[{"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1867-1632"],"issn":["0178-7888"]},"abstract":[{"text":"Atranones are secondary metabolites produced by Stachybotrys chartarum, a mold frequently found in water-damaged indoor environments. In contrast to the well-characterized and highly toxic macrocyclic trichothecenes, atranones have received relatively limited scientific attention. Approximately 60% of S. chartarum isolates from indoor environments produce atranones, while 40% form macrocyclic trichothecenes. No strain has been shown to produce both, indicating that the biosynthetic pathways for these two mycotoxin classes are mutually exclusive. Atranones are dolabellane-like diterpenoids synthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate through multiple enzymatic steps encoded by a specific core gene cluster. While the genetic structure of this cluster has been elucidated, its regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. Notably, although atranone-producing S. chartarum strains have been isolated from indoor settings, no study has yet confirmed the actual production of atranones in indoor environments, leaving the question of real-world exposure unresolved. Experimental studies in cell cultures and animal models indicate that atranones possess pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties, including the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Atranone Q has demonstrated antitumor activity against osteosarcoma cells in vitro, and more recently identified derivatives such as stachatranone and stachybatranone have shown preliminary cardioprotective effects under ischemic conditions. However, these pharmacological effects remain exploratory and require further validation in in vivo models. Major knowledge gaps concern the environmental triggers for atranone biosynthesis, their regulation, actual presence in built environments, and potential health risks. These areas represent key priorities for future research. ","lang":"eng"}],"publisher":"Springer","_id":"13233","type":"scientific_journal_article","date_updated":"2025-10-06T12:11:00Z","publication":"Mycotoxin Research","year":"2025","status":"public","department":[{"_id":"DEP4010"}],"user_id":"83781","place":"Berlin ; Heidelberg","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_created":"2025-10-01T09:20:35Z","author":[{"last_name":"Dabisch-Ruthe","first_name":"Mareike","id":"66516","full_name":"Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7644-0826"},{"first_name":"Jens","orcid":"0009-0005-4133-5442","id":"45690","full_name":"Pfannebecker, Jens","last_name":"Pfannebecker"},{"full_name":"Straubinger, Reinhard K.","first_name":"Reinhard K.","last_name":"Straubinger"},{"full_name":"Ebel, Frank","first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Ebel"},{"first_name":"Sebastian","id":"85847","full_name":"Ulrich, Sebastian","orcid":"0000-0002-4511-9537","last_name":"Ulrich"}],"title":"Atranone-an underestimated secondary metabolite?","keyword":["Atranone","Secondary metabolite","Stachybotrys","Stachatranone","Stachybatranone"],"publication_status":"published","doi":"10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x","citation":{"bjps":"<b>Dabisch-Ruthe M <i>et al.</i></b> (2025) Atranone-an Underestimated Secondary Metabolite? <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>.","chicago":"Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike, Jens Pfannebecker, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Frank Ebel, and Sebastian Ulrich. “Atranone-an Underestimated Secondary Metabolite?” <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x</a>.","chicago-de":"Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike, Jens Pfannebecker, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Frank Ebel und Sebastian Ulrich. 2025. Atranone-an underestimated secondary metabolite? <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x\">10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x</a>, .","van":"Dabisch-Ruthe M, Pfannebecker J, Straubinger RK, Ebel F, Ulrich S. Atranone-an underestimated secondary metabolite? Mycotoxin Research. 2025;","havard":"M. Dabisch-Ruthe, J. Pfannebecker, R.K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, S. Ulrich, Atranone-an underestimated secondary metabolite?, Mycotoxin Research. (2025).","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Pfannebecker, Jens</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Straubinger, Reinhard K.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ebel, Frank</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ulrich, Sebastian</span>: Atranone-an underestimated secondary metabolite? In: <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>. Berlin ; Heidelberg, Springer (2025)","apa":"Dabisch-Ruthe, M., Pfannebecker, J., Straubinger, R. K., Ebel, F., &#38; Ulrich, S. (2025). Atranone-an underestimated secondary metabolite? <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x</a>","ieee":"M. Dabisch-Ruthe, J. Pfannebecker, R. K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, and S. Ulrich, “Atranone-an underestimated secondary metabolite?,” <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x\">10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x</a>.","ama":"Dabisch-Ruthe M, Pfannebecker J, Straubinger RK, Ebel F, Ulrich S. Atranone-an underestimated secondary metabolite? <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>. Published online 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x\">10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x</a>","short":"M. Dabisch-Ruthe, J. Pfannebecker, R.K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, S. Ulrich, Mycotoxin Research (2025).","ufg":"<b>Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike u. a.