@misc{12940,
  abstract     = {{There are limited data on Lyme borreliosis (LB), a tick-borne disease caused by the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, in horses. Seropositivity is not necessarily associated with clinical disease. Data on seropositivity against Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in German horses are sparse. Therefore, serum samples from horses (n = 123) suspected of having Lyme borreliosis and clinically healthy horses (n = 113) from the same stables were tested for specific antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. The samples were screened for antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi (ELISA and an IgG line immunoblot assay). Furthermore, the samples were examined for antibodies against B. burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum with a validated rapid in-house test (SNAP® 4Dx Plus® ELISA). The clinical signs of suspect horses included lameness (n = 36), poor performance (n = 19), and apathy (n = 12). Twenty-three percent (n = 26) of suspect horses and 17% (n = 18) of clinically healthy horses were seropositive for having a Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection (p = 0.371), showing that the detection of specific antibodies against B. burgdorferi alone is not sufficient for a diagnosis of equine LB. Anaplasma phagocytophilum seropositivity and seropositivity against both pathogens was 20%/6% in suspect horses and 16%/2% in the clinically healthy population, showing only minor differences (p = 0.108). Unspecific testing for antibodies against B. burgdorferi without clinical suspicion of Lyme borreliosis is not recommended since the clinical relevance of seropositivity against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato remains to be elucidated.}},
  author       = {{Gehlen, Heidrun and Inerle, Katharina and Bartel, Alexander and Stöckle, Sabita Diana and Ulrich, Sebastian and Briese, Beatrice and Straubinger, Reinhard K.}},
  booktitle    = {{Animals}},
  issn         = {{2076-2615}},
  keywords     = {{equine Lyme borreliosis, equine granulocytic anaplasmosis, seroprevalence, co-infection}},
  number       = {{12}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI AG}},
  title        = {{{Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infections in German Horses}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/ani13121984}},
  volume       = {{13}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@misc{12951,
  abstract     = {{Leptospirosis is a neglected worldwide zoonotic bacterial disease with a high prevalence in subtropical and tropical countries. The prevalence of Leptospira spp. in humans, cattle and dogs is unknown in Bhutan. Therefore, we sought to find out whether humans, cattle or dogs had been infected in the past with leptospires by measuring antibodies in the serum. We therefore collected blood from 864 humans ≥13 years of age, 130 bovines and 84 dogs from different rural and urban areas in Bhutan and tested the serum for antibodies specific for leptospires with a screening of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and a confirmatory microscopic agglutination test (MAT). In humans, 17.6% were seropositive by ELISA and 1.6% by MAT. The seropositivity was stronger in bovines (36.9%) and dogs (47.6%). “Having had a fever recently” (OR 5.2, p = 0.004), “working for the military” (OR 26.6, p = 0.028) and “being unemployed” (OR 12.9, p = 0.041) (reference category = housemaker) were statistically significantly associated with seropositivity when controlled for the effects of other risk factors. However, due to the small number of positive test results, the findings on risk factors should be interpreted with caution. Based on the serogroups found in the three species, dogs could be a source of infection for humans, or dogs and humans are exposed to the same environmental risk factors Clinical leptospirosis in humans and domestic animals should be investigated by testing blood and urine for the presence of leptospires by molecular methods (qPCR).}},
  author       = {{Dreyfus, Anou and Ruf, Marie-Thérèse and Mayer-Scholl, Anne and Zitzl, Theresa and Loosli, Nadine and Bier, Nadja Seyhan and Hiereth, Stephanie and Ulrich, Sebastian and Poppert, Sven and Straubinger, Reinhard K. and Stenos, John and Tshokey, Tshokey}},
  booktitle    = {{Pathogens}},
  issn         = {{2076-0817}},
  keywords     = {{leptospirosis, microscopic agglutination test (MAT), seroprevalence, cattle, yak, dog, one health, Bhutan}},
  number       = {{3}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI}},
  title        = {{{Exposure to Leptospira spp. and Associated Risk Factors in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/pathogens10030308}},
  volume       = {{10}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}