---
_id: '12167'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Deployment of Level 3 and Level 4 autonomous vehicles (AVs) in urban environments
    is significantly constrained by adverse weather conditions, limiting their operation
    to clear weather due to safety concerns. Ensuring that AVs remain within their
    designated Operational Design Domain (ODD) is a formidable challenge, making boundary
    monitoring strategies essential for safe navigation. This study explores the critical
    role of an ODD monitoring system (OMS) in addressing these challenges. It reviews
    various methodologies for designing an OMS and presents a comprehensive visualization
    framework incorporating trigger points for ODD exits. These trigger points serve
    as essential references for effective OMS design. The study also delves into a
    specific use case concerning ODD exits: the reduction in road friction due to
    adverse weather conditions. It emphasizes the importance of contactless computer
    vision-based methods for road condition estimation (RCE), particularly using vision
    sensors such as cameras. The study details a timeline of methods involving classical
    machine learning and deep learning feature extraction techniques, identifying
    contemporary challenges such as class imbalance, lack of comprehensive datasets,
    annotation methods, and the scarcity of generalization techniques. Furthermore,
    it provides a factual comparison of two state-of-the-art RCE datasets. In essence,
    the study aims to address and explore ODD exits due to weather-induced road conditions,
    decoding the practical solutions and directions for future research in the realm
    of AVs.'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Ramakrishnan
  full_name: Subramanian, Ramakrishnan
  id: '85499'
  last_name: Subramanian
- first_name: Ulrich
  full_name: Büker, Ulrich
  id: '81453'
  last_name: Büker
  orcid: 0000-0002-4403-3889
citation:
  ama: 'Subramanian R, Büker U. Study of Contactless Computer Vision-Based Road Condition
    Estimation Methods Within the Framework of an Operational Design Domain Monitoring
    System. <i>Eng : advances in engineering</i>. 2024;5(4):2778-2804. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5040145">10.3390/eng5040145</a>'
  apa: 'Subramanian, R., &#38; Büker, U. (2024). Study of Contactless Computer Vision-Based
    Road Condition Estimation Methods Within the Framework of an Operational Design
    Domain Monitoring System. <i>Eng : Advances in Engineering</i>, <i>5</i>(4), 2778–2804.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5040145">https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5040145</a>'
  bjps: '<b>Subramanian R and Büker U</b> (2024) Study of Contactless Computer Vision-Based
    Road Condition Estimation Methods Within the Framework of an Operational Design
    Domain Monitoring System. <i>Eng : advances in engineering</i> <b>5</b>, 2778–2804.'
  chicago: 'Subramanian, Ramakrishnan, and Ulrich Büker. “Study of Contactless Computer
    Vision-Based Road Condition Estimation Methods Within the Framework of an Operational
    Design Domain Monitoring System.” <i>Eng : Advances in Engineering</i> 5, no.
    4 (2024): 2778–2804. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5040145">https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5040145</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Subramanian, Ramakrishnan und Ulrich Büker. 2024. Study of Contactless
    Computer Vision-Based Road Condition Estimation Methods Within the Framework of
    an Operational Design Domain Monitoring System. <i>Eng : advances in engineering</i>
    5, Nr. 4: 2778–2804. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5040145">10.3390/eng5040145</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Subramanian, Ramakrishnan</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Büker, Ulrich</span>: Study of Contactless
    Computer Vision-Based Road Condition Estimation Methods Within the Framework of
    an Operational Design Domain Monitoring System. In: <i>Eng : advances in engineering</i>
    Bd. 5. Basel, MDPI AG (2024), Nr. 4, S. 2778–2804'
  havard: 'R. Subramanian, U. Büker, Study of Contactless Computer Vision-Based Road
    Condition Estimation Methods Within the Framework of an Operational Design Domain
    Monitoring System, Eng : Advances in Engineering. 5 (2024) 2778–2804.'
  ieee: 'R. Subramanian and U. Büker, “Study of Contactless Computer Vision-Based
    Road Condition Estimation Methods Within the Framework of an Operational Design
    Domain Monitoring System,” <i>Eng : advances in engineering</i>, vol. 5, no. 4,
    pp. 2778–2804, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5040145">10.3390/eng5040145</a>.'
  mla: 'Subramanian, Ramakrishnan, and Ulrich Büker. “Study of Contactless Computer
    Vision-Based Road Condition Estimation Methods Within the Framework of an Operational
    Design Domain Monitoring System.” <i>Eng : Advances in Engineering</i>, vol. 5,
    no. 4, 2024, pp. 2778–804, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5040145">https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5040145</a>.'
  short: 'R. Subramanian, U. Büker, Eng : Advances in Engineering 5 (2024) 2778–2804.'
  ufg: '<b>Subramanian, Ramakrishnan/Büker, Ulrich</b>: Study of Contactless Computer
    Vision-Based Road Condition Estimation Methods Within the Framework of an Operational
    Design Domain Monitoring System, in: <i>Eng : advances in engineering</i> 5 (2024),
    H. 4,  S. 2778–2804.'
  van: 'Subramanian R, Büker U. Study of Contactless Computer Vision-Based Road Condition
    Estimation Methods Within the Framework of an Operational Design Domain Monitoring
    System. Eng : advances in engineering. 2024;5(4):2778–804.'
date_created: 2024-12-04T16:46:30Z
date_updated: 2024-12-05T13:19:17Z
department:
- _id: DEP5023
- _id: DEP5000
doi: 10.3390/eng5040145
intvolume: '         5'
issue: '4'
keyword:
- autonomous vehicles
- operational design domain
- computer vision
- machine learning
- road surface detection
language:
- iso: eng
page: 2778-2804
place: Basel
publication: 'Eng : advances in engineering'
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2673-4117
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Study of Contactless Computer Vision-Based Road Condition Estimation Methods
  Within the Framework of an Operational Design Domain Monitoring System
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 5
year: '2024'
...