</b>: Atranone-an underestimated secondary metabolite?, in: <i>Mycotoxin Research</i> (2025).","mla":"Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike, et al. “Atranone-an Underestimated Secondary Metabolite?” <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>, 2025, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x</a>."}},{"title":"Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum","citation":{"chicago":"Tribelhorn, Katharina, Magdalena Twarużek, Ewelina Soszczyńska, Jörg Rau, Christiane Baschien, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Frank Ebel, and Sebastian Ulrich. “Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys Chartarum.” <i>Toxins</i> 14, no. 8 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515\">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515</a>.","ama":"Tribelhorn K, Twarużek M, Soszczyńska E, et al. Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Toxins</i>. 2022;14(8). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515\">10.3390/toxins14080515</a>","chicago-de":"Tribelhorn, Katharina, Magdalena Twarużek, Ewelina Soszczyńska, Jörg Rau, Christiane Baschien, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Frank Ebel und Sebastian Ulrich. 2022. Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Toxins</i> 14, Nr. 8. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515\">10.3390/toxins14080515</a>, .","bjps":"<b>Tribelhorn K <i>et al.</i></b> (2022) Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys Chartarum. <i>Toxins</i> <b>14</b>.","apa":"Tribelhorn, K., Twarużek, M., Soszczyńska, E., Rau, J., Baschien, C., Straubinger, R. K., Ebel, F., &#38; Ulrich, S. (2022). Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Toxins</i>, <i>14</i>(8), Article 515. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515\">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515</a>","ieee":"K. Tribelhorn <i>et al.</i>, “Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum,” <i>Toxins</i>, vol. 14, no. 8, Art. no. 515, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515\">10.3390/toxins14080515</a>.","mla":"Tribelhorn, Katharina, et al. “Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys Chartarum.” <i>Toxins</i>, vol. 14, no. 8, 515, 2022, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515\">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515</a>.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Tribelhorn, Katharina</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Twarużek, Magdalena</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Soszczyńska, Ewelina</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Rau, Jörg</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Baschien, Christiane</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Straubinger, Reinhard K.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ebel, Frank</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ulrich, Sebastian</span>: Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum. In: <i>Toxins</i> Bd. 14, MDPI (2022), Nr. 8","short":"K. Tribelhorn, M. Twarużek, E. Soszczyńska, J. Rau, C. Baschien, R.K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, S. Ulrich, Toxins 14 (2022).","van":"Tribelhorn K, Twarużek M, Soszczyńska E, Rau J, Baschien C, Straubinger RK, et al. Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum. Toxins. 2022;14(8).","havard":"K. Tribelhorn, M. Twarużek, E. Soszczyńska, J. Rau, C. Baschien, R.K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, S. Ulrich, Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum, Toxins. 14 (2022).","ufg":"<b>Tribelhorn, Katharina u. a.</b>: Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum, in: <i>Toxins</i> 14 (2022), H. 8."},"doi":"10.3390/toxins14080515","issue":"8","user_id":"83781","status":"public","intvolume":"        14","department":[{"_id":"DEP4010"}],"_id":"12945","type":"scientific_journal_article","article_number":"515","publication_status":"published","keyword":["Stachybotrys chartarum genotype S","sporulation","satratoxins","macrocyclic trichothecenes","inter-colony communication"],"volume":14,"date_created":"2025-06-15T09:56:06Z","author":[{"last_name":"Tribelhorn","full_name":"Tribelhorn, Katharina","first_name":"Katharina"},{"full_name":"Twarużek, Magdalena","first_name":"Magdalena","last_name":"Twarużek"},{"last_name":"Soszczyńska","first_name":"Ewelina","full_name":"Soszczyńska, Ewelina"},{"full_name":"Rau, Jörg","first_name":"Jörg","last_name":"Rau"},{"full_name":"Baschien, Christiane","first_name":"Christiane","last_name":"Baschien"},{"first_name":"Reinhard K.","full_name":"Straubinger, Reinhard K.","last_name":"Straubinger"},{"first_name":"Frank","full_name":"Ebel, Frank","last_name":"Ebel"},{"first_name":"Sebastian","id":"85847","full_name":"Ulrich, Sebastian","orcid":"0000-0002-4511-9537","last_name":"Ulrich"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"2022","quality_controlled":"1","publication":"Toxins","date_updated":"2025-06-16T11:52:01Z","publisher":"MDPI","abstract":[{"text":"Stachybotrys chartarum is a toxigenic fungus that is frequently isolated from damp building materials or improperly stored forage. Macrocyclic trichothecenes and in particular satratoxins are the most potent mycotoxins known to be produced by this fungus. Exposure of humans or animals to these secondary metabolites can be associated with severe health problems. To assess the pathogenic potential of S. chartarum isolates, it is essential to cultivate them under conditions that reliably promote toxin production. