@misc{11113,
  abstract     = {{When oil palm lumber is considered for load-bearing products such as glued laminated timber (GLT), defined strength and stiffness values are required. In this investigation, combined GLT from oil palm wood is tested in compression parallel and perpendicular and glulam lamellas in tension parallel to the vascular bundles. Strength and Young´s modulus in compression and tension parallel increase with the density by power law relationship. In contrast to dicotyle­dons, the strength in construction size exceeds that of small, defect-free test specimens (compression strength perpendicular), are in the same range (tensile and bending strength parallel) or only a little below (compression strength parallel). The specimen size does not influence the strength. The ratio of fc,0 : fm : ft,0 is 1.2 : 0.8 … 1.7 … 2.6 : 1 and fc,0 : fc,90 = 2.7 … 13.0 … 32.6 : 1 for ρ = 200 … 400 … 600 kg/m³; the ratio of Ec,0 : Em : Et,0 is 1.2 : 1.3 : 1 for ρ = 400 kg/m³. Ashby´s performance indices for minimum weight design rise with the density; the strength-density performance indices are comparable or only slightly lower than that for structural size softwood, whereas the modulus-density performance indices are much lower. The challenge in use of oil palm wood for load-bearing construction products is the low stiffness.}},
  author       = {{Frühwald-König, Katja and Heister, Lena}},
  booktitle    = {{Wood material science and engineering}},
  issn         = {{1748-0280}},
  keywords     = {{Oil palm wood, compression, tension, strength, young’s modulus, digital image correlation, glued laminated timber}},
  number       = {{5}},
  pages        = {{1101--1116}},
  publisher    = {{Taylor & Francis}},
  title        = {{{Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood}}},
  doi          = {{10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627}},
  volume       = {{19}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@misc{11114,
  abstract     = {{Oil palm wood is mainly low in density and since strength and stiffness correlate with density, this study aimed to enhance the properties of oil palm wood through thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densification. In contrast to other studies using small laboratory-sized specimens, this study examined the densification of oil palm boards in sawn timber dimensions of 2.0 m length. Modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) in bending, shear strength and shear modulus parallel by two-plate shear test and Young’s modulus in the three main directions as well as shear modulus in the three planes by ultrasonic testing were determined at densified and undensified specimens. The bending properties were increased to considerably higher levels and a compression ratio of 60% showed higher MOE and MOR values than that of 40%; whereas for boards of the inner part of the trunk, a compression ratio of 60% showed better results than that of 75%. The shear properties were only slightly increased through densification. Densification can improve the properties of oil palm wood. However, the wide range of density and properties found in natural oil palm wood is also present in densified oil palm wood.}},
  author       = {{Kölli, Nathan and Frühwald-König, Katja}},
  booktitle    = {{Wood material science and engineering }},
  issn         = {{1748-0280}},
  keywords     = {{Bending strength, densification, e-modulus, g-modulus, shear strength}},
  pages        = {{1--18}},
  publisher    = {{Taylor & Francis}},
  title        = {{{Elasto-mechanical properties of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber}}},
  doi          = {{10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@misc{10333,
  abstract     = {{The wood from oil palm trunks exhibits significant variations in distribution of structural tissue, density and elastomechanical properties across and along the trunk. Its reliable, safe, and economic usage for load-bearing purposes, such as glued laminated timber (GLT), requires a precise definition of its elastomechanical properties through appropriate strength grading procedures. Oil palm lumber is strength graded according to its density using an X-ray technique in which 50 % of the lamellas are ripped, graded, edge glued and therefore density homogenized, and 50 % are cut only according to their geometry. Lamellas are tested in tension parallel to the vascular bundles; combined GLT is produced from strength-graded lamellas and tested in bending parallel and compression parallel and perpendicular to the vascular bundles. The characteristic strength values for C10 and C14 according to EN 338 are achieved. A correlation between density and elastomechanical properties is estab-lished. GLT from density-homogenized lamellas achieve higher bending properties than from lamellas with a “natural” density gradient across the width.}},
  author       = {{Frühwald-König, Katja}},
