[{"author":[{"last_name":"Tribelhorn","first_name":"Katharina","full_name":"Tribelhorn, Katharina"},{"full_name":"Twarużek, Magdalena","first_name":"Magdalena","last_name":"Twarużek"},{"last_name":"Soszczyńska","full_name":"Soszczyńska, Ewelina","first_name":"Ewelina"},{"last_name":"Rau","full_name":"Rau, Jörg","first_name":"Jörg"},{"last_name":"Baschien","first_name":"Christiane","full_name":"Baschien, Christiane"},{"full_name":"Straubinger, Reinhard K.","first_name":"Reinhard K.","last_name":"Straubinger"},{"last_name":"Ebel","first_name":"Frank","full_name":"Ebel, Frank"},{"first_name":"Sebastian","orcid":"0000-0002-4511-9537","full_name":"Ulrich, Sebastian","id":"85847","last_name":"Ulrich"}],"date_created":"2025-06-15T09:56:06Z","publication_status":"published","keyword":["Stachybotrys chartarum genotype S","sporulation","satratoxins","macrocyclic trichothecenes","inter-colony communication"],"volume":14,"year":"2022","quality_controlled":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"MDPI","date_updated":"2025-06-16T11:52:01Z","publication":"Toxins","extern":"1","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2072-6651"]},"abstract":[{"text":"Stachybotrys chartarum is a toxigenic fungus that is frequently isolated from damp building materials or improperly stored forage. Macrocyclic trichothecenes and in particular satratoxins are the most potent mycotoxins known to be produced by this fungus. Exposure of humans or animals to these secondary metabolites can be associated with severe health problems. To assess the pathogenic potential of S. chartarum isolates, it is essential to cultivate them under conditions that reliably promote toxin production. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was reported to be the optimal nutrition medium for satratoxin production. In this study, the growth of S. chartarum genotype S strains on PDA from two manufacturers led to divergent results, namely, well-grown and sporulating cultures with high satratoxin concentrations (20.8 ± 0.4 µg/cm2) versus cultures with sparse sporulation and low satratoxin production (0.3 ± 0.1 µg/cm2). This finding is important for any attempt to identify toxigenic S. chartarum isolates. Further experiments performed with the two media provided strong evidence for a link between satratoxin production and sporulation. A comparison of three-point and one-point cultures grown on the two types of PDA, furthermore, demonstrated an inter-colony communication that influences both sporulation and mycotoxin production of S. chartarum genotype S strains.","lang":"eng"}],"issue":"8","title":"Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum","doi":"10.3390/toxins14080515","citation":{"ufg":"<b>Tribelhorn, Katharina u. a.</b>: Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum, in: <i>Toxins</i> 14 (2022), H. 8.","havard":"K. Tribelhorn, M. Twarużek, E. Soszczyńska, J. Rau, C. Baschien, R.K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, S. Ulrich, Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum, Toxins. 14 (2022).","short":"K. Tribelhorn, M. Twarużek, E. Soszczyńska, J. Rau, C. Baschien, R.K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, S. Ulrich, Toxins 14 (2022).","van":"Tribelhorn K, Twarużek M, Soszczyńska E, Rau J, Baschien C, Straubinger RK, et al. Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum. Toxins. 2022;14(8).","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Tribelhorn, Katharina</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Twarużek, Magdalena</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Soszczyńska, Ewelina</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Rau, Jörg</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Baschien, Christiane</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Straubinger, Reinhard K.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ebel, Frank</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ulrich, Sebastian</span>: Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum. In: <i>Toxins</i> Bd. 14, MDPI (2022), Nr. 8","mla":"Tribelhorn, Katharina, et al. “Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys Chartarum.” <i>Toxins</i>, vol. 14, no. 8, 515, 2022, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515\">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515</a>.","ieee":"K. Tribelhorn <i>et al.</i>, “Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum,” <i>Toxins</i>, vol. 14, no. 8, Art. no. 515, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515\">10.3390/toxins14080515</a>.","apa":"Tribelhorn, K., Twarużek, M., Soszczyńska, E., Rau, J., Baschien, C., Straubinger, R. K., Ebel, F., &#38; Ulrich, S. (2022). Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Toxins</i>, <i>14</i>(8), Article 515. