@misc{12814, abstract = {{Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are developed to reduce fuel consumption and the emission of carbon dioxide. Common powertrain configurations of PHEVs (i.e., the configuration of the combustion engine, electric motor, and transmission) can be operated either in series, parallel, or power split hybrid mode, whereas powertrain configurations with multimode transmissions enable switching between those modes during vehicle operation. Hence, depending on the current operation state of the vehicle, the most appropriate mode in terms efficiency can be selected. This, however, requires an operating strategy, which controls the mode selection as well as the torque distribution between the combustion engine and electric motor with the aim of optimal battery depletion and minimal fuel consumption. A well-known approach is the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS). It can be applied by using optimizations based on a prediction of the future driving behavior. Since the outcome of the ECMS depends on the quality of this prediction, it is crucial to know how accurate the predictions must be in order to obtain acceptable results. In this contribution, various prediction methods and real-time capable ECMS implementations are analyzed and compared in terms of the achievable fuel economy. The basis for the analysis is a holistic model of a state-of-the-art PHEV powertrain configuration, comprising the multimode transmission, corresponding powertrain components, and representative real-world driving data.}}, author = {{Geng, Stefan and Schulte, Thomas and Maas, Jürgen}}, booktitle = {{Applied Sciences}}, issn = {{2076-3417}}, keywords = {{PHEV, ECMS, multimode transmission, optimization, powertrain modeling}}, number = {{6}}, publisher = {{MDPI AG}}, title = {{{Model-Based Analysis of Different Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategies for a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle}}}, doi = {{10.3390/app12062905}}, volume = {{12}}, year = {{2022}}, } @inproceedings{4022, author = {{Herber, Sebastian and Horst, J. and Gassmann, T. and Hldebrandt, W. and Haupt, J. and Abbenhaus, M. and Werkhausen, M. and Schulte, Thomas and Maas, Jürgen and Geng, Stefan and Hegger, C.}}, booktitle = {{36th FISITA World Automotive Congress (FISITA 2016) : Creative Thinking for Future Automobiles}}, isbn = {{978-1-5108-6958-5}}, location = {{Busan, South Korea }}, publisher = {{Curran Associates, Inc.}}, title = {{{“Phevplus” - Efficient Plug-in- Hybrid Systems with MRF-Coupling Technology}}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{4024, abstract = {{For investigating combined grid systems including electrical, thermal and chemical grids, a scientific approach based on Hardware-in-the-loop simulation is carried out where models as virtual energy components are coupled with experimental facilities. In this contribution, a bidirectional fuel cell system is described in detail as a virtual energy component considering the bidirectional fuel cell, the power inverter and the local management. For modelling the bidirectional cell, the electrochemical domain is considered by a physical-based approach in a first step. Common models for unidirectional fuel cells or electrolysis cells are discussed regarding the applicability for bidirectional cells. Afterwards, the DC-DC converter as part of the overall power inverter is considered for modelling. A novel averaged model for the dual active bridge based on the method by Sanders and Verghese is presented. Finally, the overall model and local management of such systems are discussed.}}, author = {{Griese, Martin and Pawlik, Thomas and Schulte, Thomas and Maas, Jürgen}}, issn = {{2166-9546 }}, location = {{Bydgoszcz, Poland }}, pages = {{186 -- 191}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Electrodynamical modelling of bidirectional fuel cell systems for HIL simulations of combined grid systems}}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{4089, author = {{Pawlik, Thomas and Griese, Martin and Dohmann, Joachim and Maas, Jürgen and Schulte, Thomas}}, location = {{Antalya, Türkei}}, title = {{{Concept of a bidirectional Power-to-X Process System for technical and economical Investigations of Conversion and Storage Technologies}}}, year = {{2015}}, } @article{4018, abstract = {{In this contribution, a model-based method for analyzing and designing energy systems comprising the electrical, thermal and chemical domains is presented. Beside the energy generation and consumption, the bidirectional coupling between all energy domains is considered, as well. This method is an adapted variant of the so called Hardware-in-the-Loop simulation where virtual energy components are combined with geographically distributed