---
_id: '10674'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'We examine to what extent the gender pay gap at top executive level is linked
to gender stereotypes, i.e. to societal beliefs about the attributes women and
men possess and the roles they ought to perform. We theorize that, even at the
highest hierarchical level of an organization, executive functions are gender
stereotyped: some (such as IT) are considered typically ‘masculine’, while others
(such as human resources) are considered typically ‘feminine’. We argue gender
stereotyping at the executive level to be related to pay such that masculine functions
are paid more than feminine ones. Referring to role congruity theory, we further
argue that women are paid better when they hold less masculine and therefore more
role congruous functions. We find supportive evidence for both predictions when
studying large European companies across the years 2014 to 2018. Pay data for
353 executives were linked to results of a survey in which participants were asked
to rate the masculinity of the areas of responsibility of different executive
functions. We find an empirical pattern that reflects a Catch 22 situation in
which women executives appear unable to increase their pay by switching to more
masculine functions that are, on average, better paid.'
author:
- first_name: Sarah
full_name: Diederich, Sarah
last_name: Diederich
- first_name: Anja
full_name: Iseke, Anja
id: '68702'
last_name: Iseke
orcid: 0000-0002-1823-1427
- first_name: Martin
full_name: Schneider, Martin
last_name: Schneider
- first_name: Kerstin
full_name: Pull, Kerstin
last_name: Pull
citation:
ama: 'Diederich S, Iseke A, Schneider M, Pull K. Role (in-)congruity and the Catch
22 for female executives: how stereotyping contributes to the gender pay gap at
top executive level. The International Journal of Human Resource Management.
0(0):1-29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2023.2273331'
apa: 'Diederich, S., Iseke, A., Schneider, M., & Pull, K. (n.d.). Role (in-)congruity
and the Catch 22 for female executives: how stereotyping contributes to the gender
pay gap at top executive level. The International Journal of Human Resource
Management, 0(0), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2023.2273331'
bjps: 'Diederich S et al. (n.d.) Role (in-)Congruity and the Catch
22 for Female Executives: How Stereotyping Contributes to the Gender Pay Gap at
Top Executive Level. The International Journal of Human Resource Management
0, 1–29.'
chicago: 'Diederich, Sarah, Anja Iseke, Martin Schneider, and Kerstin Pull. “Role
(in-)Congruity and the Catch 22 for Female Executives: How Stereotyping Contributes
to the Gender Pay Gap at Top Executive Level.” The International Journal of
Human Resource Management 0, no. 0 (n.d.): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2023.2273331.'
chicago-de: 'Diederich, Sarah, Anja Iseke, Martin Schneider und Kerstin Pull. Role
(in-)congruity and the Catch 22 for female executives: how stereotyping contributes
to the gender pay gap at top executive level. The International Journal of
Human Resource Management 0, Nr. 0: 1–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2023.2273331,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Diederich, Sarah ; Iseke, Anja ; Schneider,
Martin ; Pull, Kerstin: Role
(in-)congruity and the Catch 22 for female executives: how stereotyping contributes
to the gender pay gap at top executive level. In: The International Journal
of Human Resource Management Bd. 0. London, Routledge, Nr. 0, S. 1–29'
havard: 'S. Diederich, A. Iseke, M. Schneider, K. Pull, Role (in-)congruity and
the Catch 22 for female executives: how stereotyping contributes to the gender
pay gap at top executive level, The International Journal of Human Resource Management.
0 (n.d.) 1–29.'
ieee: 'S. Diederich, A. Iseke, M. Schneider, and K. Pull, “Role (in-)congruity and
the Catch 22 for female executives: how stereotyping contributes to the gender
pay gap at top executive level,” The International Journal of Human Resource
Management, vol. 0, no. 0, pp. 1–29, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2023.2273331.'
mla: 'Diederich, Sarah, et al. “Role (in-)Congruity and the Catch 22 for Female
Executives: How Stereotyping Contributes to the Gender Pay Gap at Top Executive
Level.” The International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 0,
no. 0, pp. 1–29, https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2023.2273331.'
short: S. Diederich, A. Iseke, M. Schneider, K. Pull, The International Journal
of Human Resource Management 0 (n.d.) 1–29.
ufg: 'Diederich, Sarah u. a.: Role (in-)congruity and the Catch 22 for female
executives: how stereotyping contributes to the gender pay gap at top executive
level, in: The International Journal of Human Resource Management 0 (o. J.),
H. 0, S. 1–29.'
van: 'Diederich S, Iseke A, Schneider M, Pull K. Role (in-)congruity and the Catch
22 for female executives: how stereotyping contributes to the gender pay gap at
top executive level. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 0(0):1–29.'
date_created: 2023-10-30T14:39:29Z
date_updated: 2023-10-30T15:27:46Z
department:
- _id: DEP1514
doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2023.2273331
issue: '0'
keyword:
- Gender pay gap
- gender stereotyping
- top executive pay
- role congruity theory
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1-29
place: London
publication: The International Journal of Human Resource Management
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1466-4399
issn:
- 0958-5192
publication_status: accepted
publisher: Routledge
status: public
title: 'Role (in-)congruity and the Catch 22 for female executives: how stereotyping
contributes to the gender pay gap at top executive level'
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: '0'
year: '2023'
...