---
_id: '13321'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: This study explores the feasibility and potential of integrating dish–Stirling
systems (DSSs) into multigeneration energy systems, focusing on their ability
to produce both thermal and electrical energy. By leveraging the concentrated
solar power capabilities of DSSs, this research examines their performance relative
to alternative solutions such as photovoltaic (PV) systems and solar heating.
A 25 kW Stirling Energy Systems (SES) DSS served as the basis for the analysis.
Simulations were performed for local 2022 weather conditions in Germany. The study
employed a detailed modeling approach using the NREL System Advisor Model (SAM)
to quantify the energy outputs and evaluate the system efficiencies. The results
indicate that the DSS achieved an electrical efficiency of 25% and a combined
efficiency of 78% when accounting for the maximum thermal energy generated. Seasonal
analysis highlights the adaptability to fluctuating energy demands, with advantages
in winter heating applications. Comparative evaluations revealed DSSs as a viable
cogeneration alternative to standalone PV systems and solar heaters, offering
reduced environmental impacts and enhanced energy efficiency. Future work will
address real-world operational conditions, including thermal storage and multigeneration
integration, positioning the DSS as a sustainable solution for renewable energy
generation.
article_number: '1257'
author:
- first_name: Georg Heinrich
full_name: Klepp, Georg Heinrich
id: '49011'
last_name: Klepp
citation:
ama: Klepp GH. Solar Stirling for Renewable Energy Multigeneration Systems. Sustainability.
2025;17(3). doi:10.3390/su17031257
apa: Klepp, G. H. (2025). Solar Stirling for Renewable Energy Multigeneration Systems.
Sustainability, 17(3), Article 1257. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031257
bjps: Klepp GH (2025) Solar Stirling for Renewable Energy Multigeneration
Systems. Sustainability 17.
chicago: Klepp, Georg Heinrich. “Solar Stirling for Renewable Energy Multigeneration
Systems.” Sustainability 17, no. 3 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031257.
chicago-de: Klepp, Georg Heinrich. 2025. Solar Stirling for Renewable Energy Multigeneration
Systems. Sustainability 17, Nr. 3. doi:10.3390/su17031257,
.
din1505-2-1: 'Klepp, Georg Heinrich:
Solar Stirling for Renewable Energy Multigeneration Systems. In: Sustainability
Bd. 17. Basel, MDPI AG (2025), Nr. 3'
havard: G.H. Klepp, Solar Stirling for Renewable Energy Multigeneration Systems,
Sustainability. 17 (2025).
ieee: 'G. H. Klepp, “Solar Stirling for Renewable Energy Multigeneration Systems,”
Sustainability, vol. 17, no. 3, Art. no. 1257, 2025, doi: 10.3390/su17031257.'
mla: Klepp, Georg Heinrich. “Solar Stirling for Renewable Energy Multigeneration
Systems.” Sustainability, vol. 17, no. 3, 1257, 2025, https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031257.
short: G.H. Klepp, Sustainability 17 (2025).
ufg: 'Klepp, Georg Heinrich: Solar Stirling for Renewable Energy Multigeneration
Systems, in: Sustainability 17 (2025), H. 3.'
van: Klepp GH. Solar Stirling for Renewable Energy Multigeneration Systems. Sustainability.
2025;17(3).
