@misc{13022, abstract = {{Numerous single-track railway lines are currently disused due to economic factors. These lines could potentially be reactivated by small vehicles that utilise only a single rail, enabling bidirectional operation simultaneously. The MONOCAB is such a compact monorail vehicle, stabilised by a system of control moment gyroscopes (CMGs) and a laterally movable, controllable trim mass. Despite their potential, there is currently a lack of comparative references for MONOCABs in relation to other vehicles. In the context of mechanical design and construction, interdependencies with roll stabilisation occur. Of particular concern are torsional effects, which can significantly impact stability. This study investigates the structural dynamics of monorail vehicles with a focus on the influence of gyroscopes. Gyroscopic systems play a significant role in the behaviour of such vehicles, affecting stability, control and response to external disturbances. Through a comprehensive approach encompassing analytical modelling, numerical simulations, and experimental validation, the interactions between the vehicle's structure and gyroscopic components are explored. The analytical considerations are validated via experimentally derived frequency responses utilising a full-scale monorail vehicle. The results of this study have implications for various fields, such as transportation, robotics and aerospace engineering.}}, author = {{Griese, Martin and Schulte, Thomas}}, booktitle = {{Vehicle system dynamics : international journal of vehicle mechanics and mobility}}, issn = {{1744-5159}}, keywords = {{Vehicle dynamics, rail vehicle, control moment gyroscope, stabilisation control, motion control, stability analysis}}, publisher = {{Taylor & Francis}}, title = {{{Gyroscopic effects in the structural dynamics of monorail vehicles}}}, doi = {{10.1080/00423114.2025.2480820}}, volume = {{63}}, year = {{2025}}, } @misc{13224, abstract = {{This paper presents a robust methodology for optimizing CO2 emissions and electricity costs in industrial applications, with the aim of developing a flexible and dynamic energy management strategy that balances sustainability and cost-efficiency. Addressing the growing need for sustainable and economically viable energy solutions amidst the global urgency of climate change mitigation, the proposed approach is based on dynamic energy management techniques that minimize dependence on grid electricity, which can fluctuate between energy import and export. A flexible cost function is developed to simultaneously account for CO2 emissions and electricity prices, enabling a balance between environmental impact and operational costs. The optimization framework employs Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) to derive the optimal energy management strategy, showcasing significant potential for reducing both CO2 emissions and electricity costs. Although the methodology is demonstrated in a specific industrial setting, its flexible design ensures applicability across various energy profiles and operational scenarios, making it relevant for a wide range of industrial applications.}}, author = {{Mousavi, Seyed Davood and Griese, Martin and Schulte, Thomas}}, booktitle = {{2024 International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering Researches (ICECER)}}, keywords = {{CO2 Reduction, Electricity Cost Minimization, Life Cycle Assessment, MILP, Smart-E-Factory, Dynamic Energy Management}}, location = {{Gaborone, Botswana }}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Dynamic Optimization of CO2 Emissions and Electricity Costs in Smart Factories}}}, doi = {{10.1109/icecer62944.2024.10920418}}, year = {{2024}}, } @misc{12851, abstract = {{Currently, numerous single-track railway lines are disused due to economic reasons. They could be reactivated by small vehicles that use only one rail and thus can be operated in both directions at the same time. MONOCABs are such small cabin-like vehicles, stabilized by a system of control moment gyroscopes and a trim mass. They could make an important contribution to improve the mobility offer especially in rural areas. Regarding the MONOCAB, there is currently no reference in comparison with other vehicles. In the context of mechanical design and construction, interdependencies with vertical stabilization occur. Torsional effects in particular can critically affect the stability. This paper investigates the influence of mechanical eigenmodes on the vertical stabilization system. Specific characteristics of the system (especially due to the gyroscopes) are highlighted by a model-based analysis. Moreover, a FEM modal analysis is used to examine the supporting frame of the vehicle. The results are compared to experimentally estimated frequency responses of a full-scale monorail vehicle.