real energy components. In order to integrate the real components with minimal instrumentation efforts, measured quantities are included as information flows, only, while the physical power flows are connected to local available grid structures. This virtual coupling has the further advantage of a simple scalability so that existing real components can be used for different applications. The virtual energy components are represented by real-time capable models describing their physical behavior. In this contribution, a CHP unit is described as a first virtual energy component. The modeling approach is based on a time domain approach using state variables of the multiple domains to describe the dynamic behavior. Furthermore, the model is scalable regarding the modeling depth and the power ratings which allows an application for different simulation scenarios. Besides the modeling of a standalone CHP unit, its integration into a simulated electrical grid is discussed as well. Afterwards, the overall model is parameterized and validated with data of a medium size CHP unit. Finally, the model is used for simulations of an exemplary electrical grid.}}, author = {{Griese, Martin and Schulte, Thomas and Maas, Jürgen}}, issn = {{2148-7847}}, journal = {{Journal of Thermal Engineering}}, number = {{6}}, pages = {{467 -- 487}}, publisher = {{Yildiz Technical University }}, title = {{{A holistic modeling and simulation approach to optimize a smart combined grid system of different renewable energies}}}, volume = {{1}}, year = {{2015}}, } @inbook{4019, abstract = {{Im Rahmen dieses Beitrages wurde die Notwendigkeit intelligenter, gekoppelter Verbundsysteme diskutiert und ein wissenschaftlicher Ansatz zur Optimierung solcher Systeme vorgestellt. Der Ansatz basiert auf einer ganzheitlichen Betrachtung im Rahmen einer Echtzeitsimulation mit gekoppelten realen Komponenten. Zur virtuellen Koppelung wird ein Simulationsmanager eingesetzt, der eine Skalierung der realen Komponenten erlaubt. Dies ermöglicht eine einfache Adaptierung von realen und simulierten Komponenten an das jeweils betrachtete Szenario. Als eine erste simulierte Komponente wurde eine KWK-Anlage untersucht und bezüglich der elektrischen, thermischen, mechanischen und chemischen Domänen modelliert. Das Gesamtmodell berücksichtigt das Verhalten des Verbrennungsmotors, des Synchrongenerators und der Wärmeübertrager. Mit Hilfe von Messgrößen einer realen KWK-Anlage wurde im Anschluss das Gesamtmodell validiert. Die generierten Simulationsergebnisse weisen eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den erhobenen Messdaten auf. Aktuell werden weitere Energiekomponenten untersucht, um Energiesysteme ganzheitlich optimieren zu können. Dieser Beitrag ist im Rahmen des vom Land NRW geförderten Forschungsschwerpunktes „Intelligente Energiesysteme (IES)“ im Projekt „Smart Energy Village“ entstanden.}}, author = {{Schulte, Thomas and Griese, Martin and Pawlik, Thomas and Maas, Jürgen}}, booktitle = {{Detmolder Bauphysiktag 2015}}, editor = {{Schwickert, Susanne}}, isbn = {{978-3-8440-3484-4}}, pages = {{117 -- 126}}, publisher = {{Shaker Verlag}}, title = {{{Smart Energy Village – Ein Forschungsansatz für die Energieversorgung der Zukunft}}}, volume = {{2015}}, year = {{2015}}, } @inproceedings{4008, abstract = {{Due to the increasing energy demand and shortage of fossil fuels, the energy systems will be transformed from mainly centralized into more decentralized systems, also incorporating more renewable energy. However, optimizing the control and structure of these systems is rather complex. A method for analyzing and planning of such systems is an adapted variant of the so called Hardware-in-the-Loop simulation. This approach comprises virtual energy components as models combined with data from experimental components. As a virtual energy component, a simulation model describing the physical behavior of CHP units is proposed in this contribution. The modeling approach is based on a time domain approach using state variables of the multiple domains to describe the dynamic behavior. For instance, the first law of thermodynamics is applied to model the thermal quantities. Furthermore, the model is scalable regarding the modeling depth and the power ratings which allows an application for different simulation scenarios. Finally, the overall model is parameterized and validated with data of a medium sized CHP plant.