conference:
end_date: 2024-05-17
location: 'Mallorca / Spain '
name: 12th European Conference on Renewable Energy Systems
start_date: 2024-05-16
date_created: 2025-12-11T13:57:43Z
date_updated: 2025-12-11T14:01:17Z
doi: 10.3390/su17031257
intvolume: ' 17'
issue: '3'
keyword:
- dish–Stirling system
- multigeneration renewable energy systems
- cogeneration
- solar
language:
- iso: eng
place: Basel
publication: Sustainability
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 2071-1050
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
status: public
title: Solar Stirling for Renewable Energy Multigeneration Systems
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 17
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '13021'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Natural ventilation in a building is an effective way to achieve acceptable
indoor air quality. Ventilation dilutes contaminants such as bioeffluents generated
by occupants, substances emitted from building materials, and the water vapor
generated by occupants’ activities. In a building that requires heating and cooling,
adequate ventilation is crucial to minimize energy consumption while maintaining
healthy indoor air quality. However, measuring the actual magnitude of the natural
ventilation rate, including infiltration through the building envelope and airflow
through the building openings, is not always feasible. Although international
and national standards suggested the required ventilation rates to maintain acceptable
indoor air quality in buildings, they did not offer action plans to achieve or
evaluate those design ventilation rates in buildings in use. In this study, the
occupant-generated carbon dioxide (CO2) tracer gas decay method was applied to
estimate the ventilation rates in an office room in Seoul, South Korea, from summer
to winter. Using the method, real-time ventilation rates can be calculated by
monitoring indoor and outdoor CO2 concentrations without injecting a tracer gas.
For natural ventilation in the test room, 145 mm-diameter circular openings on
the fixed glass were used. As a result, first, the indoor CO2 concentrations were
used as an indicator to evaluate how much the indoor air quality deteriorated
when all the windows were closed in an occupied office room compared to the international
standards for indoor air quality. Moreover, we found out that the estimated ventilation
rates varied depending on various environmental conditions, even with the same
openings for natural ventilation. Considering the indoor and outdoor temperature
differences and outdoor wind speeds as the main factors influencing the ventilation
rates, we analyzed how they affected the ventilation rates in the different seasons
of South Korea. When the wind speeds were calm, less than 2 m/s, the temperature
difference played as a factor that influenced the estimated ventilation rates.
On the other hand, when the temperature differences were low, less than 3 °C,
the wind speed was the primary factor. This study raises awareness about the risk
of poor indoor air quality in office rooms that could lead to health problems
or unpleasant working environments. This study presents an example of estimating
the ventilation rates in an existing building. By using the presented method,
the ventilation rate in an existing building can be simply estimated while using
the building as usual, and appropriate ventilation strategies for the building
can be determined to maintain the desired indoor air quality.
article_number: '9892'
author:
- first_name: Hyeonji
full_name: Seol, Hyeonji
id: '77436'
last_name: Seol
- first_name: Daniel
full_name: Arztmann, Daniel
id: '58805'
last_name: Arztmann
- first_name: Naree
full_name: Kim, Naree
last_name: Kim
- first_name: Alvaro
full_name: Balderrama, Alvaro
id: '79418'
last_name: Balderrama
citation:
ama: Seol H, Arztmann D, Kim N, Balderrama A. Estimation of Natural Ventilation
Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated
Tracer-Gas Method. Sustainability. 2023;15(13). doi:10.3390/su15139892
apa: Seol, H., Arztmann, D., Kim, N., & Balderrama, A. (2023). Estimation of
Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings
Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method. Sustainability, 15(13),
Article 9892. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139892
bjps: Seol H et al. (2023) Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates
in an Office Room with 145 Mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated
Tracer-Gas Method. Sustainability 15.
chicago: Seol, Hyeonji, Daniel Arztmann, Naree Kim, and Alvaro Balderrama. “Estimation
of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 Mm-Diameter Circular Openings
Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method.” Sustainability 15, no.
13 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139892.
chicago-de: Seol, Hyeonji, Daniel Arztmann, Naree Kim und Alvaro Balderrama. 2023.
Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter
Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method. Sustainability
15, Nr. 13. doi:10.3390/su15139892,
.
din1505-2-1: 'Seol, Hyeonji ; Arztmann, Daniel ; Kim,
Naree ; Balderrama, Alvaro:
Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter
Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method. In: Sustainability
Bd. 15. Basel, MDPI (2023), Nr. 13'
havard: H. Seol, D. Arztmann, N. Kim, A. Balderrama, Estimation of Natural Ventilation
Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated
Tracer-Gas Method, Sustainability. 15 (2023).
ieee: 'H. Seol, D. Arztmann, N. Kim, and A. Balderrama, “Estimation of Natural Ventilation
Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated
Tracer-Gas Method,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 13, Art. no. 9892, 2023,
doi: 10.3390/su15139892.'
mla: Seol, Hyeonji, et al. “Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office
Room with 145 Mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas
Method.” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 13, 9892, 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139892.
short: H. Seol, D. Arztmann, N. Kim, A. Balderrama, Sustainability 15 (2023).
ufg: 'Seol, Hyeonji u. a.: Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an
Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated
Tracer-Gas Method, in: Sustainability 15 (2023), H. 13.'
van: Seol H, Arztmann D, Kim N, Balderrama A. Estimation of Natural Ventilation
Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated
Tracer-Gas Method. Sustainability. 2023;15(13).
date_created: 2025-06-24T13:53:29Z
date_updated: 2025-06-24T13:55:57Z
department:
- _id: DEP1600
- _id: DEP1634
doi: 10.3390/su15139892
intvolume: ' 15'
issue: '13'
keyword:
- Management
- Monitoring
- Policy and Law
- Renewable Energy
- Sustainability and the Environment
- Geography
- Planning and Development
- Building and Construction
language:
- iso: eng
place: Basel
publication: Sustainability
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2071-1050
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter
Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 15
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '8437'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Low voltage direct current microgrids (DC-MG) provide a solution for increased
efficiency by the reduction of conversion losses, total reuse of recuperation
energy and an increased share of local power generation. Especially industrial
applications ask for high uptimes and a stable voltage supply, which are both
at stake in a power grid dominated by renewable generation. DC-MGs overcome these
drawbacks by balancing energy distribution and power demand locally. For the planning
and design of these grids a systemic approach is needed, due to the fact that
many components are interacting. The task arises of structuring the knowledge
available for individual technologies in an overall design framework. For this
purpose, current state-of-the-art design processes are discussed in this article.
These processes are mapped into the context of the requirements in an industrial
environment. The findings are transferred to the design of industrial DC networks.
Finally, a complete design process for DC-MGs is derived, which is proposed as
a basis for the development of tools.
citation:
ama: Schaab D, Spanier P, Ehlich M, Fosselmann E, eds. Design Framework for
Multiple Infeed DC-Microgrids in Industrial Applications. IEEE; 2022. doi:10.1109/CEECT53198.2021.9672633
apa: Schaab, D., Spanier, P., Ehlich , M., & Fosselmann, E. (Eds.). (2022).
Design Framework for Multiple Infeed DC-Microgrids in Industrial Applications.
IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CEECT53198.2021.9672633
bjps: 'Schaab D et al. (eds) (2022) Design Framework for Multiple
Infeed DC-Microgrids in Industrial Applications. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.'
chicago: 'Schaab, Darian, Patrick Spanier, Martin Ehlich , and Eric Fosselmann,
eds. Design Framework for Multiple Infeed DC-Microgrids in Industrial Applications.
2021 3rd International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies
(CEECT). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1109/CEECT53198.2021.9672633.'
chicago-de: 'Schaab, Darian, Patrick Spanier, Martin Ehlich und Eric Fosselmann,
Hrsg. 2022. Design Framework for Multiple Infeed DC-Microgrids in Industrial
Applications. 2021 3rd International Conference on Electrical Engineering
and Control Technologies (CEECT). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. doi:10.1109/CEECT53198.2021.9672633,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Schaab, D. ; Spanier,
P. ; Ehlich , M. ; Fosselmann, E. (Hrsg.): Design Framework
for Multiple Infeed DC-Microgrids in Industrial Applications, 2021 3rd
International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT).