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was reported to be the optimal nutrition medium for satratoxin production. In this study, the growth of S. chartarum genotype S strains on PDA from two manufacturers led to divergent results, namely, well-grown and sporulating cultures with high satratoxin concentrations (20.8 ± 0.4 µg/cm2) versus cultures with sparse sporulation and low satratoxin production (0.3 ± 0.1 µg/cm2). This finding is important for any attempt to identify toxigenic S. chartarum isolates. Further experiments performed with the two media provided strong evidence for a link between satratoxin production and sporulation. A comparison of three-point and one-point cultures grown on the two types of PDA, furthermore, demonstrated an inter-colony communication that influences both sporulation and mycotoxin production of S. chartarum genotype S strains.","lang":"eng"}],"extern":"1","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2072-6651"]}},{"date_updated":"2025-06-16T11:59:52Z","publication":"Journal of Fungi","publisher":"MDPI AG","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Stachybotrys chartarum is frequently isolated from damp building materials or improperly stored animal forage. Human and animal exposure to the secondary metabolites of this mold is linked to severe health effects. The mutually exclusive production of either satratoxins or atranones defines the chemotypes A and S. Based upon the genes (satratoxin cluster, SC1-3, sat or atranone cluster, AC1, atr) that are supposed to be essential for satratoxin and atranone production, S. chartarum can furthermore be divided into three genotypes: the S-type possessing all sat- but no atr-genes, the A-type lacking the sat- but harboring all atr-genes, and the H-type having only certain sat- and all atr-genes. We analyzed the above-mentioned gene clusters and their flanking regions to shed light on the evolutionary relationship. Furthermore, we performed a deep re-sequencing and LC-MS/MS (Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry) analysis. We propose a first model for the evolution of the S. chartarum genotypes. We assume that genotype H represents the most ancient form. A loss of the AC1 and the concomitant acquisition of the SC2 led to the emergence of the genotype S. According to our model, the genotype H also developed towards genotype A, a process that was accompanied by a loss of SC1 and SC3."}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2309-608X"]},"extern":"1","volume":8,"keyword":["Stachybotrys","genome","macrocyclic trichothecene","atranone"],"publication_status":"published","date_created":"2025-06-15T09:57:20Z","author":[{"first_name":"Sebastian","orcid":"0000-0002-4511-9537","id":"85847","full_name":"Ulrich, Sebastian","last_name":"Ulrich"},{"last_name":"Lang","first_name":"Katharina","full_name":"Lang, Katharina"},{"full_name":"Niessen, Ludwig","first_name":"Ludwig","last_name":"Niessen"},{"first_name":"Christiane","full_name":"Baschien, Christiane","last_name":"Baschien"},{"full_name":"Kosicki, Robert","first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Kosicki"},{"full_name":"Twarużek, Magdalena","first_name":"Magdalena","last_name":"Twarużek"},{"first_name":"Reinhard K.","full_name":"Straubinger, Reinhard K.","last_name":"Straubinger"},{"last_name":"Ebel","first_name":"Frank","full_name":"Ebel, Frank"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"2022","quality_controlled":"1","_id":"12947","type":"scientific_journal_article","article_number":"340","citation":{"mla":"Ulrich, Sebastian, et al. “The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys Chartarum.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 8, no. 4, 340, 2022, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340\">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340</a>.","ufg":"<b>Ulrich, Sebastian u. a.</b>: The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum, in: <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 8 (2022), H. 4.","short":"S. Ulrich, K. Lang, L. Niessen, C. Baschien, R. Kosicki, M. Twarużek, R.K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, Journal of Fungi 8 (2022).","ama":"Ulrich S, Lang K, Niessen L, et al. The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>. 2022;8(4). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340\">10.3390/jof8040340</a>","apa":"Ulrich, S., Lang, K., Niessen, L., Baschien, C., Kosicki, R., Twarużek, M., Straubinger, R. K., &#38; Ebel, F. (2022). The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, <i>8</i>(4), Article 340. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340\">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340</a>","ieee":"S. Ulrich <i>et al.</i>, “The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum,” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 8, no. 4, Art. no. 340, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340\">10.3390/jof8040340</a>.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ulrich, Sebastian</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Lang, Katharina</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Niessen, Ludwig</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Baschien, Christiane</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Kosicki, Robert</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Twarużek, Magdalena</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Straubinger, Reinhard K.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ebel, Frank</span>: The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum. In: <i>Journal of Fungi</i> Bd. 8, MDPI AG (2022), Nr. 4","van":"Ulrich S, Lang K, Niessen L, Baschien C, Kosicki R, Twarużek M, et al. The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum. Journal of Fungi. 2022;8(4).","havard":"S. Ulrich, K. Lang, L. Niessen, C. Baschien, R. Kosicki, M. Twarużek, R.K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum, Journal of Fungi. 8 (2022).","chicago":"Ulrich, Sebastian, Katharina Lang, Ludwig Niessen, Christiane Baschien, Robert Kosicki, Magdalena Twarużek, Reinhard K. Straubinger, and Frank Ebel. “The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys Chartarum.