}}, author = {{Griese, Martin and Döding, Patrick and Schulte, Thomas}}, booktitle = {{Advances in Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks III : Proceedings of the 28th Symposium of the International Association of Vehicle System Dynamics, IAVSD 2023, August 21–25, 2023, Ottawa, Canada - Volume 1: Rail Vehicles }}, editor = {{Huang, Wei and Ahmadian, Mehdi }}, isbn = {{978-3-031-66970-5}}, issn = {{2195-4364}}, keywords = {{vehicle dynamics, roll stabilization, modal analysis}}, location = {{Ottawa, CANADA}}, pages = {{107--116}}, publisher = {{Springer Nature Switzerland}}, title = {{{Analysis of Mechanical Eigenmodes of a Self-stabilizing Monorail Vehicle}}}, doi = {{10.1007/978-3-031-66971-2_12}}, year = {{2024}}, } @misc{11305, abstract = {{Currently, numerous single-track railway lines are disused due to economic reasons. However, one way they could be reactivated for a bidirectional on-demand service traffic is by small vehicles that use only one rail. MONOCABs are such small cabin-like vehicles, stabilized by a system of control moment gyroscopes and a trim mass. They could make an important contribution to improve the mobility offer especially in rural areas. Regarding the MONOCAB, there is currently no reference in comparison with other vehicles. It is mandatory to gain experience before transferring such a new vehicle concept into commercial operation. To ensure the function and safety of the vehicle even before implementation, a model-based design of the system is carried out for development and analysis. In order to test the developed algorithms, this paper presents a Hardware-in-the-loop structure considering a detailed model of the vehicle and real electronic control units to accurately represent the overall system. This paper focuses on the driving system of the vehicle and investigates interdependencies with the performance of the electronic control units and communication networks.}}, author = {{Hanselle, Raphael and Griese, Martin and Rasche, Rainer and Schulte, Thomas}}, booktitle = {{2023 IEEE 21st International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN)}}, editor = {{Jasperneite, Jürgen and Wisniewski, Lukasz and Man, Kim Fung}}, isbn = {{978-1-6654-9314-7}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{HIL Simulation of the Positioning Control for an Automated Driving Monorail Vehicle}}}, doi = {{10.1109/indin51400.2023.10218259}}, year = {{2023}}, } @misc{11306, abstract = {{Currently, numerous single-track railway lines are disused due to economic reasons. However, one way they could be reactivated for a bidirectional on-demand service traffic by small vehicles that use only one rail. MONOCABs are such small cabin-like vehicles, stabilized by a system of control moment gyroscopes and a trim mass. They could make an important contribution to improve the mobility offer especially in rural areas. Regarding the MONOCAB, there is currently no reference in comparison with other vehicles. It is mandatory to gain experience before transferring such a new vehicle concept into commercial operation. Especially the safe and robust commissioning of the stabilization control system is crucial and therefore requires an elaborated procedure. At this step, parameters related to the vertical dynamics have to be determined beforehand. This paper presents a comparative investigation of methods to estimate the moment of inertia and gravitational torque constant. Multiple methods in time-domain and frequency-domain are experimentally evaluated and compared with each other. Experimental tests are carried out with a full-scale monorail vehicle.}}, author = {{Griese, Martin and Mousavi, Seyed Davood and Schulte, Thomas}}, booktitle = {{2023 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM)}}, isbn = {{978-1-6654-7634-8}}, issn = {{2159-6255}}, keywords = {{Parameter identification, Vehicle dynamics, Control moment gyroscope, Roll stabilization, Monorail vehicles}}, location = {{Seattle, Wash.}}, pages = {{1196--1201}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Parameter identification related to vertical dynamic of a self-stabilizing monorail vehicle}}}, doi = {{10.1109/aim46323.2023.10196189}}, year = {{2023}}, } @misc{11307, abstract = {{Currently, numerous single-track railway lines are disused due to economic reasons. However, one way they could be reactivated for a bidirectional on-demand service traffic by small vehicles that use only one rail. MonoCabs are such small cabin-like vehicles, stabilized by a system of control moment gyroscopes and a trim mass. They could make an important contribution to improve the mobility offer especially in rural areas. Regarding the MonoCab, there is currently no reference in comparison with other vehicles and no experimental experience or the like. To ensure the function and safety of the vehicle even before implementation, a model-based design of the system is carried out for development and analysis. In order to test the developed algorithms, this paper presents a Hardware-in-the-loop structure considering a detailed model of the vehicle and real electronic control units to accurately represent the overall system. Two scenarios are investigated and compared to offline simulations showing that the functionality of the system can be ensured in operation.