Piscataway, NJ : IEEE, 2022'
havard: D. Schaab, P. Spanier, M. Ehlich , E. Fosselmann, eds., Design Framework
for Multiple Infeed DC-Microgrids in Industrial Applications, IEEE, Piscataway,
NJ, 2022.
ieee: 'D. Schaab, P. Spanier, M. Ehlich , and E. Fosselmann, Eds., Design Framework
for Multiple Infeed DC-Microgrids in Industrial Applications. Piscataway,
NJ: IEEE, 2022. doi: 10.1109/CEECT53198.2021.9672633.'
mla: Schaab, Darian, et al., editors. Design Framework for Multiple Infeed DC-Microgrids
in Industrial Applications. IEEE, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1109/CEECT53198.2021.9672633.
short: D. Schaab, P. Spanier, M. Ehlich , E. Fosselmann, eds., Design Framework
for Multiple Infeed DC-Microgrids in Industrial Applications, IEEE, Piscataway,
NJ, 2022.
ufg: 'Schaab, Darian u. a.: Design Framework for Multiple Infeed DC-Microgrids
in Industrial Applications, Piscataway, NJ 2022 (2021 3rd International Conference
on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT)).'
van: 'Schaab D, Spanier P, Ehlich M, Fosselmann E, editors. Design Framework for
Multiple Infeed DC-Microgrids in Industrial Applications. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE;
2022. (2021 3rd International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control
Technologies (CEECT)).'
conference:
end_date: 2021-12-18
location: ' Macau, Macao '
name: 3rd International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies
(CEECT)
start_date: 2021-12-16
date_created: 2022-07-06T08:55:01Z
date_updated: 2024-08-07T09:37:05Z
department:
- _id: DEP6020
- _id: DEP5018
doi: 10.1109/CEECT53198.2021.9672633
editor:
- first_name: Darian
full_name: Schaab, Darian
last_name: Schaab
- first_name: Patrick
full_name: Spanier, Patrick
id: '43516'
last_name: Spanier
- first_name: 'Martin '
full_name: 'Ehlich , Martin '
last_name: 'Ehlich '
- first_name: 'Eric '
full_name: 'Fosselmann, Eric '
last_name: Fosselmann
keyword:
- Renewable energy sources
- Power demand
- Process control
- Voltage
- Robustness
- Planning
- Stakeholders
language:
- iso: eng
place: Piscataway, NJ
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- 978-1-6654-4041-7
isbn:
- 978-1-6654-4042-4
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
quality_controlled: '1'
series_title: 2021 3rd International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control
Technologies (CEECT)
status: public
title: Design Framework for Multiple Infeed DC-Microgrids in Industrial Applications
type: conference_editor
user_id: '83781'
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '8467'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: A decarbonisation of the energy system is necessary to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and thus achieve the climate protection goals. For this reason, the
renewable energy share in the power grids of many countries is increasing. In
order to stabilize the energy system and increase its flexibility, energy management
systems are needed. This paper offers a model of energy management system which
starts from the network operator and ends at the consumer (an electric vehicle).
Firstly, a controllable local system signal, which is sent through a smart meter
gateway from the grid operator to the consumer, has been developed. The signal
is based on the renewable energy share in the local grid, on the electricity exchange
price and on a defined profile. Then, different charging modes, which regulate
the energy consumption based on the signal, have been developed and field tested.
Finally, the charging modes have been simulated in order to better compare the
data. The results show that with smart charging, 90% of the energy demand can
be rescheduled. In view of the load shifting, greenhouse gas emissions and energy
costs can be reduced.
author:
- first_name: Maria
full_name: Schaffer, Maria
id: '50151'
last_name: Schaffer
- first_name: Fynn Christian
full_name: Bollhöfer, Fynn Christian
id: '71911'
last_name: Bollhöfer
- first_name: Johannes
full_name: Üpping, Johannes
id: '64760'
last_name: Üpping
citation:
ama: Schaffer M, Bollhöfer FC, Üpping J. Load shifting potential of electric vehicles
using management systems for increasing renewable energy share in smart grids.