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 8, no. 4 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340\">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340</a>.","chicago-de":"Ulrich, Sebastian, Katharina Lang, Ludwig Niessen, Christiane Baschien, Robert Kosicki, Magdalena Twarużek, Reinhard K. Straubinger und Frank Ebel. 2022. The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 8, Nr. 4. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340\">10.3390/jof8040340</a>, .","bjps":"<b>Ulrich S <i>et al.</i></b> (2022) The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys Chartarum. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> <b>8</b>."},"doi":"10.3390/jof8040340","title":"The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum","issue":"4","user_id":"83781","intvolume":"         8","department":[{"_id":"DEP4010"}],"status":"public"},{"_id":"12952","type":"scientific_journal_article","status":"public","page":"105-120","intvolume":"        75","department":[{"_id":"DEP4010"}],"user_id":"83781","place":"Abingdon ","issue":"2","title":"Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw","doi":"10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075","citation":{"ama":"Ulrich S, Gottschalk C, Biermaier B, et al. Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw. <i>Archives of animal nutrition = Archiv für Tierernährung</i>. 2021;75(2):105-120. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075\">10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075</a>","chicago-de":"Ulrich, Sebastian, Christoph Gottschalk, Barbara Biermaier, Eunike Bahlinger, Magdalena Twarużek, Sarah Asmussen, Margit Schollenberger, Hana Valenta, Frank Ebel und Sven Dänicke. 2021. Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw. <i>Archives of animal nutrition = Archiv für Tierernährung</i> 75, Nr. 2: 105–120. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075\">10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075</a>, .","chicago":"Ulrich, Sebastian, Christoph Gottschalk, Barbara Biermaier, Eunike Bahlinger, Magdalena Twarużek, Sarah Asmussen, Margit Schollenberger, Hana Valenta, Frank Ebel, and Sven Dänicke. “Occurrence of Type A, B and D Trichothecenes, Zearalenone and Stachybotrylactam in Straw.” <i>Archives of Animal Nutrition = Archiv Für Tierernährung</i> 75, no. 2 (2021): 105–20. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075\">https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075</a>.","ieee":"S. Ulrich <i>et al.</i>, “Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw,” <i>Archives of animal nutrition = Archiv für Tierernährung</i>, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 105–120, 2021, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075\">10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075</a>.","bjps":"<b>Ulrich S <i>et al.</i></b> (2021) Occurrence of Type A, B and D Trichothecenes, Zearalenone and Stachybotrylactam in Straw. <i>Archives of animal nutrition = Archiv für Tierernährung</i> <b>75</b>, 105–120.","apa":"Ulrich, S., Gottschalk, C., Biermaier, B., Bahlinger, E., Twarużek, M., Asmussen, S., Schollenberger, M., Valenta, H., Ebel, F., &#38; Dänicke, S. (2021). Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw. <i>Archives of Animal Nutrition = Archiv Für Tierernährung</i>, <i>75</i>(2), 105–120. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075\">https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075</a>","mla":"Ulrich, Sebastian, et al. “Occurrence of Type A, B and D Trichothecenes, Zearalenone and Stachybotrylactam in Straw.” <i>Archives of Animal Nutrition = Archiv Für Tierernährung</i>, vol. 75, no. 2, 2021, pp. 105–20, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075\">https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075</a>.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\"><span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ulrich, Sebastian</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Gottschalk, Christoph</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Biermaier, Barbara</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Bahlinger, Eunike</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Twarużek, Magdalena</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Asmussen, Sarah</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Schollenberger, Margit</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Valenta, Hana</span> ; u. a.</span>: Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw. In: <i>Archives of animal nutrition = Archiv für Tierernährung</i> Bd. 75. Abingdon , Taylor &#38; Francis  (2021), Nr. 2, S. 105–120","havard":"S. Ulrich, C. Gottschalk, B. Biermaier, E. Bahlinger, M. Twarużek, S. Asmussen, M. Schollenberger, H. Valenta, F. Ebel, S. Dänicke, Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw, Archives of Animal Nutrition = Archiv Für Tierernährung. 75 (2021) 105–120.","van":"Ulrich S, Gottschalk C, Biermaier B, Bahlinger E, Twarużek M, Asmussen S, et al. Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw. Archives of animal nutrition = Archiv für Tierernährung. 2021;75(2):105–20.","short":"S. Ulrich, C. Gottschalk, B. Biermaier, E. Bahlinger, M. Twarużek, S. Asmussen, M. Schollenberger, H. Valenta, F. Ebel, S. Dänicke, Archives of Animal Nutrition = Archiv Für Tierernährung 75 (2021) 105–120.","ufg":"<b>Ulrich, Sebastian u. a.</b>: Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw, in: <i>Archives of animal nutrition = Archiv für Tierernährung</i> 75 (2021), H. 2,  S. 105–120."