---
_id: '12940'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: There are limited data on Lyme borreliosis (LB), a tick-borne disease caused
    by the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, in horses. Seropositivity is not
    necessarily associated with clinical disease. Data on seropositivity against Borrelia
    burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in German horses are sparse. Therefore,
    serum samples from horses (n = 123) suspected of having Lyme borreliosis and clinically
    healthy horses (n = 113) from the same stables were tested for specific antibodies
    against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. The samples
    were screened for antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi (ELISA and an IgG line
    immunoblot assay). Furthermore, the samples were examined for antibodies against
    B. burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum with a validated rapid in-house test
    (SNAP® 4Dx Plus® ELISA). The clinical signs of suspect horses included lameness
    (n = 36), poor performance (n = 19), and apathy (n = 12). Twenty-three percent
    (n = 26) of suspect horses and 17% (n = 18) of clinically healthy horses were
    seropositive for having a Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection (p = 0.371),
    showing that the detection of specific antibodies against B. burgdorferi alone
    is not sufficient for a diagnosis of equine LB. Anaplasma phagocytophilum seropositivity
    and seropositivity against both pathogens was 20%/6% in suspect horses and 16%/2%
    in the clinically healthy population, showing only minor differences (p = 0.108).
    Unspecific testing for antibodies against B. burgdorferi without clinical suspicion
    of Lyme borreliosis is not recommended since the clinical relevance of seropositivity
    against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato remains to be elucidated.
article_number: '1984'
author:
- first_name: Heidrun
  full_name: Gehlen, Heidrun
  last_name: Gehlen
- first_name: Katharina
  full_name: Inerle, Katharina
  last_name: Inerle
- first_name: Alexander
  full_name: Bartel, Alexander
  last_name: Bartel
- first_name: Sabita Diana
  full_name: Stöckle, Sabita Diana
  last_name: Stöckle
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Ulrich, Sebastian
  id: '85847'
  last_name: Ulrich
  orcid: 0000-0002-4511-9537
- first_name: Beatrice
  full_name: Briese, Beatrice
  last_name: Briese
- first_name: Reinhard K.
  full_name: Straubinger, Reinhard K.
  last_name: Straubinger
citation:
  ama: Gehlen H, Inerle K, Bartel A, et al. Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi
    sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infections in German Horses. <i>Animals</i>.
    2023;13(12). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13121984">10.3390/ani13121984</a>
  apa: Gehlen, H., Inerle, K., Bartel, A., Stöckle, S. D., Ulrich, S., Briese, B.,
    &#38; Straubinger, R. K. (2023). Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu
    lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infections in German Horses. <i>Animals</i>,
    <i>13</i>(12), Article 1984. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13121984">https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13121984</a>
  bjps: <b>Gehlen H <i>et al.</i></b> (2023) Seroprevalence of Borrelia Burgdorferi
    Sensu Lato and Anaplasma Phagocytophilum Infections in German Horses. <i>Animals</i>
    <b>13</b>.
  chicago: Gehlen, Heidrun, Katharina Inerle, Alexander Bartel, Sabita Diana Stöckle,
    Sebastian Ulrich, Beatrice Briese, and Reinhard K. Straubinger. “Seroprevalence
    of Borrelia Burgdorferi Sensu Lato and Anaplasma Phagocytophilum Infections in
    German Horses.” <i>Animals</i> 13, no. 12 (2023). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13121984">https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13121984</a>.
  chicago-de: Gehlen, Heidrun, Katharina Inerle, Alexander Bartel, Sabita Diana Stöckle,
    Sebastian Ulrich, Beatrice Briese und Reinhard K. Straubinger. 2023. Seroprevalence
    of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infections in
    German Horses. <i>Animals</i> 13, Nr. 12. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13121984">10.3390/ani13121984</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Gehlen, Heidrun</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Inerle, Katharina</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Bartel,
    Alexander</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Stöckle, Sabita Diana</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ulrich, Sebastian</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Briese,
    Beatrice</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Straubinger, Reinhard
    K.</span>: Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum
    Infections in German Horses. In: <i>Animals</i> Bd. 13. Basel, MDPI AG (2023),
    Nr. 12'
  havard: H. Gehlen, K. Inerle, A. Bartel, S.D. Stöckle, S. Ulrich, B. Briese, R.K.
