[{"isi":"1","publication_status":"published","department":[{"_id":"DEP4029"}],"issue":"12","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"During pig slaughter, contaminants such as intestinal and stomach contents, bile, tubular rail fat, and reddish foam from the respiratory tract frequently appear on carcasses, potentially compromising meat safety. This study examined the impact of these contaminants on the bacterial loads of pig carcasses, using total bacterial counts and Enterobacteriaceae counts as hygiene indicators. Examination of the substances as such showed that intestinal and stomach contents were particularly conspicuous to undermine the carcase hygiene due to total bacterial counts of similar to 6.0 log10 CFU g-1 (intestinal content) and 5.5 log10 CFU g-1 (stomach content). Tubular rail fat showed varying contamination levels, from low (3.1 log10 CFU g-1) to high (6.4 log10 CFU g-1). The reddish foam had moderate contamination (4.3 log10 CFU g-1). Enterobacteriaceae levels mirrored these results at a lower level. Subsequently, a comparative study analysing bacterial levels in contaminated and in noncontaminated pork rind regions was performed. Even small amounts of intestinal and stomach contents led to significant increases in total bacterial counts of up to 3 log10 CFU cm-(2) and in Enterobacteriaceae counts (up to 5 log10 CFU cm-(2)). Other contaminants did not significantly raise bacterial levels: their total viable counts around 3.5 log10 CFU cm-(2) were similar to those of uncontaminated carcass areas. Nevertheless, they should be removed before further processing."}],"publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","quality_controlled":"1","type":"scientific_journal_article","user_id":"83781","intvolume":"        77","place":"Oxford","_id":"12784","article_number":"ovae125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/lambio/ovae125","title":"Contribution of the main contaminating materials during pig slaughter to the microbial numbers on carcasses ","citation":{"van":"Tholen J, Upmann M. Contribution of the main contaminating materials during pig slaughter to the microbial numbers on carcasses . Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2024;77(12).","bjps":"<b>Tholen J and Upmann M</b> (2024) Contribution of the Main Contaminating Materials during Pig Slaughter to the Microbial Numbers on Carcasses . <i>Letters in Applied Microbiology</i> <b>77</b>.","havard":"J. Tholen, M. Upmann, Contribution of the main contaminating materials during pig slaughter to the microbial numbers on carcasses , Letters in Applied Microbiology. 77 (2024).","mla":"Tholen, Janna, and Matthias Upmann. “Contribution of the Main Contaminating Materials during Pig Slaughter to the Microbial Numbers on Carcasses .” <i>Letters in Applied Microbiology</i>, vol. 77, no. 12, ovae125, 2024, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/lambio/ovae125\">https://doi.org/10.1093/lambio/ovae125</a>.","ufg":"<b>Tholen, Janna/Upmann, Matthias</b>: Contribution of the main contaminating materials during pig slaughter to the microbial numbers on carcasses , in: <i>Letters in Applied Microbiology</i> 77 (2024), H. 12.","apa":"Tholen, J., &#38; Upmann, M. (2024). Contribution of the main contaminating materials during pig slaughter to the microbial numbers on carcasses . <i>Letters in Applied Microbiology</i>, <i>77</i>(12), Article ovae125. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/lambio/ovae125\">https://doi.org/10.1093/lambio/ovae125</a>","chicago":"Tholen, Janna, and Matthias Upmann. “Contribution of the Main Contaminating Materials during Pig Slaughter to the Microbial Numbers on Carcasses .” <i>Letters in Applied Microbiology</i> 77, no. 12 (2024). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/lambio/ovae125\">https://doi.org/10.1093/lambio/ovae125</a>.","short":"J. Tholen, M. Upmann, Letters in Applied Microbiology 77 (2024).","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Tholen, Janna</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Upmann, Matthias</span>: Contribution of the main contaminating materials during pig slaughter to the microbial numbers on carcasses . In: <i>Letters in Applied Microbiology</i> Bd. 77. Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell (2024), Nr. 12","chicago-de":"Tholen, Janna und Matthias Upmann. 2024. Contribution of the main contaminating materials during pig slaughter to the microbial numbers on carcasses . <i>Letters in Applied Microbiology</i> 77, Nr. 12. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/lambio/ovae125\">https://doi.org/10.1093/lambio/ovae125</a>, .","ama":"Tholen J, Upmann M. Contribution of the main contaminating materials during pig slaughter to the microbial numbers on carcasses . <i>Letters in Applied Microbiology</i>. 2024;77(12). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/lambio/ovae125\">https://doi.org/10.1093/lambio/ovae125</a>","ieee":"J. Tholen and M. Upmann, “Contribution of the main contaminating materials during pig slaughter to the microbial numbers on carcasses ,” <i>Letters in Applied Microbiology</i>, vol. 77, no. 12, Art. no. ovae125, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/lambio/ovae125\">https://doi.org/10.1093/lambio/ovae125</a>."