International Journal of Energy Production and Management. 2022;7(2):101-113.
doi:10.2495/EQ-V7-N2-101-113
apa: Schaffer, M., Bollhöfer, F. C., & Üpping, J. (2022). Load shifting potential
of electric vehicles using management systems for increasing renewable energy
share in smart grids. International Journal of Energy Production and Management,
7(2), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V7-N2-101-113
bjps: Schaffer M, Bollhöfer FC and Üpping J (2022) Load Shifting Potential
of Electric Vehicles Using Management Systems for Increasing Renewable Energy
Share in Smart Grids. International Journal of Energy Production and Management
7, 101–113.
chicago: 'Schaffer, Maria, Fynn Christian Bollhöfer, and Johannes Üpping. “Load
Shifting Potential of Electric Vehicles Using Management Systems for Increasing
Renewable Energy Share in Smart Grids.” International Journal of Energy Production
and Management 7, no. 2 (2022): 101–13. https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V7-N2-101-113.'
chicago-de: 'Schaffer, Maria, Fynn Christian Bollhöfer und Johannes Üpping. 2022.
Load shifting potential of electric vehicles using management systems for increasing
renewable energy share in smart grids. International Journal of Energy Production
and Management 7, Nr. 2: 101–113. doi:10.2495/EQ-V7-N2-101-113,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Schaffer, Maria ; Bollhöfer, Fynn Christian ; Üpping,
Johannes: Load shifting potential of electric vehicles using management
systems for increasing renewable energy share in smart grids. In: International
Journal of Energy Production and Management Bd. 7. Southampton , WIT Press
(2022), Nr. 2, S. 101–113'
havard: M. Schaffer, F.C. Bollhöfer, J. Üpping, Load shifting potential of electric
vehicles using management systems for increasing renewable energy share in smart
grids, International Journal of Energy Production and Management. 7 (2022) 101–113.
ieee: 'M. Schaffer, F. C. Bollhöfer, and J. Üpping, “Load shifting potential of
electric vehicles using management systems for increasing renewable energy share
in smart grids,” International Journal of Energy Production and Management,
vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 101–113, 2022, doi: 10.2495/EQ-V7-N2-101-113.'
mla: Schaffer, Maria, et al. “Load Shifting Potential of Electric Vehicles Using
Management Systems for Increasing Renewable Energy Share in Smart Grids.” International
Journal of Energy Production and Management, vol. 7, no. 2, 2022, pp. 101–13,
https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V7-N2-101-113.
short: M. Schaffer, F.C. Bollhöfer, J. Üpping, International Journal of Energy Production
and Management 7 (2022) 101–113.
ufg: 'Schaffer, Maria/Bollhöfer, Fynn Christian/Üpping, Johannes: Load shifting
potential of electric vehicles using management systems for increasing renewable
energy share in smart grids, in: International Journal of Energy Production
and Management 7 (2022), H. 2, S. 101–113.'
van: Schaffer M, Bollhöfer FC, Üpping J. Load shifting potential of electric vehicles
using management systems for increasing renewable energy share in smart grids.
International Journal of Energy Production and Management. 2022;7(2):101–13.
date_created: 2022-07-19T12:28:26Z
date_updated: 2024-08-08T06:32:58Z
department:
- _id: DEP6020
- _id: DEP5000
- _id: DEP5012
doi: 10.2495/EQ-V7-N2-101-113
intvolume: ' 7'
issue: '2'
keyword:
- electric vehicles
- energy management systems
- load shifting
- renewable energy
- smart grids.
language:
- iso: eng
page: 101 - 113
place: 'Southampton '
publication: International Journal of Energy Production and Management
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- '2056-3280 '
issn:
- 2056-3272
publication_status: published
publisher: WIT Press
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Load shifting potential of electric vehicles using management systems for increasing
renewable energy share in smart grids
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 7
year: '2022'
...