}}, author = {{Griese, Martin and Pawlik, Thomas and Schulte, Thomas and Maas, Jürgen}}, location = {{Istanbul}}, pages = {{189 -- 200}}, publisher = {{Academia.edu}}, title = {{{Scalable model of a CHP unit for HIL simulation of a smart combined grid system}}}, year = {{2014}}, } @misc{13023, abstract = {{Transducers based on dielectric electroactive polymers (DEAP) use electrostatic pressure to convert electric energy into strain energy or vice versa. Besides this, they are also designed for sensor applications in monitoring the actual stretch state on the basis of the deformation dependent capacitive-resistive behavior of the DEAP. In order to enable an efficient and proper closed loop control operation of these transducers, e.g. in positioning or energy harvesting applications, on the one hand, sensors based on DEAP material can be integrated into the transducers and evaluated externally, and on the other hand, the transducer itself can be used as a sensor, also in terms of self-sensing. For this purpose the characteristic electrical behavior of the transducer has to be evaluated in order to determine the mechanical state. Also, adequate online identification algorithms with sufficient accuracy and dynamics are required, independent from the sensor concept utilized, in order to determine the electrical DEAP parameters in real time. Therefore, in this contribution, algorithms are developed in the frequency domain for identifications of the capacitance as well as the electrode and polymer resistance of a DEAP, which are validated by measurements. These algorithms are designed for self-sensing applications, especially if the power electronics utilized is operated at a constant switching frequency, and parasitic harmonic oscillations are induced besides the desired DC value. These oscillations can be used for the online identification, so an additional superimposed excitation is no longer necessary. For this purpose a dual active bridge (DAB) is introduced to drive the DEAP transducer. The capabilities of the real-time identification algorithm in combination with the DAB are presented in detail and discussed, finally.}}, author = {{Hoffstadt, Thorben and Griese, Martin and Maas, Jürgen}}, booktitle = {{Smart Materials and Structures}}, issn = {{1361-665X}}, keywords = {{dielectric electroactive polymer, identification algorithm, self-sensing, DEAP sensor}}, location = {{Snowbird, UT}}, number = {{10}}, publisher = {{IOP Publishing}}, title = {{{Online identification algorithms for integrated dielectric electroactive polymer sensors and self-sensing concepts}}}, doi = {{10.1088/0964-1726/23/10/104007}}, volume = {{23}}, year = {{2014}}, } @inproceedings{4052, abstract = {{In modern vehicles, electrical drives and power electronics are used to control a large variety of different applications. To operate these components electronic control units have to be designed and tested. To validate the software of the electronic control units hardware-in-the-loop simulation is a todaypsilas standard method. Hardware-in-the-loop simulation always comprises a real-time simulation of the plant, including actuator and sensor models. In case of an electronic circuit the plant consists of passive components like capacitors and inductors, usually assumed to be linear, and semi-conductors with nonlinear and discontinuous behavior. The following paper suggests classification criteria and compares different methods for real-time simulations of electronic circuits considering switching events. For evaluation theoretical considerations as well as simulation results are presented concerning differences in approaches.}}, author = {{Maas, Jürgen and Schulte, Thomas and Graf, C. and Weise-Emden, J.}}, pages = {{2829 -- 2834}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Real-time HIL-simulation of power electronics}}}, year = {{2008}}, } @inproceedings{4077, abstract = {{A complete model-based control for traveling-wave-type ultrasonic motors is presented. The control scheme consists of inner control loops with respect to the oscillation systems, offering all meaningful degrees of freedom for adjusting the traveling bending wave, and outer control loops for torque and speed. After a brief review on modeling the actuator and presentation of a parameter identification method, the control scheme is developed and verified by measurements on a prototype drive system, several measures for the compensation of nonlinearities and temperature effects are developed, and achieved improvements are discussed with respect to the special properties of this novel actuator. Finally, the developed drive is applied to an "active control stick"}}, author = {{Maas, Jürgen and Schulte, Thomas and Fröhleke, Norbert}}, booktitle = {{IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics}}, pages = {{165 -- 180}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Model-based control for ultrasonic motors}}}, year = {{2000}}, } @inproceedings{4080, abstract = {{A novel speed control for traveling wave type ultrasonic motors is presented and verified by measurements on a prototype drive, Based on an underlying bending wave control the nonlinear torque generation of the USM is compensated by an inverse contact model calculating the reference values of bending wave control under consideration of an optimized set point adjustment. For this task a basis function neural network is applied. By compensation of the nonlinearity the command behavior of the USM approaches that of conventional drives and proven speed control schemes can be implemented as further control loop, The novel speed control investigated offers excellent dynamic responses and is thus attractive for applications in the field of high performance servo systems.