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515\">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515</a>","bjps":"<b>Tribelhorn K <i>et al.</i></b> (2022) Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys Chartarum. <i>Toxins</i> <b>14</b>.","ama":"Tribelhorn K, Twarużek M, Soszczyńska E, et al. Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Toxins</i>. 2022;14(8). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515\">10.3390/toxins14080515</a>","chicago-de":"Tribelhorn, Katharina, Magdalena Twarużek, Ewelina Soszczyńska, Jörg Rau, Christiane Baschien, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Frank Ebel und Sebastian Ulrich. 2022. Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Toxins</i> 14, Nr. 8. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515\">10.3390/toxins14080515</a>, .","chicago":"Tribelhorn, Katharina, Magdalena Twarużek, Ewelina Soszczyńska, Jörg Rau, Christiane Baschien, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Frank Ebel, and Sebastian Ulrich. “Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys Chartarum.” <i>Toxins</i> 14, no. 8 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515\">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080515</a>."},"status":"public","intvolume":"        14","department":[{"_id":"DEP4010"}],"user_id":"83781","_id":"12945","type":"scientific_journal_article","article_number":"515"},{"place":"Abingdon ","user_id":"83781","department":[{"_id":"DEP4010"}],"intvolume":"        75","page":"105-120","status":"public","citation":{"mla":"Ulrich, Sebastian, et al. “Occurrence of Type A, B and D Trichothecenes, Zearalenone and Stachybotrylactam in Straw.” <i>Archives of Animal Nutrition = Archiv Für Tierernährung</i>, vol. 75, no. 2, 2021, pp. 105–20, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075\">https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075</a>.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\"><span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ulrich, Sebastian</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Gottschalk, Christoph</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Biermaier, Barbara</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Bahlinger, Eunike</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Twarużek, Magdalena</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Asmussen, Sarah</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Schollenberger, Margit</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Valenta, Hana</span> ; u. a.</span>: Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw. In: <i>Archives of animal nutrition = Archiv für Tierernährung</i> Bd. 75. Abingdon , Taylor &#38; Francis  (2021), Nr. 2, S. 105–120","havard":"S. Ulrich, C. Gottschalk, B. Biermaier, E. Bahlinger, M. Twarużek, S. Asmussen, M. Schollenberger, H. Valenta, F. Ebel, S. Dänicke, Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw, Archives of Animal Nutrition = Archiv Für Tierernährung. 75 (2021) 105–120.","short":"S. Ulrich, C. Gottschalk, B. Biermaier, E. Bahlinger, M. Twarużek, S. Asmussen, M. Schollenberger, H. Valenta, F. Ebel, S. Dänicke, Archives of Animal Nutrition = Archiv Für Tierernährung 75 (2021) 105–120.","van":"Ulrich S, Gottschalk C, Biermaier B, Bahlinger E, Twarużek M, Asmussen S, et al. Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw. Archives of animal nutrition = Archiv für Tierernährung. 2021;75(2):105–20.","ufg":"<b>Ulrich, Sebastian u. a.</b>: Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw, in: <i>Archives of animal nutrition = Archiv für Tierernährung</i> 75 (2021), H. 2,  S. 105–120.","chicago-de":"Ulrich, Sebastian, Christoph Gottschalk, Barbara Biermaier, Eunike Bahlinger, Magdalena Twarużek, Sarah Asmussen, Margit Schollenberger, Hana Valenta, Frank Ebel und Sven Dänicke. 2021. Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw. <i>Archives of animal nutrition = Archiv für Tierernährung</i> 75, Nr. 2: 105–120. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075\">10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075</a>, .","ama":"Ulrich S, Gottschalk C, Biermaier B, et al. Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw. <i>Archives of animal nutrition = Archiv für Tierernährung</i>. 2021;75(2):105-120. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075\">10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075</a>","chicago":"Ulrich, Sebastian, Christoph Gottschalk, Barbara Biermaier, Eunike Bahlinger, Magdalena Twarużek, Sarah Asmussen, Margit Schollenberger, Hana Valenta, Frank Ebel, and Sven Dänicke. “Occurrence of Type A, B and D Trichothecenes, Zearalenone and Stachybotrylactam in Straw.” <i>Archives of Animal Nutrition = Archiv Für Tierernährung</i> 75, no. 2 (2021): 105–20. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075\">https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075</a>.","ieee":"S. Ulrich <i>et al.</i>, “Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw,” <i>Archives of animal nutrition = Archiv für Tierernährung</i>, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 105–120, 2021, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075\">10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075</a>.","apa":"Ulrich, S., Gottschalk, C., Biermaier, B., Bahlinger, E., Twarużek, M., Asmussen, S., Schollenberger, M., Valenta, H., Ebel, F., &#38; Dänicke, S. (2021). Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw. <i>Archives of Animal Nutrition = Archiv Für Tierernährung</i>, <i>75</i>(2), 105–120. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075\">https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075</a>","bjps":"<b>Ulrich S <i>et al.</i></b> (2021) Occurrence of Type A, B and D Trichothecenes, Zearalenone and Stachybotrylactam in Straw. <i>Archives of animal nutrition = Archiv für Tierernährung</i> <b>75</b>, 105–120."},"doi":"10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075","title":"Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw","issue":"2","type":"scientific_journal_article","_id":"12952","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"quality_controlled":"1","year":"2021","volume":75,"keyword":["Fusarium","mycotoxins","stachybotrylactam","stachybotrys","straw","trichothecenes","zearalenone"],"publication_status":"published","date_created":"2025-06-15T09:59:54Z","author":[{"last_name":"Ulrich","full_name":"Ulrich, Sebastian","id":"85847","orcid":"0000-0002-4511-9537","first_name":"Sebastian"},{"full_name":"Gottschalk, Christoph","first_name":"Christoph","last_name":"Gottschalk"},{"last_name":"Biermaier","first_name":"Barbara","full_name":"Biermaier, Barbara"},{"last_name":"Bahlinger","first_name":"Eunike","full_name":"Bahlinger, Eunike"},{"first_name":"Magdalena","full_name":"Twarużek, Magdalena","last_name":"Twarużek"},{"last_name":"Asmussen","full_name":"Asmussen, Sarah","first_name":"Sarah"},{"first_name":"Margit","full_name":"Schollenberger, Margit","last_name":"Schollenberger"},{"first_name":"Hana","full_name":"Valenta, Hana","last_name":"Valenta"},{"last_name":"Ebel","first_name":"Frank","full_name":"Ebel, Frank"},{"last_name":"Dänicke","first_name":"Sven","full_name":"Dänicke, Sven"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Straw is the main by-product of grain production, used as bedding material and animal feed. If produced or stored under adverse hygienic conditions, straw is prone to the growth of filamentous fungi. Some of them, e.g. Aspergillus, Fusarium and Stachybotrys spp. are well-known mycotoxin producers. Since studies on mycotoxins in straw are scarce, 192 straw samples (wheat n = 80; barley n = 79; triticale n = 12; oat n = 11; rye n = 12) were collected across Germany within the German official feed surveillance and screened for the presence of 21 mycotoxins. The following mycotoxins (positive samples for at least one mycotoxin n = 184) were detected: zearalenone (n = 86, 6.0–785 μg/kg), nivalenol (n = 51, 30–2,600 μg/kg), deoxynivalenol (n = 156, 20–24,000 μg/kg), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (n = 34, 20–2,400 μg/kg), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (n = 16, 40–340 μg/kg), scirpentriol (n = 14, 40–680 μg/kg), T-2 toxin (n = 67, 10–250 μg/kg), HT-2 toxin (n = 92, 20–800 μg/kg), T-2 tetraol (n = 13, 70–480 μg/kg). 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol (30 μg/kg) and T-2 triol (60 μg/kg) were only detected in one barley sample. Macrocyclic trichothecenes (satratoxin G, F, roridin E, and verrucarin J) were also found in only one barley sample (quantified as roridin A equivalent: total 183 μg/kg). The occurrence of stachybotrylactam was monitored for the first time in four samples (n = 4, 0.96–7.4 μg/kg). Fusarenon-X, 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol, satratoxin H and roridin-L2 were not detectable in the samples. The results indicate a non-negligible contribution of straw to oral and possibly inhalation exposure to mycotoxins of animals or humans handling contaminated straw.","lang":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1477-2817"],"issn":["1745-039X"]},"extern":"1","date_updated":"2025-06-16T12:25:24Z","publication":"Archives of animal nutrition = Archiv für Tierernährung","publisher":"Taylor & Francis "},{"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2309-608X"]},"extern":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum had been linked to severe health problems