---
_id: '12952'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Straw is the main by-product of grain production, used as bedding material
    and animal feed. If produced or stored under adverse hygienic conditions, straw
    is prone to the growth of filamentous fungi. Some of them, e.g. Aspergillus, Fusarium
    and Stachybotrys spp. are well-known mycotoxin producers. Since studies on mycotoxins
    in straw are scarce, 192 straw samples (wheat n = 80; barley n = 79; triticale
    n = 12; oat n = 11; rye n = 12) were collected across Germany within the German
    official feed surveillance and screened for the presence of 21 mycotoxins. The
    following mycotoxins (positive samples for at least one mycotoxin n = 184) were
    detected: zearalenone (n = 86, 6.0–785 μg/kg), nivalenol (n = 51, 30–2,600 μg/kg),
    deoxynivalenol (n = 156, 20–24,000 μg/kg), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (n = 34, 20–2,400
    μg/kg), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (n = 16, 40–340 μg/kg), scirpentriol (n = 14,
    40–680 μg/kg), T-2 toxin (n = 67, 10–250 μg/kg), HT-2 toxin (n = 92, 20–800 μg/kg),
    T-2 tetraol (n = 13, 70–480 μg/kg). 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol (30 μg/kg) and T-2
    triol (60 μg/kg) were only detected in one barley sample. Macrocyclic trichothecenes
    (satratoxin G, F, roridin E, and verrucarin J) were also found in only one barley
    sample (quantified as roridin A equivalent: total 183 μg/kg). The occurrence of
    stachybotrylactam was monitored for the first time in four samples (n = 4, 0.96–7.4
    μg/kg). Fusarenon-X, 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol, satratoxin H and roridin-L2
    were not detectable in the samples. The results indicate a non-negligible contribution
    of straw to oral and possibly inhalation exposure to mycotoxins of animals or
    humans handling contaminated straw.'
author:
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Ulrich, Sebastian
  id: '85847'
  last_name: Ulrich
  orcid: 0000-0002-4511-9537
- first_name: Christoph
  full_name: Gottschalk, Christoph
  last_name: Gottschalk
- first_name: Barbara
  full_name: Biermaier, Barbara
  last_name: Biermaier
- first_name: Eunike
  full_name: Bahlinger, Eunike
  last_name: Bahlinger
- first_name: Magdalena
  full_name: Twarużek, Magdalena
  last_name: Twarużek
- first_name: Sarah
  full_name: Asmussen, Sarah
  last_name: Asmussen
- first_name: Margit
  full_name: Schollenberger, Margit
  last_name: Schollenberger
- first_name: Hana
  full_name: Valenta, Hana
  last_name: Valenta
- first_name: Frank
  full_name: Ebel, Frank
  last_name: Ebel
- first_name: Sven
  full_name: Dänicke, Sven
  last_name: Dänicke
citation:
  ama: Ulrich S, Gottschalk C, Biermaier B, et al. Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes,
    zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw. <i>Archives of animal nutrition =
    Archiv für Tierernährung</i>. 2021;75(2):105-120. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075">10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075</a>
  apa: Ulrich, S., Gottschalk, C., Biermaier, B., Bahlinger, E., Twarużek, M., Asmussen,
    S., Schollenberger, M., Valenta, H., Ebel, F., &#38; Dänicke, S. (2021). Occurrence
    of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw.
    <i>Archives of Animal Nutrition = Archiv Für Tierernährung</i>, <i>75</i>(2),
    105–120. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075">https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075</a>
  bjps: <b>Ulrich S <i>et al.</i></b> (2021) Occurrence of Type A, B and D Trichothecenes,
    Zearalenone and Stachybotrylactam in Straw. <i>Archives of animal nutrition =
    Archiv für Tierernährung</i> <b>75</b>, 105–120.