}}, author = {{Griese, Martin and Mousavi, Seyed Davood and Schulte, Thomas}}, booktitle = {{IECON 2022 – 48th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society}}, isbn = {{978-1-6654-8026-0}}, location = {{Brussels, Belgium}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{HIL simulation of a self-stabilizing monorail vehicle}}}, doi = {{10.1109/iecon49645.2022.9968495}}, year = {{2022}}, } @misc{9287, author = {{Stork, Dominic and Lück, Sönke and Griese, Martin and Naumann, Rolf and Schulte, Thomas}}, booktitle = {{World Congress on Railway Research 2022 (WCRR 2022) Draft Technical Programme}}, location = {{Birmingham, UK}}, publisher = {{SNCF}}, title = {{{MonoCab – Simulation-based development of a running gear concept for monorail vehicles}}}, year = {{2022}}, } @misc{8380, abstract = {{Currently, numerous single-track railway lines are disused due to economic reasons. However, they could be reactivated for a bidirectional on-demand service traffic by small vehicles that use only one rail. MonoCabs are such small cabin-like vehicles, stabilized by a system of control moment gyroscopes and a moveable mass. They could make an important contribution to improve the mobility offer especially in rural areas. This paper is focused on the vertical stabilization system of the MonoCab. This system is discussed based on a physical three body model which describes the rolling motion of the vehicle, the lateral motion of the mass and the precession motion of the gyroscope. The model is utilized for a cascaded control concept adjusting the vehicle’s roll angle and gyroscope’s gimbal angle. The proposed stabilization concept is capable of compensating both high dynamic disturbances and stationary disturbances (e. g. unbalanced loads and steady wind flows). The concept is analyzed by simulations and experimental investigations utilizing a small scaled test rig and a rapid control prototyping system. Beside transient command responses also the frequency response of the system is experimentally evaluated and used for a validation of the model and theoretical findings.}}, author = {{Griese, Martin and Kottmeier, Fabian and Schulte, Thomas}}, booktitle = {{IECON 2021 – 47th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society}}, isbn = {{978-1-6654-3554-3}}, issn = {{2577-1647 }}, keywords = {{Vehicle dynamics, Control moment gyroscope, Control system analysis, Roll stabilization, Monorail vehicles}}, location = {{Toronto, ON, Canada }}, pages = {{pp. 1--6}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Vertical control of a self-stabilizing monorail vehicle}}}, doi = {{10.1109/IECON48115.2021.9589726}}, year = {{2021}}, } @misc{8385, abstract = {{Currently, numerous single-track railway lines are disused due to economic reasons. However, they could be reactivated for a bidirectional on-demand service traffic by small vehicles that use only one rail. MonoCabs are such small cabin-like vehicles, stabilized by a system of control moment gyroscopes and a moveable mass. They could make an important contribution to improve the mobility offer especially in rural areas. This paper focuses on the analytical modeling and vertical stabilization system of the MonoCab. A nonlinear dynamic model is obtained using the Lagrangian method and subsequently linearized about its equilibrium point. Which is used for the design of the cascade control system. The dynamic analysis of the system is accomplished by comparing between analytically derived model in simulink environment and same structured model in simscape multibody. This system is discussed based on a physical three body model which describes the rolling motion of the vehicle, the lateral motion of the mass and the precession motion of the gyroscope. The model is utilized for a cascaded control concept adjusting the vehicle’s roll angle and gyroscope’s precession angle. The proposed stabilization concept is capable of compensating both high dynamic disturbances and stationary disturbances (e. g. unbalanced loads and steady wind flows). The concept is analyzed by simulations and experimental investigations. Beside transient command responses also the frequency response of the system is experimentally evaluated and used for a validation of the model and theoretical findings. For the experimental validation, a small scaled test rig is used which consists of mechanical frames and flywheels, inverter-fed drives, rotary encoders, an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and a rapid control prototyping system.