}}, author = {{Maas, Jürgen and Schulte, Thomas}}, pages = {{91 -- 96}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{High performance speed control for ultrasonic motors}}}, year = {{1999}}, } @inproceedings{4081, abstract = {{This paper gives a review of research activities at the Institute for Power Electronics and ElectricalDrives in Paderborn to the control of rotary travelling wave type ultrasonic motors. Based on a special designedhardware environment an advanced control scheme for inverter-fed travelling wave type ultrasonic motors is pre-sented. After several modelling steps, including an averaged model for the controller design, a speed control schemeis implemented on a prototype drive. It is realized as an outer control loop of an underlaid voltage and travellingbending wave vector controller. The novel speed control is using an inverse contact model by a neural network, inorder to compensate the nonlinear torque generation of the motor. The so equipped ultrasonic motor-drive meetsrequirements for applications in the field of servo-drives e.g. robotics. Since the reference values of the bendingwave control are calculated from the desired torque value by the neural network, open loop control of the drive´s torque is feasible, too. }}, author = {{Maas, Jürgen and Schulte, Thomas and Grotstollen, H. and Fröhleke, Norbert}}, location = {{Paderborn}}, pages = {{129 -- 143}}, title = {{{Model-Based Control of Travelling Wave Type Ultrasonic Motors.}}}, year = {{1999}}, } @inproceedings{4085, abstract = {{This paper deals with an advanced speed control scheme for inverter-fed travelling waveultrasonic motors. It is implemented as an additional outer control loop of an underlaid voltage andtravelling bending wave vector controller and verified by measurements on a prototype drive. Thenovel speed control is using an inverse contact model by a neural network, trained by measured valuesof speed and torque, in order to compensate the nonlinear torque generation of the motor. Since thereference values of the bending wave control are calculated from the desired torque value by the neu-ral network, first an open loop control of the drive ́s torque is feasible and second common speed con-trol schemes, well performing in common electrical drives, can be applied. Thus, the so equippedultrasonic motor-drive meets requirements for applications in the field of servo-drives e.g. robotics. }}, author = {{Maas, Jürgen and Schulte, Thomas and Grotstollen, H.}}, location = {{Harrogate (UK)}}, pages = {{701 -- 708}}, title = {{{Controlled Ultrasonic Motor for Servo-Drive Applications}}}, year = {{1998}}, } @inproceedings{4087, author = {{Schulte, Thomas and Maas, Jürgen and Grotstollen, Horst}}, booktitle = {{ACTUATOR 98}}, location = {{Bremen}}, pages = {{262-- 265}}, title = {{{High Performance Speed Control for Inverter-Fed Ultrasonic Motors Optimized by a Neural Network}}}, year = {{1998}}, } @inproceedings{3999, abstract = {{An optimized control scheme for the most advanced traveling wave type ultrasonic motor powered by a resonant power converter is presented and verified by measurements on a prototype drive. Basing on an averaged drive model, which reflects the slow dynamic behavior of the drive's ultrasonic oscillations by time varying fundamental Fourier coefficients, a cascaded two-phase vector control scheme is designed. The novel drive control divides into an inner voltage and outer bending wave control compensating couplings and suppressing the beat characteristics. Since an amplitude modulation is applied instead of frequency modulation, the well known pull out phenomenon is eliminated in general. By means of an online frequency adaptation to the stator's resonance, the drive's performance is optimized remarkably.}}, author = {{Maas, Jürgen and Schulte, Thomas and Grotstollen, H.}}, booktitle = {{IAS '97. Conference Record of the 1997 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Thirty-Second IAS Annual Meeting}}, isbn = {{0-7803-4067-1}}, location = {{New Orleans, LA, USA}}, pages = {{690 -- 698}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Optimized drive control for inverter-fed ultrasonic motors}}}, volume = {{1}}, year = {{1997}}, }