    Straubinger, Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum
    Infections in German Horses, Animals. 13 (2023).
  ieee: 'H. Gehlen <i>et al.</i>, “Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato
    and Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infections in German Horses,” <i>Animals</i>, vol.
    13, no. 12, Art. no. 1984, 2023, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13121984">10.3390/ani13121984</a>.'
  mla: Gehlen, Heidrun, et al. “Seroprevalence of Borrelia Burgdorferi Sensu Lato
    and Anaplasma Phagocytophilum Infections in German Horses.” <i>Animals</i>, vol.
    13, no. 12, 1984, 2023, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13121984">https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13121984</a>.
  short: H. Gehlen, K. Inerle, A. Bartel, S.D. Stöckle, S. Ulrich, B. Briese, R.K.
    Straubinger, Animals 13 (2023).
  ufg: '<b>Gehlen, Heidrun u. a.</b>: Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu
    lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infections in German Horses, in: <i>Animals</i>
    13 (2023), H. 12.'
  van: Gehlen H, Inerle K, Bartel A, Stöckle SD, Ulrich S, Briese B, et al. Seroprevalence
    of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infections in
    German Horses. Animals. 2023;13(12).
date_created: 2025-06-15T09:35:35Z
date_updated: 2025-06-16T09:16:39Z
department:
- _id: DEP4010
doi: 10.3390/ani13121984
extern: '1'
intvolume: '        13'
issue: '12'
keyword:
- equine Lyme borreliosis
- equine granulocytic anaplasmosis
- seroprevalence
- co-infection
language:
- iso: eng
place: Basel
publication: Animals
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2076-2615
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum
  Infections in German Horses
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 13
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '12951'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Leptospirosis is a neglected worldwide zoonotic bacterial disease with a high
    prevalence in subtropical and tropical countries. The prevalence of Leptospira
    spp. in humans, cattle and dogs is unknown in Bhutan. Therefore, we sought to
    find out whether humans, cattle or dogs had been infected in the past with leptospires
    by measuring antibodies in the serum. We therefore collected blood from 864 humans
    ≥13 years of age, 130 bovines and 84 dogs from different rural and urban areas
    in Bhutan and tested the serum for antibodies specific for leptospires with a
    screening of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and a confirmatory microscopic
    agglutination test (MAT). In humans, 17.6% were seropositive by ELISA and 1.6%
    by MAT. The seropositivity was stronger in bovines (36.9%) and dogs (47.6%). “Having
    had a fever recently” (OR 5.2, p = 0.004), “working for the military” (OR 26.6,
    p = 0.028) and “being unemployed” (OR 12.9, p = 0.041) (reference category = housemaker)
    were statistically significantly associated with seropositivity when controlled
    for the effects of other risk factors. However, due to the small number of positive
    test results, the findings on risk factors should be interpreted with caution.
    Based on the serogroups found in the three species, dogs could be a source of
    infection for humans, or dogs and humans are exposed to the same environmental
    risk factors Clinical leptospirosis in humans and domestic animals should be investigated
    by testing blood and urine for the presence of leptospires by molecular methods
    (qPCR).
article_number: '308'
author:
- first_name: Anou
  full_name: Dreyfus, Anou
  last_name: Dreyfus
- first_name: Marie-Thérèse
  full_name: Ruf, Marie-Thérèse
  last_name: Ruf
- first_name: Anne
  full_name: Mayer-Scholl, Anne
  last_name: Mayer-Scholl
- first_name: Theresa
  full_name: Zitzl, Theresa
  last_name: Zitzl
- first_name: Nadine
  full_name: Loosli, Nadine
  last_name: Loosli
- first_name: Nadja Seyhan
  full_name: Bier, Nadja Seyhan
  last_name: Bier
- first_name: Stephanie
  full_name: Hiereth, Stephanie
  last_name: Hiereth
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Ulrich, Sebastian
  id: '85847'
  last_name: Ulrich
  orcid: 0000-0002-4511-9537
- first_name: Sven
  full_name: Poppert, Sven
  last_name: Poppert
- first_name: Reinhard K.
  full_name: Straubinger, Reinhard K.
  last_name: Straubinger
- first_name: John
  full_name: Stenos, John
  last_name: Stenos
- first_name: Tshokey
  full_name: Tshokey, Tshokey
  last_name: Tshokey
citation:
  ama: Dreyfus A, Ruf MT, Mayer-Scholl A, et al. Exposure to Leptospira spp. and Associated
    Risk Factors in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan. <i>Pathogens</i>.
