---
_id: '12945'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Stachybotrys chartarum is a toxigenic fungus that is frequently isolated from
    damp building materials or improperly stored forage. Macrocyclic trichothecenes
    and in particular satratoxins are the most potent mycotoxins known to be produced
    by this fungus. Exposure of humans or animals to these secondary metabolites can
    be associated with severe health problems. To assess the pathogenic potential
    of S. chartarum isolates, it is essential to cultivate them under conditions that
    reliably promote toxin production. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was reported to
    be the optimal nutrition medium for satratoxin production. In this study, the
    growth of S. chartarum genotype S strains on PDA from two manufacturers led to
    divergent results, namely, well-grown and sporulating cultures with high satratoxin
    concentrations (20.8 ± 0.4 µg/cm2) versus cultures with sparse sporulation and
    low satratoxin production (0.3 ± 0.1 µg/cm2). This finding is important for any
    attempt to identify toxigenic S. chartarum isolates. Further experiments performed
    with the two media provided strong evidence for a link between satratoxin production
    and sporulation. A comparison of three-point and one-point cultures grown on the
    two types of PDA, furthermore, demonstrated an inter-colony communication that
    influences both sporulation and mycotoxin production of S. chartarum genotype
    S strains.
article_number: '515'
author:
- first_name: Katharina
  full_name: Tribelhorn, Katharina
  last_name: Tribelhorn
- first_name: Magdalena
  full_name: Twarużek, Magdalena
  last_name: Twarużek
- first_name: Ewelina
  full_name: Soszczyńska, Ewelina
  last_name: Soszczyńska
- first_name: Jörg
  full_name: Rau, Jörg
  last_name: Rau
- first_name: Christiane
  full_name: Baschien, Christiane
  last_name: Baschien
- first_name: Reinhard K.
  full_name: Straubinger, Reinhard K.
  last_name: Straubinger
- first_name: Frank
  full_name: Ebel, Frank
  last_name: Ebel
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Ulrich, Sebastian
  id: '85847'
  last_name: Ulrich
  orcid: 0000-0002-4511-9537
citation:
  ama: Tribelhorn K, Twarużek M, Soszczyńska E, et al. Production of Satratoxin G
    and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Toxins</i>.
    2022;14(8). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515">10.3390/toxins14080515</a>
  apa: Tribelhorn, K., Twarużek, M., Soszczyńska, E., Rau, J., Baschien, C., Straubinger,
    R. K., Ebel, F., &#38; Ulrich, S. (2022). Production of Satratoxin G and H Is
    Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Toxins</i>, <i>14</i>(8),
    Article 515. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515</a>
  bjps: <b>Tribelhorn K <i>et al.</i></b> (2022) Production of Satratoxin G and H
    Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys Chartarum. <i>Toxins</i> <b>14</b>.
  chicago: Tribelhorn, Katharina, Magdalena Twarużek, Ewelina Soszczyńska, Jörg Rau,
    Christiane Baschien, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Frank Ebel, and Sebastian Ulrich.
    “Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys
    Chartarum.” <i>Toxins</i> 14, no. 8 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515</a>.
  chicago-de: Tribelhorn, Katharina, Magdalena Twarużek, Ewelina Soszczyńska, Jörg
    Rau, Christiane Baschien, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Frank Ebel und Sebastian Ulrich.
    2022. Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys
    chartarum. <i>Toxins</i> 14, Nr. 8. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515">10.3390/toxins14080515</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Tribelhorn, Katharina</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Twarużek, Magdalena</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Soszczyńska,
    Ewelina</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Rau, Jörg</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Baschien, Christiane</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Straubinger,
    Reinhard K.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ebel, Frank</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ulrich, Sebastian</span>: Production
    of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum.
    In: <i>Toxins</i> Bd. 14, MDPI (2022), Nr. 8'
  havard: K. Tribelhorn, M. Twarużek, E. Soszczyńska, J. Rau, C. Baschien, R.K. Straubinger,
    F. Ebel, S. Ulrich, Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation
    in Stachybotrys chartarum, Toxins. 14 (2022).
  ieee: 'K. Tribelhorn <i>et al.</i>, “Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly
    Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum,” <i>Toxins</i>, vol. 14, no.
    8, Art. no. 515, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515">10.3390/toxins14080515</a>.'
  mla: Tribelhorn, Katharina, et al. “Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly
    Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys Chartarum.” <i>Toxins</i>, vol. 14, no.
    8, 515, 2022, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515</a>.
  short: K. Tribelhorn, M. Twarużek, E. Soszczyńska, J. Rau, C. Baschien, R.K. Straubinger,
    F. Ebel, S. Ulrich, Toxins 14 (2022).
  ufg: '<b>Tribelhorn, Katharina u. a.</b>: Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly
    Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum, in: <i>Toxins</i> 14 (2022),
    H. 8.'
  van: Tribelhorn K, Twarużek M, Soszczyńska E, Rau J, Baschien C, Straubinger RK,
    et al. Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys
    chartarum. Toxins. 2022;14(8).