  chicago: 'Ulrich, Sebastian, Christoph Gottschalk, Barbara Biermaier, Eunike Bahlinger,
    Magdalena Twarużek, Sarah Asmussen, Margit Schollenberger, Hana Valenta, Frank
    Ebel, and Sven Dänicke. “Occurrence of Type A, B and D Trichothecenes, Zearalenone
    and Stachybotrylactam in Straw.” <i>Archives of Animal Nutrition = Archiv Für
    Tierernährung</i> 75, no. 2 (2021): 105–20. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075">https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Ulrich, Sebastian, Christoph Gottschalk, Barbara Biermaier, Eunike
    Bahlinger, Magdalena Twarużek, Sarah Asmussen, Margit Schollenberger, Hana Valenta,
    Frank Ebel und Sven Dänicke. 2021. Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes,
    zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw. <i>Archives of animal nutrition =
    Archiv für Tierernährung</i> 75, Nr. 2: 105–120. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075">10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ulrich,
    Sebastian</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Gottschalk, Christoph</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Biermaier, Barbara</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Bahlinger,
    Eunike</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Twarużek, Magdalena</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Asmussen, Sarah</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Schollenberger,
    Margit</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Valenta, Hana</span> ;
    u. a.</span>: Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam
    in straw. In: <i>Archives of animal nutrition = Archiv für Tierernährung</i> Bd.
    75. Abingdon , Taylor &#38; Francis  (2021), Nr. 2, S. 105–120'
  havard: S. Ulrich, C. Gottschalk, B. Biermaier, E. Bahlinger, M. Twarużek, S. Asmussen,
    M. Schollenberger, H. Valenta, F. Ebel, S. Dänicke, Occurrence of type A, B and
    D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw, Archives of Animal
    Nutrition = Archiv Für Tierernährung. 75 (2021) 105–120.
  ieee: 'S. Ulrich <i>et al.</i>, “Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone
    and stachybotrylactam in straw,” <i>Archives of animal nutrition = Archiv für
    Tierernährung</i>, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 105–120, 2021, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075">10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075</a>.'
  mla: Ulrich, Sebastian, et al. “Occurrence of Type A, B and D Trichothecenes, Zearalenone
    and Stachybotrylactam in Straw.” <i>Archives of Animal Nutrition = Archiv Für
    Tierernährung</i>, vol. 75, no. 2, 2021, pp. 105–20, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075">https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075</a>.
  short: S. Ulrich, C. Gottschalk, B. Biermaier, E. Bahlinger, M. Twarużek, S. Asmussen,
    M. Schollenberger, H. Valenta, F. Ebel, S. Dänicke, Archives of Animal Nutrition
    = Archiv Für Tierernährung 75 (2021) 105–120.
  ufg: '<b>Ulrich, Sebastian u. a.</b>: Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes,
    zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw, in: <i>Archives of animal nutrition
    = Archiv für Tierernährung</i> 75 (2021), H. 2,  S. 105–120.'
  van: Ulrich S, Gottschalk C, Biermaier B, Bahlinger E, Twarużek M, Asmussen S, et
    al. Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam
    in straw. Archives of animal nutrition = Archiv für Tierernährung. 2021;75(2):105–20.
date_created: 2025-06-15T09:59:54Z
date_updated: 2025-06-16T12:25:24Z
department:
- _id: DEP4010
doi: 10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075
extern: '1'
intvolume: '        75'
issue: '2'
keyword:
- Fusarium
- mycotoxins
- stachybotrylactam
- stachybotrys
- straw
- trichothecenes
- zearalenone
language:
- iso: eng
page: 105-120
place: 'Abingdon '
publication: Archives of animal nutrition = Archiv für Tierernährung
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1477-2817
  issn:
  - 1745-039X
publication_status: published
publisher: 'Taylor & Francis '
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam
  in straw
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 75
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '12956'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum had been linked to severe health problems in humans
    and animals, which occur after exposure to the toxic secondary metabolites of
    this mold. S. chartarum had been isolated from different environmental sources,
    ranging from culinary herbs and improperly stored fodder to damp building materials.
    To access the pathogenic potential of isolates, it is essential to analyze them
    under defined conditions that allow for the production of their toxic metabolites.