},"extern":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1745-039X"],"eissn":["1477-2817"]},"abstract":[{"text":"Straw is the main by-product of grain production, used as bedding material and animal feed. If produced or stored under adverse hygienic conditions, straw is prone to the growth of filamentous fungi. Some of them, e.g. Aspergillus, Fusarium and Stachybotrys spp. are well-known mycotoxin producers. Since studies on mycotoxins in straw are scarce, 192 straw samples (wheat n = 80; barley n = 79; triticale n = 12; oat n = 11; rye n = 12) were collected across Germany within the German official feed surveillance and screened for the presence of 21 mycotoxins. The following mycotoxins (positive samples for at least one mycotoxin n = 184) were detected: zearalenone (n = 86, 6.0–785 μg/kg), nivalenol (n = 51, 30–2,600 μg/kg), deoxynivalenol (n = 156, 20–24,000 μg/kg), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (n = 34, 20–2,400 μg/kg), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (n = 16, 40–340 μg/kg), scirpentriol (n = 14, 40–680 μg/kg), T-2 toxin (n = 67, 10–250 μg/kg), HT-2 toxin (n = 92, 20–800 μg/kg), T-2 tetraol (n = 13, 70–480 μg/kg). 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol (30 μg/kg) and T-2 triol (60 μg/kg) were only detected in one barley sample. Macrocyclic trichothecenes (satratoxin G, F, roridin E, and verrucarin J) were also found in only one barley sample (quantified as roridin A equivalent: total 183 μg/kg). The occurrence of stachybotrylactam was monitored for the first time in four samples (n = 4, 0.96–7.4 μg/kg). Fusarenon-X, 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol, satratoxin H and roridin-L2 were not detectable in the samples. The results indicate a non-negligible contribution of straw to oral and possibly inhalation exposure to mycotoxins of animals or humans handling contaminated straw.","lang":"eng"}],"publisher":"Taylor & Francis ","publication":"Archives of animal nutrition = Archiv für Tierernährung","date_updated":"2025-06-16T12:25:24Z","year":"2021","quality_controlled":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_created":"2025-06-15T09:59:54Z","author":[{"first_name":"Sebastian","id":"85847","full_name":"Ulrich, Sebastian","orcid":"0000-0002-4511-9537","last_name":"Ulrich"},{"full_name":"Gottschalk, Christoph","first_name":"Christoph","last_name":"Gottschalk"},{"last_name":"Biermaier","full_name":"Biermaier, Barbara","first_name":"Barbara"},{"first_name":"Eunike","full_name":"Bahlinger, Eunike","last_name":"Bahlinger"},{"first_name":"Magdalena","full_name":"Twarużek, Magdalena","last_name":"Twarużek"},{"last_name":"Asmussen","first_name":"Sarah","full_name":"Asmussen, Sarah"},{"full_name":"Schollenberger, Margit","first_name":"Margit","last_name":"Schollenberger"},{"first_name":"Hana","full_name":"Valenta, Hana","last_name":"Valenta"},{"last_name":"Ebel","full_name":"Ebel, Frank","first_name":"Frank"},{"last_name":"Dänicke","full_name":"Dänicke, Sven","first_name":"Sven"}],"keyword":["Fusarium","mycotoxins","stachybotrylactam","stachybotrys","straw","trichothecenes","zearalenone"],"publication_status":"published","volume":75},{"issue":"3","citation":{"ama":"Ulrich S, Schäfer C. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>. 2020;6(3). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">10.3390/jof6030159</a>","ieee":"S. Ulrich and C. Schäfer, “Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media,” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 6, no. 3, Art. no. 159, 2020, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">10.3390/jof6030159</a>.","apa":"Ulrich, S., &#38; Schäfer, C. (2020). Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, <i>6</i>(3), Article 159. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159</a>","mla":"Ulrich, Sebastian, and Cornelius Schäfer. “Toxin Production by Stachybotrys Chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 6, no. 3, 159, 2020, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159</a>.","ufg":"<b>Ulrich, Sebastian/Schäfer, Cornelius</b>: Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media, in: <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6 (2020), H. 3.","short":"S. Ulrich, C. Schäfer, Journal of Fungi 6 (2020).","chicago-de":"Ulrich, Sebastian und Cornelius Schäfer. 2020. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6, Nr. 3. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">10.3390/jof6030159</a>, .","chicago":"Ulrich, Sebastian, and Cornelius Schäfer. “Toxin Production by Stachybotrys Chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6, no. 3 (2020). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159</a>.","bjps":"<b>Ulrich S and Schäfer C</b> (2020) Toxin Production by Stachybotrys Chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> <b>6</b>.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ulrich, Sebastian</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Schäfer, Cornelius</span>: Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. In: <i>Journal of Fungi</i> Bd. 6. Basel, MDPI  (2020), Nr. 3","havard":"S. Ulrich, C. Schäfer, Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media, Journal of Fungi. 6 (2020).","van":"Ulrich S, Schäfer C. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. Journal of Fungi. 2020;6(3)."