date_created: 2025-06-15T09:56:06Z
date_updated: 2025-06-16T11:52:01Z
department:
- _id: DEP4010
doi: 10.3390/toxins14080515
extern: '1'
intvolume: '        14'
issue: '8'
keyword:
- Stachybotrys chartarum genotype S
- sporulation
- satratoxins
- macrocyclic trichothecenes
- inter-colony communication
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Toxins
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2072-6651
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys
  chartarum
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 14
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '12971'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The genus Stachybotrys produces a broad diversity of secondary metabolites,
    including macrocyclic trichothecenes, atranones, and phenylspirodrimanes. Although
    the class of the phenylspirodrimanes is the major one and consists of a multitude
    of metabolites bearing various structural modifications, few investigations have
    been carried out. Thus, the presented study deals with the quantitative determination
    of several secondary metabolites produced by distinct Stachybotrys species for
    comparison of their metabolite profiles. For that purpose, 15 of the primarily
    produced secondary metabolites were isolated from fungal cultures and structurally
    characterized in order to be used as analytical standards for the development
    of an LC-MS/MS multimethod. The developed method was applied to the analysis of
    micro-scale extracts from 5 different Stachybotrys strains, which were cultured
    on different media. In that process, spontaneous dialdehyde/lactone isomerization
    was observed for some of the isolated secondary metabolites, and novel stachybotrychromenes
    were quantitatively investigated for the first time. The metabolite profiles of
    Stachybotrys species are considerably influenced by time of growth and substrate
    availability, as well as the individual biosynthetic potential of the respective
    species. Regarding the reported adverse effects associated with Stachybotrys growth
    in building environments, combinatory effects of the investigated secondary metabolites
    should be addressed and the role of the phenylspirodrimanes re-evaluated in future
    research.
article_number: '133'
author:
- first_name: Annika
  full_name: Jagels, Annika
  last_name: Jagels
- first_name: Viktoria
  full_name: Lindemann, Viktoria
  last_name: Lindemann
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Ulrich, Sebastian
  id: '85847'
  last_name: Ulrich
  orcid: 0000-0002-4511-9537
- first_name: Christoph
  full_name: Gottschalk, Christoph
  last_name: Gottschalk
- first_name: Benedikt
  full_name: Cramer, Benedikt
  last_name: Cramer
- first_name: Florian
  full_name: Hübner, Florian
  last_name: Hübner
- first_name: Manfred
  full_name: Gareis, Manfred
  last_name: Gareis
- first_name: Hans-Ulrich
  full_name: Humpf, Hans-Ulrich
  last_name: Humpf
citation:
  ama: Jagels A, Lindemann V, Ulrich S, et al. Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles
    of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS. <i>Toxins</i>. 2019;11(3). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030133">10.3390/toxins11030133</a>
  apa: Jagels, A., Lindemann, V., Ulrich, S., Gottschalk, C., Cramer, B., Hübner,
    F., Gareis, M., &#38; Humpf, H.-U. (2019). Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles
    of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS. <i>Toxins</i>, <i>11</i>(3), Article 133. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030133">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030133</a>
  bjps: <b>Jagels A <i>et al.</i></b> (2019) Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles
    of Stachybotrys Spp. by LC-MS/MS. <i>Toxins</i> <b>11</b>.
  chicago: Jagels, Annika, Viktoria Lindemann, Sebastian Ulrich, Christoph Gottschalk,
    Benedikt Cramer, Florian Hübner, Manfred Gareis, and Hans-Ulrich Humpf. “Exploring
    Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys Spp. by LC-MS/MS.” <i>Toxins</i>
    11, no. 3 (2019). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030133">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030133</a>.
  chicago-de: Jagels, Annika, Viktoria Lindemann, Sebastian Ulrich, Christoph Gottschalk,
    Benedikt Cramer, Florian Hübner, Manfred Gareis und Hans-Ulrich Humpf. 2019. Exploring
    Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS. <i>Toxins</i>
    11, Nr. 3. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030133">10.3390/toxins11030133</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Jagels, Annika</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lindemann, Viktoria</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ulrich,
    Sebastian</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Gottschalk, Christoph</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Cramer, Benedikt</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hübner,
    Florian</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Gareis, Manfred</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Humpf, Hans-Ulrich</span>: Exploring
    Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS. In: <i>Toxins</i>
    Bd. 11. Basel, MDPI (2019), Nr. 3'
  havard: A. Jagels, V. Lindemann, S. Ulrich, C. Gottschalk, B. Cramer, F. Hübner,
    M. Gareis, H.-U. Humpf, Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys
    spp. by LC-MS/MS, Toxins. 11 (2019).
  ieee: 'A. Jagels <i>et al.</i>, “Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys
    spp. by LC-MS/MS,” <i>Toxins</i>, vol. 11, no. 3, Art. no. 133, 2019, doi: <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030133">10.3390/toxins11030133</a>.'
  mla: Jagels, Annika, et al. “Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys
    Spp. by LC-MS/MS.” <i>Toxins</i>, vol. 11, no. 3, 133, 2019, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030133">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030133</a>.
  short: A. Jagels, V. Lindemann, S. Ulrich, C. Gottschalk, B. Cramer, F. Hübner,
    M. Gareis, H.-U. Humpf, Toxins 11 (2019).
  ufg: '<b>Jagels, Annika u. a.</b>: Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys
    spp. by LC-MS/MS, in: <i>Toxins</i> 11 (2019), H. 3.'
  van: Jagels A, Lindemann V, Ulrich S, Gottschalk C, Cramer B, Hübner F, et al. Exploring
    Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS. Toxins. 2019;11(3).
date_created: 2025-06-15T10:23:36Z
date_updated: 2025-06-17T14:12:55Z
department:
- _id: DEP4010
doi: 10.3390/toxins11030133
extern: '1'
intvolume: '        11'
issue: '3'
keyword:
- Stachybotrys spp.
- metabolite profiles
- LC-MS/MS
- satratoxins
- phenylspirodrimanes
- stachybotrychromenes
- biosynthetic production
language:
- iso: eng
place: Basel
publication: Toxins
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2072-6651
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 11
year: '2019'
...