in humans and animals, which occur after exposure to the toxic secondary metabolites of this mold. S. chartarum had been isolated from different environmental sources, ranging from culinary herbs and improperly stored fodder to damp building materials. To access the pathogenic potential of isolates, it is essential to analyze them under defined conditions that allow for the production of their toxic metabolites. All Stachybotrys species are assumed to produce the immunosuppressive phenylspirodrimanes, but the highly cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes are exclusively generated by the genotype S of S. chartarum. In this study, we have analyzed four genotype S strains initially isolated from three different habitats. We grew them on five commonly used media (malt-extract-agar, glucose-yeast-peptone-agar, potato-dextrose-agar, cellulose-agar, Sabouraud-dextrose-agar) to identify conditions that promote mycotoxin production. Using LC-MS/MS, we have quantified stachybotrylactam and all S-type specific macrocyclic trichothecenes (satratoxin G, H, F, roridin E, L-2, verrucarin J). All five media supported a comparable fungal growth and sporulation at 25 °C in the dark. The highest concentrations of macrocyclic trichothecenes were detected on potato-dextrose-agar or cellulose-agar. Malt-extract-agar let to an intermediate and glucose-yeast-peptone-agar and Sabouraud-dextrose-agar to a poor mycotoxin production. These data demonstrate that the mycotoxin production clearly depends on the composition of the respective medium. Our findings provide a starting point for further studies in order to identify individual components that either support or repress the production of mycotoxins in S. chartarum."}],"publisher":"MDPI ","publication":"Journal of Fungi","date_updated":"2025-06-16T13:59:56Z","quality_controlled":"1","year":"2020","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"author":[{"last_name":"Ulrich","id":"85847","full_name":"Ulrich, Sebastian","orcid":"0000-0002-4511-9537","first_name":"Sebastian"},{"last_name":"Schäfer","first_name":"Cornelius","full_name":"Schäfer, Cornelius"}],"date_created":"2025-06-15T10:01:42Z","volume":6,"publication_status":"published","keyword":["Stachybotrys","genotype","macrocyclic trichothecenes","stachybotrylactam"],"article_number":"159","type":"scientific_journal_article","_id":"12956","department":[{"_id":"DEP4010"}],"intvolume":"         6","status":"public","place":"Basel","user_id":"83781","issue":"3","doi":"10.3390/jof6030159","citation":{"short":"S. Ulrich, C. Schäfer, Journal of Fungi 6 (2020).","ufg":"<b>Ulrich, Sebastian/Schäfer, Cornelius</b>: Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media, in: <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6 (2020), H. 3.","mla":"Ulrich, Sebastian, and Cornelius Schäfer. “Toxin Production by Stachybotrys Chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 6, no. 3, 159, 2020, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159</a>.","ieee":"S. Ulrich and C. Schäfer, “Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media,” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 6, no. 3, Art. no. 159, 2020, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">10.3390/jof6030159</a>.","apa":"Ulrich, S., &#38; Schäfer, C. (2020). Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, <i>6</i>(3), Article 159. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159</a>","ama":"Ulrich S, Schäfer C. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>. 2020;6(3). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">10.3390/jof6030159</a>","havard":"S. Ulrich, C. Schäfer, Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media, Journal of Fungi. 6 (2020).","van":"Ulrich S, Schäfer C. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. Journal of Fungi. 2020;6(3).","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ulrich, Sebastian</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Schäfer, Cornelius</span>: Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. In: <i>Journal of Fungi</i> Bd. 6. Basel, MDPI  (2020), Nr. 3","bjps":"<b>Ulrich S and Schäfer C</b> (2020) Toxin Production by Stachybotrys Chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> <b>6</b>.","chicago-de":"Ulrich, Sebastian und Cornelius Schäfer. 2020. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6, Nr. 3. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">10.3390/jof6030159</a>, .","chicago":"Ulrich, Sebastian, and Cornelius Schäfer. “Toxin Production by Stachybotrys Chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6, no. 3 (2020). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159</a>."},"title":"Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media"}]