@misc{12945,
  abstract     = {{Stachybotrys chartarum is a toxigenic fungus that is frequently isolated from damp building materials or improperly stored forage. Macrocyclic trichothecenes and in particular satratoxins are the most potent mycotoxins known to be produced by this fungus. Exposure of humans or animals to these secondary metabolites can be associated with severe health problems. To assess the pathogenic potential of S. chartarum isolates, it is essential to cultivate them under conditions that reliably promote toxin production. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was reported to be the optimal nutrition medium for satratoxin production. In this study, the growth of S. chartarum genotype S strains on PDA from two manufacturers led to divergent results, namely, well-grown and sporulating cultures with high satratoxin concentrations (20.8 ± 0.4 µg/cm2) versus cultures with sparse sporulation and low satratoxin production (0.3 ± 0.1 µg/cm2). This finding is important for any attempt to identify toxigenic S. chartarum isolates. Further experiments performed with the two media provided strong evidence for a link between satratoxin production and sporulation. A comparison of three-point and one-point cultures grown on the two types of PDA, furthermore, demonstrated an inter-colony communication that influences both sporulation and mycotoxin production of S. chartarum genotype S strains.}},
  author       = {{Tribelhorn, Katharina and Twarużek, Magdalena and Soszczyńska, Ewelina and Rau, Jörg and Baschien, Christiane and Straubinger, Reinhard K. and Ebel, Frank and Ulrich, Sebastian}},
  booktitle    = {{Toxins}},
  issn         = {{2072-6651}},
  keywords     = {{Stachybotrys chartarum genotype S, sporulation, satratoxins, macrocyclic trichothecenes, inter-colony communication}},
  number       = {{8}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI}},
  title        = {{{Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/toxins14080515}},
  volume       = {{14}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@misc{12971,
  abstract     = {{The genus Stachybotrys produces a broad diversity of secondary metabolites, including macrocyclic trichothecenes, atranones, and phenylspirodrimanes. Although the class of the phenylspirodrimanes is the major one and consists of a multitude of metabolites bearing various structural modifications, few investigations have been carried out. Thus, the presented study deals with the quantitative determination of several secondary metabolites produced by distinct Stachybotrys species for comparison of their metabolite profiles. For that purpose, 15 of the primarily produced secondary metabolites were isolated from fungal cultures and structurally characterized in order to be used as analytical standards for the development of an LC-MS/MS multimethod. The developed method was applied to the analysis of micro-scale extracts from 5 different Stachybotrys strains, which were cultured on different media. In that process, spontaneous dialdehyde/lactone isomerization was observed for some of the isolated secondary metabolites, and novel stachybotrychromenes were quantitatively investigated for the first time. The metabolite profiles of Stachybotrys species are considerably influenced by time of growth and substrate availability, as well as the individual biosynthetic potential of the respective species. Regarding the reported adverse effects associated with Stachybotrys growth in building environments, combinatory effects of the investigated secondary metabolites should be addressed and the role of the phenylspirodrimanes re-evaluated in future research.}},
  author       = {{Jagels, Annika and Lindemann, Viktoria and Ulrich, Sebastian and Gottschalk, Christoph and Cramer, Benedikt and Hübner, Florian and Gareis, Manfred and Humpf, Hans-Ulrich}},
  booktitle    = {{Toxins}},
  issn         = {{2072-6651}},
  keywords     = {{Stachybotrys spp., metabolite profiles, LC-MS/MS, satratoxins, phenylspirodrimanes, stachybotrychromenes, biosynthetic production}},
  number       = {{3}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI}},
  title        = {{{Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/toxins11030133}},
  volume       = {{11}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}