},"doi":"10.3390/jof6030159","title":"Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media","intvolume":"         6","department":[{"_id":"DEP4010"}],"status":"public","place":"Basel","user_id":"83781","_id":"12956","type":"scientific_journal_article","article_number":"159","author":[{"first_name":"Sebastian","id":"85847","full_name":"Ulrich, Sebastian","orcid":"0000-0002-4511-9537","last_name":"Ulrich"},{"first_name":"Cornelius","full_name":"Schäfer, Cornelius","last_name":"Schäfer"}],"date_created":"2025-06-15T10:01:42Z","volume":6,"publication_status":"published","keyword":["Stachybotrys","genotype","macrocyclic trichothecenes","stachybotrylactam"],"year":"2020","quality_controlled":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"MDPI ","publication":"Journal of Fungi","date_updated":"2025-06-16T13:59:56Z","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2309-608X"]},"extern":"1","abstract":[{"text":"Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum had been linked to severe health problems in humans and animals, which occur after exposure to the toxic secondary metabolites of this mold. S. chartarum had been isolated from different environmental sources, ranging from culinary herbs and improperly stored fodder to damp building materials. To access the pathogenic potential of isolates, it is essential to analyze them under defined conditions that allow for the production of their toxic metabolites. All Stachybotrys species are assumed to produce the immunosuppressive phenylspirodrimanes, but the highly cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes are exclusively generated by the genotype S of S. chartarum. In this study, we have analyzed four genotype S strains initially isolated from three different habitats. We grew them on five commonly used media (malt-extract-agar, glucose-yeast-peptone-agar, potato-dextrose-agar, cellulose-agar, Sabouraud-dextrose-agar) to identify conditions that promote mycotoxin production. Using LC-MS/MS, we have quantified stachybotrylactam and all S-type specific macrocyclic trichothecenes (satratoxin G, H, F, roridin E, L-2, verrucarin J). All five media supported a comparable fungal growth and sporulation at 25 °C in the dark. The highest concentrations of macrocyclic trichothecenes were detected on potato-dextrose-agar or cellulose-agar. Malt-extract-agar let to an intermediate and glucose-yeast-peptone-agar and Sabouraud-dextrose-agar to a poor mycotoxin production. These data demonstrate that the mycotoxin production clearly depends on the composition of the respective medium. Our findings provide a starting point for further studies in order to identify individual components that either support or repress the production of mycotoxins in S. chartarum.","lang":"eng"}]},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"2019","quality_controlled":"1","volume":11,"keyword":["Stachybotrys spp.","metabolite profiles","LC-MS/MS","satratoxins","phenylspirodrimanes","stachybotrychromenes","biosynthetic production"],"publication_status":"published","author":[{"first_name":"Annika","full_name":"Jagels, Annika","last_name":"Jagels"},{"last_name":"Lindemann","full_name":"Lindemann, Viktoria","first_name":"Viktoria"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-4511-9537","full_name":"Ulrich, Sebastian","id":"85847","first_name":"Sebastian","last_name":"Ulrich"},{"last_name":"Gottschalk","first_name":"Christoph","full_name":"Gottschalk, Christoph"},{"full_name":"Cramer, Benedikt","first_name":"Benedikt","last_name":"Cramer"},{"last_name":"Hübner","first_name":"Florian","full_name":"Hübner, Florian"},{"first_name":"Manfred","full_name":"Gareis, Manfred","last_name":"Gareis"},{"full_name":"Humpf, Hans-Ulrich","first_name":"Hans-Ulrich","last_name":"Humpf"}],"date_created":"2025-06-15T10:23:36Z","abstract":[{"text":"The genus Stachybotrys produces a broad diversity of secondary metabolites, including macrocyclic trichothecenes, atranones, and phenylspirodrimanes. Although the class of the phenylspirodrimanes is the major one and consists of a multitude of metabolites bearing various structural modifications, few investigations have been carried out. Thus, the presented study deals with the quantitative determination of several secondary metabolites produced by distinct Stachybotrys species for comparison of their metabolite profiles. For that purpose, 15 of the primarily produced secondary metabolites were isolated from fungal cultures and structurally characterized in order to be used as analytical standards for the development of an LC-MS/MS multimethod. The developed method was applied to the analysis of micro-scale extracts from 5 different Stachybotrys strains, which were cultured on different media. In that process, spontaneous dialdehyde/lactone isomerization was observed for some of the isolated secondary metabolites, and novel stachybotrychromenes were quantitatively investigated for the first time. The metabolite profiles of Stachybotrys species are considerably influenced by time of growth and substrate availability, as well as the individual biosynthetic potential of the respective species. Regarding the reported adverse effects associated with Stachybotrys growth in building environments, combinatory effects of the investigated secondary metabolites should be addressed and the role of the phenylspirodrimanes re-evaluated in future research.","lang":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2072-6651"]},"extern":"1","publication":"Toxins","date_updated":"2025-06-17T14:12:55Z","publisher":"MDPI","place":"Basel","user_id":"83781","intvolume":"        11","department":[{"_id":"DEP4010"}],"status":"public","citation":{"ufg":"<b>Jagels, Annika u. a.</b>: Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS, in: <i>Toxins</i> 11 (2019), H. 3.","havard":"A. Jagels, V. Lindemann, S. Ulrich, C. Gottschalk, B. Cramer, F. Hübner, M. Gareis, H.-U. Humpf, Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS, Toxins. 11 (2019).","short":"A. Jagels, V. Lindemann, S. Ulrich, C. Gottschalk, B. Cramer, F. Hübner, M. Gareis, H.-U. Humpf, Toxins 11 (2019).","van":"Jagels A, Lindemann V, Ulrich S, Gottschalk C, Cramer B, Hübner F, et al. Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS. Toxins. 