}}, author = {{Griese, Martin and Mousavi, Seyed Davood and Schulte, Thomas}}, booktitle = {{2021 9th International Conference on Control, Mechatronics and Automation (ICCMA)}}, keywords = {{Vehicle dynamics, Control moment gyroscope, Control system analysis, Roll stabilization, Monorail vehicles}}, location = {{Belval, Luxembourg }}, pages = {{205--210}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Modeling the Vertical Dynamics of a Self-stabilizing Monorail Vehicle}}}, doi = {{10.1109/ICCMA54375.2021.9646219}}, year = {{2021}}, } @misc{8386, abstract = {{The dynamic emulation of mechanical loads is required in a variety of applications to test and validate control algorithms. Typical test setups consist of two mechanically coupled motors, one of which is the Device Under Test (DUT) while the other is used as a load drive for emulation. Existing emulation concepts either rely on the differentiation of velocity feedback or utilize measured quantities of the DUT. The emulation method proposed in this paper uses acceleration feedback to control the torque of the load drive. It does not require any measured quantities of the DUT which allows a simple replacement of the DUT’s motor and/or inverter without the need of any conceptual changes. Based on a physical model, the emulation method is derived analytically and analyzed numerically for the emulation of one-mass-systems. The stability and emulation quality is evaluated considering two controller architectures. Finally, experiments are conducted and compared to numeric simulations to test the correct emulation.}}, author = {{Epp, Michael and Griese, Martin and Schulte, Thomas}}, booktitle = {{IECON 2021 – 47th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society}}, isbn = {{978-1-6654-3554-3}}, issn = {{2577-1647}}, keywords = {{Acceleration feedback, emulation of mechanical loads, motion and servo control, machine and drive testing}}, location = {{Toronto, ON, Canada }}, pages = {{1--6}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Acceleration Feedback Concepts for Dynamic Emulation of Mechanical Loads}}}, doi = {{10.1109/IECON48115.2021.9589449}}, year = {{2021}}, } @inproceedings{8712, author = {{Griese, Martin and Schulte, Thomas}}, booktitle = {{2020 IEEE 14th International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG)}}, location = {{Setúbal, Portugal}}, pages = {{388--393}}, title = {{{System reduction of optimal control problems with seasonal storage}}}, doi = {{10.1109/CPE-POWERENG48600.2020.9161699}}, volume = {{1}}, year = {{2020}}, } @inproceedings{4026, abstract = {{The control and structural expansion of decentralized energy systems are very challenging due to the volatility of renewable energies and progressive structural changes. For balancing out seasonal fluctuations, conversions into heat or gas in combination with long-term storages are frequently discussed approaches. In context of an optimal conceptual synthesis of such systems, investigations regarding the operation and design require a large time period of at least one year. In order to solve such optimal control problems, an immense calculation time is required. This contribution presents a multistep approach which determines the optimal operation strategy in an iterative way and is capable of reducing the calculation effort. In the first step, a rough optimization incorporating a low modelling depth is performed. Especially in combination with a rough time discretization, dynamic short-term storages (e.g. electrical batteries) can become irrelevant from an optimization point of view. Therefore, the considered system can be virtually reduced by several state and control variables resulting in a significantly reduced computation time. In a second optimization, the optimal control problem is constrained using the results of the previous step. Especially the obtained values for the state of charge of the long-term storage improve significantly the quality of the second optimization. While in the first step, the dynamic programming is utilized to solve the optimal control problem in one instance, the second step uses the mixed integer linear programming to solve multiple short time periods of the optimal control problem in a sequential way. Results are presented on the basis of a simple test scenario where the electrical energy supply of a residential quarter is investigated using real photovoltaic data of one year, a modelled fuel cell system as long-term storage and an electrical battery storage as short-term storage.}}, author = {{Griese, Martin and Pawlik, Thomas and Schulte, Thomas}}, location = {{Wroclaw}}, title = {{{Optimized operation of long-term storages considering a scalable modelling depth}}}, year = {{2019}}, } @article{5435, abstract = {{Towards renewable energy systems, the coupling of multiple sectors is important and incorporates novel technologies where currently no models exist that correctly represent all transient effects. Therefore, we present a method that incorporates Hardware-in-the-Loop simulations where virtual components as models are coupled to real and experimental facilities in real time. By including experimental components, a higher validity can be obtained and the practical applicability of renewable energy scenario can be discussed more profoundly. In this paper, the considered energy system consists of an experimental biocatalytic methanation reactor, a real photovoltaic park, a regenerative fuel cell and short-term storage units to supply a residential district. A representative control sequence of the methanator is obtained by modeling the scenario as an optimal control problem. A first HIL simulation highlights that modifications of the instrumentation are required for a grid injection of the generated methane. The scientific approach can be applied to any energy system where some of the considered components are available as experimental or real facilities. Non-exisiting components are simply replaced by models. The presented approach helps to determine which parts or process parameters are crucial for the planed operation before the overall energy system is realized on a larger scale. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}}, author = {{Griese, Martin and Hoffrath, Marc Philippe and Broeker, Timo and Schulte, Thomas and Schneider, Jan}}, issn = {{1873-6785}}, journal = {{Energy : the international journal}}, keywords = {{Biological methanation, Energy management, HIL simulation, Optimization, Scalable models}}, location = {{Guimaraes, PORTUGAL}}, pages = {{77 -- 90}}, publisher = {{Elsevier}}, title = {{{Hardware-in-the-Loop simulation of an optimized energy management incorporating an experimental biocatalytic methanation reactor}}}, doi = {{10.1016/j.energy.2019.05.092}}, volume = {{181}}, year = {{2019}}, } @article{4001, abstract = {{In this contribution, a model-based method for analyzing and optimizing energy systems comprising the electrical, thermal and chemical domain is presented. The method is a variant of the Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) simulation where virtual components are combined with real experimental components of the evaluated system. In order to integrate the real components with minimal instrumentation efforts, measured quantities are included as information flows, only, while the physical power flows are connected to local supply structures, like the electric grid or gas distribution system. This contribution incorporates a biocatalytic methanation reactor as an experimental component to convert hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane. Compared to the well-known Sabatier process, this reactor operates at lower temperature levels and does not need pure carbon dioxide. This allows a dynamic operation and makes it more flexible regarding the carbon dioxide source whose availability is often critically discussed. The virtual energy components are represented by real-time capable models describing their physical behavior. In a test scenario, the electrical energy supply of residential quarters is investigated where photovoltaic data and a modeled fuel cell system are included beside the real experimental methanation process. For the dynamical management of energy and operating gases, electrical and chemical storage units are considered as virtual components, as well. The previous described energy system allows various strategies regarding the operation of the components, especially the storage units. Therefore an optimized energy management is reasonable, based on a designated criterion, e.g. minimal operating costs or maximum energy efficiency. In order to find the global optimum, the method of dynamic programming is used to determine the optimal control sequence for an assumed operation case, e.g. given by the photovoltaic yield of the considered day. Finally, the found solution is tested in real-time by the proposed HIL simulation.}}, author = {{Griese, Martin and Hoffrath, M. and Broeker, Timo and Schneider, J. and Schulte, Thomas}}, journal = {{ECOS}}, title = {{{HIL simulation of an optimized energy management incorporating an experimental biocatalytic methanation reactor}}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{4024, abstract = {{For investigating combined grid systems including electrical, thermal and chemical grids, a scientific approach based on Hardware-in-the-loop simulation is carried out where models as virtual energy components are coupled with experimental facilities. In this contribution, a bidirectional fuel cell system is described in detail as a virtual energy component considering the bidirectional fuel cell, the power inverter and the local management. For modelling the bidirectional cell, the electrochemical domain is considered by a physical-based approach in a first step. Common models for unidirectional fuel cells or electrolysis cells are discussed regarding the applicability for bidirectional cells. Afterwards, the DC-DC converter as part of the overall power inverter is considered for modelling. A novel averaged model for the dual active bridge based on the method by Sanders and Verghese is presented. Finally, the overall model and local management of such systems are discussed.