    All Stachybotrys species are assumed to produce the immunosuppressive phenylspirodrimanes,
    but the highly cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes are exclusively generated
    by the genotype S of S. chartarum. In this study, we have analyzed four genotype
    S strains initially isolated from three different habitats. We grew them on five
    commonly used media (malt-extract-agar, glucose-yeast-peptone-agar, potato-dextrose-agar,
    cellulose-agar, Sabouraud-dextrose-agar) to identify conditions that promote mycotoxin
    production. Using LC-MS/MS, we have quantified stachybotrylactam and all S-type
    specific macrocyclic trichothecenes (satratoxin G, H, F, roridin E, L-2, verrucarin
    J). All five media supported a comparable fungal growth and sporulation at 25
    °C in the dark. The highest concentrations of macrocyclic trichothecenes were
    detected on potato-dextrose-agar or cellulose-agar. Malt-extract-agar let to an
    intermediate and glucose-yeast-peptone-agar and Sabouraud-dextrose-agar to a poor
    mycotoxin production. These data demonstrate that the mycotoxin production clearly
    depends on the composition of the respective medium. Our findings provide a starting
    point for further studies in order to identify individual components that either
    support or repress the production of mycotoxins in S. chartarum.
article_number: '159'
author:
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Ulrich, Sebastian
  id: '85847'
  last_name: Ulrich
  orcid: 0000-0002-4511-9537
- first_name: Cornelius
  full_name: Schäfer, Cornelius
  last_name: Schäfer
citation:
  ama: Ulrich S, Schäfer C. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S
    on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>. 2020;6(3). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159">10.3390/jof6030159</a>
  apa: Ulrich, S., &#38; Schäfer, C. (2020). Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum
    Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, <i>6</i>(3), Article
    159. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159</a>
  bjps: <b>Ulrich S and Schäfer C</b> (2020) Toxin Production by Stachybotrys Chartarum
    Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> <b>6</b>.
  chicago: Ulrich, Sebastian, and Cornelius Schäfer. “Toxin Production by Stachybotrys
    Chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6, no.
    3 (2020). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159</a>.
  chicago-de: Ulrich, Sebastian und Cornelius Schäfer. 2020. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys
    chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6, Nr.
    3. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159">10.3390/jof6030159</a>, .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ulrich, Sebastian</span> ;
    <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Schäfer, Cornelius</span>: Toxin Production
    by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. In: <i>Journal
    of Fungi</i> Bd. 6. Basel, MDPI  (2020), Nr. 3'
  havard: S. Ulrich, C. Schäfer, Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype
    S on Different Culture Media, Journal of Fungi. 6 (2020).
  ieee: 'S. Ulrich and C. Schäfer, “Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype
    S on Different Culture Media,” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 6, no. 3, Art. no.
    159, 2020, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159">10.3390/jof6030159</a>.'
  mla: Ulrich, Sebastian, and Cornelius Schäfer. “Toxin Production by Stachybotrys
    Chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol.
    6, no. 3, 159, 2020, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159</a>.
  short: S. Ulrich, C. Schäfer, Journal of Fungi 6 (2020).
  ufg: '<b>Ulrich, Sebastian/Schäfer, Cornelius</b>: Toxin Production by Stachybotrys
    chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media, in: <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6
    (2020), H. 3.'
  van: Ulrich S, Schäfer C. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S
    on Different Culture Media. Journal of Fungi. 2020;6(3).
date_created: 2025-06-15T10:01:42Z
date_updated: 2025-06-16T13:59:56Z
department:
- _id: DEP4010
doi: 10.3390/jof6030159
extern: '1'
intvolume: '         6'
issue: '3'
keyword:
- Stachybotrys
- genotype
- macrocyclic trichothecenes
- stachybotrylactam
language:
- iso: eng
place: Basel
publication: Journal of Fungi
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2309-608X
publication_status: published
publisher: 'MDPI '
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture
  Media
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 6
year: '2020'
...