    2021;10(3). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030308">10.3390/pathogens10030308</a>
  apa: Dreyfus, A., Ruf, M.-T., Mayer-Scholl, A., Zitzl, T., Loosli, N., Bier, N.
    S., Hiereth, S., Ulrich, S., Poppert, S., Straubinger, R. K., Stenos, J., &#38;
    Tshokey, T. (2021). Exposure to Leptospira spp. and Associated Risk Factors in
    the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan. <i>Pathogens</i>, <i>10</i>(3),
    Article 308. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030308">https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030308</a>
  bjps: <b>Dreyfus A <i>et al.</i></b> (2021) Exposure to Leptospira Spp. and Associated
    Risk Factors in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan. <i>Pathogens</i>
    <b>10</b>.
  chicago: Dreyfus, Anou, Marie-Thérèse Ruf, Anne Mayer-Scholl, Theresa Zitzl, Nadine
    Loosli, Nadja Seyhan Bier, Stephanie Hiereth, et al. “Exposure to Leptospira Spp.
    and Associated Risk Factors in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan.”
    <i>Pathogens</i> 10, no. 3 (2021). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030308">https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030308</a>.
  chicago-de: Dreyfus, Anou, Marie-Thérèse Ruf, Anne Mayer-Scholl, Theresa Zitzl,
    Nadine Loosli, Nadja Seyhan Bier, Stephanie Hiereth, u. a. 2021. Exposure to Leptospira
    spp. and Associated Risk Factors in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan.
    <i>Pathogens</i> 10, Nr. 3. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030308">10.3390/pathogens10030308</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Dreyfus,
    Anou</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ruf, Marie-Thérèse</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Mayer-Scholl, Anne</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Zitzl,
    Theresa</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Loosli, Nadine</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Bier, Nadja Seyhan</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hiereth,
    Stephanie</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ulrich, Sebastian</span>
    ; u. a.</span>: Exposure to Leptospira spp. and Associated Risk Factors in the
    Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan. In: <i>Pathogens</i> Bd. 10. Basel,
    MDPI (2021), Nr. 3'
  havard: A. Dreyfus, M.-T. Ruf, A. Mayer-Scholl, T. Zitzl, N. Loosli, N.S. Bier,
    S. Hiereth, S. Ulrich, S. Poppert, R.K. Straubinger, J. Stenos, T. Tshokey, Exposure
    to Leptospira spp. and Associated Risk Factors in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations
    in Bhutan, Pathogens. 10 (2021).
  ieee: 'A. Dreyfus <i>et al.</i>, “Exposure to Leptospira spp. and Associated Risk
    Factors in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan,” <i>Pathogens</i>,
    vol. 10, no. 3, Art. no. 308, 2021, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030308">10.3390/pathogens10030308</a>.'
  mla: Dreyfus, Anou, et al. “Exposure to Leptospira Spp. and Associated Risk Factors
    in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan.” <i>Pathogens</i>, vol. 10,
    no. 3, 308, 2021, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030308">https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030308</a>.
  short: A. Dreyfus, M.-T. Ruf, A. Mayer-Scholl, T. Zitzl, N. Loosli, N.S. Bier, S.
    Hiereth, S. Ulrich, S. Poppert, R.K. Straubinger, J. Stenos, T. Tshokey, Pathogens
    10 (2021).
  ufg: '<b>Dreyfus, Anou u. a.</b>: Exposure to Leptospira spp. and Associated Risk
    Factors in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan, in: <i>Pathogens</i>
    10 (2021), H. 3.'
  van: Dreyfus A, Ruf MT, Mayer-Scholl A, Zitzl T, Loosli N, Bier NS, et al. Exposure
    to Leptospira spp. and Associated Risk Factors in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations
    in Bhutan. Pathogens. 2021;10(3).
date_created: 2025-06-15T09:59:24Z
date_updated: 2025-06-16T12:10:19Z
department:
- _id: DEP4010
doi: 10.3390/pathogens10030308
extern: '1'
intvolume: '        10'
issue: '3'
keyword:
- leptospirosis
- microscopic agglutination test (MAT)
- seroprevalence
- cattle
- yak
- dog
- one health
- Bhutan
language:
- iso: eng
place: Basel
publication: Pathogens
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2076-0817
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Exposure to Leptospira spp. and Associated Risk Factors in the Human, Cattle
  and Dog Populations in Bhutan
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 10
year: '2021'
...