aluminum alloys we achieve near-perfect classification of aluminum alloys under
    0.25 s.
author:
- first_name: Helmand
  full_name: Shayan, Helmand
  id: '79365'
  last_name: Shayan
- first_name: Kai
  full_name: Krycki, Kai
  last_name: Krycki
- first_name: Marco
  full_name: Doemeland, Marco
  last_name: Doemeland
- first_name: Markus
  full_name: Lange-Hegermann, Markus
  id: '71761'
  last_name: Lange-Hegermann
citation:
  ama: Shayan H, Krycki K, Doemeland M, Lange-Hegermann M. PGNAA Spectral Classification
    of Metal With Density Estimations. <i>IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science</i>.
    2023;70(6):1171-1177. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2023.3242626">10.1109/tns.2023.3242626</a>
  apa: Shayan, H., Krycki, K., Doemeland, M., &#38; Lange-Hegermann, M. (2023). PGNAA
    Spectral Classification of Metal With Density Estimations. <i>IEEE Transactions
    on Nuclear Science</i>, <i>70</i>(6), 1171–1177. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2023.3242626">https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2023.3242626</a>
  bjps: <b>Shayan H <i>et al.</i></b> (2023) PGNAA Spectral Classification of Metal
    With Density Estimations. <i>IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science</i> <b>70</b>,
    1171–1177.
  chicago: 'Shayan, Helmand, Kai Krycki, Marco Doemeland, and Markus Lange-Hegermann.
    “PGNAA Spectral Classification of Metal With Density Estimations.” <i>IEEE Transactions
    on Nuclear Science</i> 70, no. 6 (2023): 1171–77. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2023.3242626">https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2023.3242626</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Shayan, Helmand, Kai Krycki, Marco Doemeland und Markus Lange-Hegermann.
    2023. PGNAA Spectral Classification of Metal With Density Estimations. <i>IEEE
    Transactions on Nuclear Science</i> 70, Nr. 6: 1171–1177. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2023.3242626">10.1109/tns.2023.3242626</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Shayan, Helmand</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Krycki, Kai</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Doemeland,
    Marco</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lange-Hegermann, Markus</span>:
    PGNAA Spectral Classification of Metal With Density Estimations. In: <i>IEEE Transactions
    on Nuclear Science</i> Bd. 70. New York, NY, IEEE (2023), Nr. 6, S. 1171–1177'
  havard: H. Shayan, K. Krycki, M. Doemeland, M. Lange-Hegermann, PGNAA Spectral Classification
    of Metal With Density Estimations, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 70 (2023)
    1171–1177.
  ieee: 'H. Shayan, K. Krycki, M. Doemeland, and M. Lange-Hegermann, “PGNAA Spectral
    Classification of Metal With Density Estimations,” <i>IEEE Transactions on Nuclear
    Science</i>, vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 1171–1177, 2023, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2023.3242626">10.1109/tns.2023.3242626</a>.'
  mla: Shayan, Helmand, et al. “PGNAA Spectral Classification of Metal With Density
    Estimations.” <i>IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science</i>, vol. 70, no. 6, 2023,
    pp. 1171–77, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2023.3242626">https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2023.3242626</a>.
  short: H. Shayan, K. Krycki, M. Doemeland, M. Lange-Hegermann, IEEE Transactions
    on Nuclear Science 70 (2023) 1171–1177.
  ufg: '<b>Shayan, Helmand u. a.</b>: PGNAA Spectral Classification of Metal With
    Density Estimations, in: <i>IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science</i> 70 (2023),
    H. 6,  S. 1171–1177.'
  van: Shayan H, Krycki K, Doemeland M, Lange-Hegermann M. PGNAA Spectral Classification
    of Metal With Density Estimations. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 2023;70(6):1171–7.
date_created: 2025-04-16T12:38:21Z
date_updated: 2025-06-26T07:45:59Z
department:
- _id: DEP5023
doi: 10.1109/tns.2023.3242626
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001012981300044'
intvolume: '        70'
isi: '1'
issue: '6'
keyword:
- Classification of metal
- kernel density estimation
- maximum log-likelihood
- online classification
- prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) spectral classification
- random sampling
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1171-1177
place: New York, NY
publication: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1558-1578
  issn:
  - 0018-9499
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
status: public
title: PGNAA Spectral Classification of Metal With Density Estimations
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 70
year: '2023'
...