}}, author = {{Griese, Martin and Pawlik, Thomas and Schulte, Thomas and Maas, Jürgen}}, issn = {{2166-9546 }}, location = {{Bydgoszcz, Poland }}, pages = {{186 -- 191}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Electrodynamical modelling of bidirectional fuel cell systems for HIL simulations of combined grid systems}}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{4122, author = {{Dimitrov, Ivan and Schwickert, Susanne and Griese, Martin}}, booktitle = {{ CESBP Central European Symposium on Building Physics/BauSIM 2016}}, editor = {{Grunewald, John}}, location = {{Dresden}}, publisher = {{Fraunhofer IRB Verlag }}, title = {{{Ganzheitliche energetische Modellierung von Privathaushalten unter Berücksichtigung von Gebäudestruktur und Nutzerverhalten}}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{4014, abstract = {{In this contribution, a model-based method for analysing and designing energy systems comprising the electrical, thermal and chemical domain is presented. Beside the energy generation and consumption, the bidirectional coupling between all energy domains is considered, as well. This method is an adapted variant of the so called Hardware-in-the-Loop simulation where virtual energy components are combined with geographically distributed real energy components. In order to integrate the real components with minimal instrumentation efforts, measured quantities are included as information flows, only, while the physical power flows are connected to local available grid structures. The virtual energy components are represented by real-time capable models describing their physical behaviour. In this contribution, a CHP unit is described as a virtual energy component. The modelling approach is based on a time domain approach using state variables of the multiple domains to describe the dynamic behaviour. Afterwards, the model is parameterized by datasheet specifications and measurement data of several CHP units with different power ratings. Based on these results, a method for scaling the proposed CHP model is presented. Especially for parameter studies, this method allows a simple adaption of a general parameterized CHP model. Moreover, a method for scaling such models with respect to the modelling depth is proposed and exemplarily applied to the electrical generator of the CHP model. This scaling method enables the model adaptations for different simulation purposes like detailed investigations of single structures and holistic investigations of large combined grid systems.}}, author = {{Griese, Martin and Pawlik, Thomas and Schulte, Thomas}}, booktitle = {{ International ETG Congress 2015 ; Die Energiewende - Blueprints for the new energy age}}, isbn = {{978-3-8007-4121-2}}, location = {{Bonn}}, publisher = {{VDE-Verlag}}, title = {{{Methods for scaling a physical based CHP model for HIL simulation of smart combined grid systems}}}, year = {{2015}}, } @article{4018, abstract = {{In this contribution, a model-based method for analyzing and designing energy systems comprising the electrical, thermal and chemical domains is presented. Beside the energy generation and consumption, the bidirectional coupling between all energy domains is considered, as well. This method is an adapted variant of the so called Hardware-in-the-Loop simulation where virtual energy components are combined with geographically distributed real energy components. In order to integrate the real components with minimal instrumentation efforts, measured quantities are included as information flows, only, while the physical power flows are connected to local available grid structures. This virtual coupling has the further advantage of a simple scalability so that existing real components can be used for different applications. The virtual energy components are represented by real-time capable models describing their physical behavior. In this contribution, a CHP unit is described as a first virtual energy component. The modeling approach is based on a time domain approach using state variables of the multiple domains to describe the dynamic behavior. Furthermore, the model is scalable regarding the modeling depth and the power ratings which allows an application for different simulation scenarios. Besides the modeling of a standalone CHP unit, its integration into a simulated electrical grid is discussed as well. Afterwards, the overall model is parameterized and validated with data of a medium size CHP unit. Finally, the model is used for simulations of an exemplary electrical grid.}}, author = {{Griese, Martin and Schulte, Thomas and Maas, Jürgen}}, issn = {{2148-7847}}, journal = {{Journal of Thermal Engineering}}, number = {{6}}, pages = {{467 -- 487}}, publisher = {{Yildiz Technical University }}, title = {{{A holistic modeling and simulation approach to optimize a smart combined grid system of different renewable energies}}}, volume = {{1}}, year = {{2015}}, } @inbook{4019, abstract = {{Im Rahmen dieses Beitrages wurde die Notwendigkeit intelligenter, gekoppelter Verbundsysteme diskutiert und ein wissenschaftlicher Ansatz zur Optimierung solcher Systeme vorgestellt. Der Ansatz basiert auf einer ganzheitlichen Betrachtung im Rahmen einer Echtzeitsimulation mit gekoppelten realen Komponenten. Zur virtuellen Koppelung wird ein Simulationsmanager eingesetzt, der eine Skalierung der realen Komponenten erlaubt. Dies ermöglicht eine einfache Adaptierung von realen und simulierten Komponenten an das jeweils betrachtete Szenario. Als eine erste simulierte Komponente wurde eine KWK-Anlage untersucht und bezüglich der elektrischen, thermischen, mechanischen und chemischen Domänen modelliert. Das Gesamtmodell berücksichtigt das Verhalten des Verbrennungsmotors, des Synchrongenerators und der Wärmeübertrager. Mit Hilfe von Messgrößen einer realen KWK-Anlage wurde im Anschluss das Gesamtmodell validiert. Die generierten Simulationsergebnisse weisen eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den erhobenen Messdaten auf. Aktuell werden weitere Energiekomponenten untersucht, um Energiesysteme ganzheitlich optimieren zu können. Dieser Beitrag ist im Rahmen des vom Land NRW geförderten Forschungsschwerpunktes „Intelligente Energiesysteme (IES)“ im Projekt „Smart Energy Village“ entstanden.