2019;11(3).","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Jagels, Annika</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Lindemann, Viktoria</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ulrich, Sebastian</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Gottschalk, Christoph</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Cramer, Benedikt</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Hübner, Florian</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Gareis, Manfred</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Humpf, Hans-Ulrich</span>: Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS. In: <i>Toxins</i> Bd. 11. Basel, MDPI (2019), Nr. 3","mla":"Jagels, Annika, et al. “Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys Spp. by LC-MS/MS.” <i>Toxins</i>, vol. 11, no. 3, 133, 2019, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030133\">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030133</a>.","ieee":"A. Jagels <i>et al.</i>, “Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS,” <i>Toxins</i>, vol. 11, no. 3, Art. no. 133, 2019, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030133\">10.3390/toxins11030133</a>.","apa":"Jagels, A., Lindemann, V., Ulrich, S., Gottschalk, C., Cramer, B., Hübner, F., Gareis, M., &#38; Humpf, H.-U. (2019). Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS. <i>Toxins</i>, <i>11</i>(3), Article 133. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030133\">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030133</a>","bjps":"<b>Jagels A <i>et al.</i></b> (2019) Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys Spp. by LC-MS/MS. <i>Toxins</i> <b>11</b>.","chicago-de":"Jagels, Annika, Viktoria Lindemann, Sebastian Ulrich, Christoph Gottschalk, Benedikt Cramer, Florian Hübner, Manfred Gareis und Hans-Ulrich Humpf. 2019. Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS. <i>Toxins</i> 11, Nr. 3. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030133\">10.3390/toxins11030133</a>, .","ama":"Jagels A, Lindemann V, Ulrich S, et al. Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS. <i>Toxins</i>. 2019;11(3). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030133\">10.3390/toxins11030133</a>","chicago":"Jagels, Annika, Viktoria Lindemann, Sebastian Ulrich, Christoph Gottschalk, Benedikt Cramer, Florian Hübner, Manfred Gareis, and Hans-Ulrich Humpf. “Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys Spp. by LC-MS/MS.” <i>Toxins</i> 11, no. 3 (2019). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030133\">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030133</a>."},"doi":"10.3390/toxins11030133","title":"Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS","issue":"3","article_number":"133","_id":"12971","type":"scientific_journal_article"},{"_id":"12977","type":"scientific_journal_article","issue":"27","citation":{"ama":"Ulrich S, Biermaier B, Bader O, et al. Identification of Stachybotrys spp. by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. <i>  Analytical &#38; bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius’ journal of analytical chemistry, Analusis and Quimica analitica</i>. 2016;408(27):7565-7581. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9800-9\">10.1007/s00216-016-9800-9</a>","apa":"Ulrich, S., Biermaier, B., Bader, O., Wolf, G., Straubinger, R. K., Didier, A., Sperner, B., Schwaiger, K., Gareis, M., &#38; Gottschalk, C. (2016). Identification of Stachybotrys spp. by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. <i>  Analytical &#38; Bioanalytical Chemistry : A Merger of Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Analusis and Quimica Analitica</i>, <i>408</i>(27), 7565–7581. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9800-9\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9800-9</a>","ieee":"S. Ulrich <i>et al.</i>, “Identification of Stachybotrys spp. by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry,” <i>  Analytical &#38; bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius’ journal of analytical chemistry, Analusis and Quimica analitica</i>, vol. 408, no. 27, pp. 7565–7581, 2016, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9800-9\">10.1007/s00216-016-9800-9</a>.","mla":"Ulrich, Sebastian, et al. “Identification of Stachybotrys Spp. by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry.” <i>  Analytical &#38; Bioanalytical Chemistry : A Merger of Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Analusis and Quimica Analitica</i>, vol. 408, no. 27, 2016, pp. 7565–81, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9800-9\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9800-9</a>.","ufg":"<b>Ulrich, Sebastian u. a.</b>: Identification of Stachybotrys spp. by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, in: <i>  Analytical &#38; bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius’ journal of analytical chemistry, Analusis and Quimica analitica</i> 408 (2016), H. 27,  S. 7565–7581.","short":"S. Ulrich, B. Biermaier, O. Bader, G. Wolf, R.K. Straubinger, A. Didier, B. Sperner, K. Schwaiger, M. Gareis, C. Gottschalk,   Analytical &#38; Bioanalytical Chemistry : A Merger of Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Analusis and Quimica Analitica 408 (2016) 7565–7581.","chicago":"Ulrich, Sebastian, Barbara Biermaier, Oliver Bader, Georg Wolf, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Andrea Didier, Brigitte Sperner, Karin Schwaiger, Manfred Gareis, and Christoph Gottschalk. “Identification of Stachybotrys Spp. by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry.” <i>  Analytical &#38; Bioanalytical Chemistry : A Merger of Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Analusis and Quimica Analitica</i> 408, no. 27 (2016): 7565–81. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9800-9\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9800-9</a>.","chicago-de":"Ulrich, Sebastian, Barbara Biermaier, Oliver Bader, Georg Wolf, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Andrea Didier, Brigitte Sperner, Karin Schwaiger, Manfred Gareis und Christoph Gottschalk. 