},"volume":77,"author":[{"first_name":"Janna","full_name":"Tholen, Janna","id":"80924","last_name":"Tholen"},{"full_name":"Upmann, Matthias","first_name":"Matthias","id":"12666","last_name":"Upmann"}],"year":"2024","external_id":{"pmid":["39657079"],"isi":["001379203200001"]},"status":"public","pmid":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0266-8254"],"eissn":["1472-765X"]},"publication":"Letters in Applied Microbiology","date_created":"2025-04-14T13:21:45Z","date_updated":"2025-06-25T13:09:31Z","keyword":["bile","stomach content","intestinal content","tubular rail fat","carcass contamination","slaughter hygiene"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"place":"London [u.a.]","article_number":"109365","doi":"10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365","_id":"13012","user_id":"83781","intvolume":"       208","type":"scientific_journal_article","quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"Elsevier BV","department":[{"_id":"DEP4029"}],"issue":"2","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The aim of the study is to provide an up-to date overall evaluation of visual contamination occurring on the slaughter line in order to provide a basis for implementing contamination control measures and to the hygienic quality of the processes. For this purpose, 627 contaminated pig carcasses in an industrial slaughterhouse in north western Germany were examined in 2021 for its distribution of type, areal extent and localization of slaughter contamination. Prior to official meat inspection, two persons visually scanned dorsal and ventral surfaces of the eviscerated but not yet split pig carcasses from cranial to caudal and recorded types, areal extent and localization of the contamination. The main contamination type were intestinal contents, bile, stomach contents, tubular rail fat and “others”, which mostly consisted of a reddish foam from the respiratory tract. 103 out of 627 contaminated animals showed more than one contamination, which leads to a total number of 754 contaminations detected. Intestinal contents accounted for almost half of all contaminations and “others” for 30%. Forelimb, back and ham together counted for 70% of the contaminated regions. The affected area was smaller than that of a one euro coin (diameter about 23 mm) in 86% of the cases."}],"publication_status":"published","isi":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Abattoir","Slaughter hygiene","Evisceration","Pork production","Pig carcass contamination","Fecal contamination","Bile contamination","Meat inspection"],"date_updated":"2025-06-25T12:40:42Z","date_created":"2025-06-24T12:08:29Z","publication":"Meat Science","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1873-4138"],"issn":["0309-1740"]},"pmid":"1","status":"public","author":[{"last_name":"Tholen","first_name":"Janna","id":"80924","full_name":"Tholen, Janna"},{"first_name":"J.","full_name":"Grosse-Kleimann, J.","last_name":"Grosse-Kleimann"},{"full_name":"Schulze Althoff, G.","first_name":"G.","last_name":"Schulze Althoff"},{"last_name":"Kreienbrock","full_name":"Kreienbrock, L.","first_name":"L."},{"id":"12666","full_name":"Upmann, Matthias","last_name":"Upmann","first_name":"Matthias"}],"year":"2023","external_id":{"isi":["001111539700001"],"pmid":["37939509"]},"volume":208,"citation":{"apa":"Tholen, J., Grosse-Kleimann, J., Schulze Althoff, G., Kreienbrock, L., &#38; Upmann, M. (2023). Type, areal extent and localization of carcass contaminations during industrial pig slaughter. <i>Meat Science</i>, <i>208</i>(2), Article 109365. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365</a>","chicago":"Tholen, Janna, J. Grosse-Kleimann, G. Schulze Althoff, L. Kreienbrock, and Matthias Upmann. “Type, Areal Extent and Localization of Carcass Contaminations during Industrial Pig Slaughter.” <i>Meat Science</i> 208, no. 2 (2023). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365</a>.","van":"Tholen J, Grosse-Kleimann J, Schulze Althoff G, Kreienbrock L, Upmann M. Type, areal extent and localization of carcass contaminations during industrial pig slaughter. Meat Science. 2023;208(2).","mla":"Tholen, Janna, et al. “Type, Areal Extent and Localization of Carcass Contaminations during Industrial Pig Slaughter.” <i>Meat Science</i>, vol. 208, no. 2, 109365, 2023, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365</a>.","bjps":"<b>Tholen J <i>et al.</i></b> (2023) Type, Areal Extent and Localization of Carcass Contaminations during Industrial Pig Slaughter. <i>Meat Science</i> <b>208</b>.","havard":"J. Tholen, J. Grosse-Kleimann, G. Schulze Althoff, L. Kreienbrock, M. Upmann, Type, areal extent and localization of carcass contaminations during industrial pig slaughter, Meat Science. 208 (2023).","ufg":"<b>Tholen, Janna u. a.</b>: Type, areal extent and localization of carcass contaminations during industrial pig slaughter, in: <i>Meat Science</i> 208 (2023), H. 2.","short":"J. Tholen, J. Grosse-Kleimann, G. Schulze Althoff, L. Kreienbrock, M. Upmann, Meat Science 208 (2023).","chicago-de":"Tholen, Janna, J. Grosse-Kleimann, G. Schulze Althoff, L. Kreienbrock und Matthias Upmann. 2023. Type, areal extent and localization of carcass contaminations during industrial pig slaughter. <i>Meat Science</i> 208, Nr. 2. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365\">10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365</a>, .","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Tholen, Janna</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Grosse-Kleimann, J.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Schulze Althoff, G.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Kreienbrock, L.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Upmann, Matthias</span>: Type, areal extent and localization of carcass contaminations during industrial pig slaughter. In: <i>Meat Science</i> Bd. 208. London [u.a.], Elsevier BV (2023), Nr. 2","ieee":"J. Tholen, J. Grosse-Kleimann, G. Schulze Althoff, L. Kreienbrock, and M. Upmann, “Type, areal extent and localization of carcass contaminations during industrial pig slaughter,” <i>Meat Science</i>, vol. 208, no. 2, Art. no. 109365, 2023, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365\">10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365</a>.","ama":"Tholen J, Grosse-Kleimann J, Schulze Althoff G, Kreienbrock L, Upmann M. Type, areal extent and localization of carcass contaminations during industrial pig slaughter. <i>Meat Science</i>. 2023;208(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365\">10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365</a>"},"title":"Type, areal extent and localization of carcass contaminations during industrial pig slaughter"}]