}}, author = {{Schulte, Thomas and Griese, Martin and Pawlik, Thomas and Maas, Jürgen}}, booktitle = {{Detmolder Bauphysiktag 2015}}, editor = {{Schwickert, Susanne}}, isbn = {{978-3-8440-3484-4}}, pages = {{117 -- 126}}, publisher = {{Shaker Verlag}}, title = {{{Smart Energy Village – Ein Forschungsansatz für die Energieversorgung der Zukunft}}}, volume = {{2015}}, year = {{2015}}, } @inproceedings{4089, author = {{Pawlik, Thomas and Griese, Martin and Dohmann, Joachim and Maas, Jürgen and Schulte, Thomas}}, location = {{Antalya, Türkei}}, title = {{{Concept of a bidirectional Power-to-X Process System for technical and economical Investigations of Conversion and Storage Technologies}}}, year = {{2015}}, } @misc{13023, abstract = {{Transducers based on dielectric electroactive polymers (DEAP) use electrostatic pressure to convert electric energy into strain energy or vice versa. Besides this, they are also designed for sensor applications in monitoring the actual stretch state on the basis of the deformation dependent capacitive-resistive behavior of the DEAP. In order to enable an efficient and proper closed loop control operation of these transducers, e.g. in positioning or energy harvesting applications, on the one hand, sensors based on DEAP material can be integrated into the transducers and evaluated externally, and on the other hand, the transducer itself can be used as a sensor, also in terms of self-sensing. For this purpose the characteristic electrical behavior of the transducer has to be evaluated in order to determine the mechanical state. Also, adequate online identification algorithms with sufficient accuracy and dynamics are required, independent from the sensor concept utilized, in order to determine the electrical DEAP parameters in real time. Therefore, in this contribution, algorithms are developed in the frequency domain for identifications of the capacitance as well as the electrode and polymer resistance of a DEAP, which are validated by measurements. These algorithms are designed for self-sensing applications, especially if the power electronics utilized is operated at a constant switching frequency, and parasitic harmonic oscillations are induced besides the desired DC value. These oscillations can be used for the online identification, so an additional superimposed excitation is no longer necessary. For this purpose a dual active bridge (DAB) is introduced to drive the DEAP transducer. The capabilities of the real-time identification algorithm in combination with the DAB are presented in detail and discussed, finally.}}, author = {{Hoffstadt, Thorben and Griese, Martin and Maas, Jürgen}}, booktitle = {{Smart Materials and Structures}}, issn = {{1361-665X}}, keywords = {{dielectric electroactive polymer, identification algorithm, self-sensing, DEAP sensor}}, location = {{Snowbird, UT}}, number = {{10}}, publisher = {{IOP Publishing}}, title = {{{Online identification algorithms for integrated dielectric electroactive polymer sensors and self-sensing concepts}}}, doi = {{10.1088/0964-1726/23/10/104007}}, volume = {{23}}, year = {{2014}}, } @inproceedings{4008, abstract = {{Due to the increasing energy demand and shortage of fossil fuels, the energy systems will be transformed from mainly centralized into more decentralized systems, also incorporating more renewable energy. However, optimizing the control and structure of these systems is rather complex. A method for analyzing and planning of such systems is an adapted variant of the so called Hardware-in-the-Loop simulation. This approach comprises virtual energy components as models combined with data from experimental components. As a virtual energy component, a simulation model describing the physical behavior of CHP units is proposed in this contribution. The modeling approach is based on a time domain approach using state variables of the multiple domains to describe the dynamic behavior. For instance, the first law of thermodynamics is applied to model the thermal quantities. Furthermore, the model is scalable regarding the modeling depth and the power ratings which allows an application for different simulation scenarios. Finally, the overall model is parameterized and validated with data of a medium sized CHP plant.}}, author = {{Griese, Martin and Pawlik, Thomas and Schulte, Thomas and Maas, Jürgen}}, location = {{Istanbul}}, pages = {{189 -- 200}}, publisher = {{Academia.edu}}, title = {{{Scalable model of a CHP unit for HIL simulation of a smart combined grid system}}}, year = {{2014}}, }