2016. Identification of Stachybotrys spp. by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. <i>  Analytical &#38; bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius’ journal of analytical chemistry, Analusis and Quimica analitica</i> 408, Nr. 27: 7565–7581. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9800-9\">10.1007/s00216-016-9800-9</a>, .","bjps":"<b>Ulrich S <i>et al.</i></b> (2016) Identification of Stachybotrys Spp. by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. <i>  Analytical &#38; bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius’ journal of analytical chemistry, Analusis and Quimica analitica</i> <b>408</b>, 7565–7581.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\"><span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ulrich, Sebastian</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Biermaier, Barbara</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Bader, Oliver</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Wolf, Georg</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Straubinger, Reinhard K.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Didier, Andrea</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Sperner, Brigitte</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Schwaiger, Karin</span> ; u. a.</span>: Identification of Stachybotrys spp. by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. In: <i>  Analytical &#38; bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius’ journal of analytical chemistry, Analusis and Quimica analitica</i> Bd. 408. Berlin ; Heidelberg, Springer (2016), Nr. 27, S. 7565–7581","van":"Ulrich S, Biermaier B, Bader O, Wolf G, Straubinger RK, Didier A, et al. Identification of Stachybotrys spp. by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.   Analytical &#38; bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius’ journal of analytical chemistry, Analusis and Quimica analitica. 2016;408(27):7565–81.","havard":"S. Ulrich, B. Biermaier, O. Bader, G. Wolf, R.K. Straubinger, A. Didier, B. Sperner, K. Schwaiger, M. Gareis, C. Gottschalk, Identification of Stachybotrys spp. by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry,   Analytical &#38; Bioanalytical Chemistry : A Merger of Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Analusis and Quimica Analitica. 408 (2016) 7565–7581."},"doi":"10.1007/s00216-016-9800-9","title":"Identification of Stachybotrys spp. by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry","intvolume":"       408","page":"7565-7581","department":[{"_id":"DEP4010"}],"status":"public","place":"Berlin ; Heidelberg","user_id":"83781","publisher":"Springer","publication":"  Analytical & bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry, Analusis and Quimica analitica","date_updated":"2025-06-18T12:11:46Z","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1618-2650"],"issn":["1618-2642"]},"extern":"1","abstract":[{"text":"Stachybotrys (S.) spp. are omnipresent cellulolytic molds. Some species are highly toxic owing to their ability to synthesize various secondary metabolites such as macrocyclic trichothecenes or hemolysins. The reliable identification of Stachybotrys at species level is currently limited to genome-based identification. This study aimed to establish a fast and reliable MALDI-TOF MS identification method by optimizing the pre-analytical steps for protein extraction for subsequent generation of high-quality fingerprint mass spectra. Eight reference strains of the American Type Culture Collection and the Technical University of Denmark were cultivated in triplicate (biological repetitions) for 2 days in malt extract broth. The mycelia (1.5 ml) were first washed with 75 % ethanol and an additional washing step with dimethyl sulfoxide (10 %) was added to remove unspecific low weight masses. Furthermore, mycelia were broken with roughened glass beads in formic acid (70 %) and acetonitrile. The method was successfully applied to a total of 45 isolates of Stachybotrys originating from three different habitats (indoor, feed, and food samples; n = 15 each): Twenty-seven isolates of S. chartarum and 18 isolates of S. chlorohalonata could be identified by MALDI-TOF MS. The data obtained exactly matched those obtained by genome-based identification. The mean score values for S. chartarum ranged from 2.509 to 2.739 and from 2.148 to 2.622 for S. chlorohalonata with a very good reproducibility: the relative standard deviations were between 0.3 % and 6.8 %. Thus, MALDI-TOF MS proved to be a fast and reliable alternative to identification of Stachybotrys spp. by nucleotide amplification and sequencing.","lang":"eng"}],"date_created":"2025-06-15T10:32:52Z","author":[{"id":"85847","orcid":"0000-0002-4511-9537","full_name":"Ulrich, Sebastian","first_name":"Sebastian","last_name":"Ulrich"},{"full_name":"Biermaier, Barbara","first_name":"Barbara","last_name":"Biermaier"},{"last_name":"Bader","first_name":"Oliver","full_name":"Bader, Oliver"},{"full_name":"Wolf, Georg","first_name":"Georg","last_name":"Wolf"},{"full_name":"Straubinger, Reinhard K.","first_name":"Reinhard K.","last_name":"Straubinger"},{"full_name":"Didier, Andrea","first_name":"Andrea","last_name":"Didier"},{"first_name":"Brigitte","full_name":"Sperner, Brigitte","last_name":"Sperner"},{"last_name":"Schwaiger","first_name":"Karin","full_name":"Schwaiger, Karin"},{"full_name":"Gareis, Manfred","first_name":"Manfred","last_name":"Gareis"},{"first_name":"Christoph","full_name":"Gottschalk, Christoph","last_name":"Gottschalk"}],"volume":408,"publication_status":"published","keyword":["Stachybotrys spp","MALDI-TOF MS","Mass spectrometry","Filamentous fungi"],"year":"2016","quality_controlled":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]}]