  booktitle    = {{Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway }},
  editor       = {{Nyrud, Andres Q. and Malo, Kjell Arne  and Nore, Kristine}},
  isbn         = {{9781713873297}},
  keywords     = {{Oil palm lumber, glue laminated timber, GLT, strength grading, elastomechanical properties}},
  location     = {{Oslo, Norway}},
  pages        = {{638--646}},
  publisher    = {{Curran Associates, Inc. }},
  title        = {{{Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber}}},
  doi          = {{https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@misc{10602,
  abstract     = {{The anatomical structure of oil palm wood is only to a limited extent comparable to common wood species used in construction. Typical for monocotyledons, the material is composed of high density vascular bundles and a parenchymatous tissue of lower density. In three experiment sets, the local and global moduli of elasticity (MOE) and the flexural strength of oil palm wood based GLT are determined using FEM and various influencing parameters are investigated in a sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, the application of densified tension lamellas is studied. The results of the modelling are compared with the results from mechanical tests. Significant differences, mainly attributed to the specific parameters of the selected material, are observed. The results of this preliminary study serve as a starting point for computer-aided optimisation and modelling of other oil palm-based products.}},
  author       = {{Hackel, Martin}},
  booktitle    = {{Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway }},
  editor       = {{Nyrud, Anders Q. }},
  isbn         = {{978-1-7138-7329-7}},
  keywords     = {{Oil palm wood, finite element method (FEM), GLT, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength}},
  location     = {{Oslo (Norwegen)}},
  publisher    = {{Curran Associates, Inc.}},
  title        = {{{FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD}}},
  doi          = {{10.52202/069179-0088}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@misc{10786,
  abstract     = {{The anatomical structure of oil palm wood is only to a limited extent comparable to common wood species
used in construction. Typical for monocotyledons, the material is composed of high density vascular bundles and a
parenchymatous tissue of lower density. In three experiment sets, the local and global moduli of elasticity (MOE) and the flexural strength of oil palm wood based GLT are determined using FEM and various influencing parameters are
investigated in a sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, the application of densified tension lamellas is studied. The results of the modelling are compared with the results from mechanical tests. Significant differences, mainly attributed to the
specific parameters of the selected material, are observed. The results of this preliminary study serve as a starting point for computer-aided optimisation and modelling of other oil palm-based products.}},
  author       = {{Hackel, Martin}},
  booktitle    = {{World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023)}},
  keywords     = {{Oil palm wood, finite element method (FEM), GLT, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength}},
  location     = {{Oslo (Norwegen)}},
  pages        = {{647--656}},
  publisher    = {{World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023)}},
  title        = {{{FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD}}},
  doi          = {{10.52202/069179-0088}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@inbook{744,
  abstract     = {{Silver cluster ions are produced by sputtering of solid silver by 25 keV Xe+ bombardment. After mass selection, collinear ion beam depletion technique is used to measure absolute photofragmentation cross-sections in the photon energy range from ħω = 2.3 to 5.7 eV. Giant resonances are found which can be interpreted in terms of a collective electron oscillation. The optical spectra of spherical Ag 9 + and Ag 21 + show a blue shift of the resonance energy, in contrast to an expected behaviour within the jellium model. For Ag 11 +, a splitting of the giant resonance is found.}},
  author       = {{Tiggesbäumker, J. and Köller, Lars and O. Lutz, H. and Meiwes-Broer, Karl-Heinz}},
  booktitle    = {{Physics and Chemistry of Finite Systems: From Clusters to Crystals}},
  editor       = {{Jena, P. and N. Khanna, S. and K. Rao, B.}},
  isbn         = {{978-94-017-2647-4}},
  keywords     = {{Oscillator Strength, Collective Excitation, Giant Dipole Resonance, Silver Cluster, Gigant Resonance}},
  pages        = {{1001--1006}},
  publisher    = {{Springer}},
  title        = {{{Collective Excitation in Silver Cluster Ions}}},
  doi          = {{https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2645-0_135}},
  volume       = {{374}},
  year         = {{1992}},
}