@misc{12760, abstract = {{Various degradation mechanisms can diminish the performance of electrical connectors in automobiles over time. It is crucial to gain an in-depth understanding of the failure mechanisms and their interactions, as well as to systematically analyze the failure mechanisms of connectors, assess their state of health, and predict the probability of failure in the future. This work provides a comprehensive overview of degradation mechanisms in electrical connectors, including fretting corrosion, oxidation, delamination, wear through of the protective coating, stress relaxation and plastic deformation. It focuses on mechanisms that contribute to increased contact resistance over time and proposes a unified model to explain their interactions. The study introduces a structured methodology for assessing connector health by outlining key measurement techniques and presenting an efficient approach to failure and state analysis that minimizes both testing time and sample size. This methodology is supported by analyses of connectors from long-term life tests and field-used, field-tested vehicles. Additionally, the study explores new aspects of the state analysis for accelerated testing of connectors, supported by examples from field-tested vehicles and various test methods, to predict connectors lifetime and evaluate the effectiveness of existing testing approaches.}}, author = {{Song, Jian and Hilmert, Dirk and Kiel, Frederik}}, booktitle = {{Engineering Failure Analysis}}, issn = {{1873-1961}}, keywords = {{Combined failure mechanisms, Combination of analytical methods, Procedure of analysis}}, number = {{5}}, publisher = {{Elsevier}}, title = {{{Mechanisms of failure and state analysis of electrical connectors in automobiles}}}, doi = {{10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109427}}, volume = {{173}}, year = {{2025}}, } @misc{12763, abstract = {{In a previous paper, the correlation between the wear resistance of coatings and the lifetime of electrical connectors under fretting load was discovered. Based on this knowledge, various modifications of silver-based coatings with markedly increased wear resistance have been developed, and a calculation model for predicting connector lifetime has been formulated. Investigations on silver-coated electrical contacts with increased wear resistance show extended lifetimes in fretting wear and fretting corrosion tests, and the calculation model with various modified coating materials can be validated. However, contacts with very high wear-resistant coatings fail earlier than the specific wear coefficient and the calculation model prediction suggest. The in-depth investigation of the coating material and the wear scar revealed the reasons for this unexpectedly shorter lifetime. The high wear resistance of modified silver coatings is achieved by increased micro-hardness. Both coatings with coating materials of high hardness and high thickness can lead to longer lifetimes under fretting load. However, increased fretting cycles can also cause fatigue and electrical contacts can fail due to delamination of the surface coating caused by fretting fatigue, and this delamination can lead to a sudden exposure of the base material, thus enabling its corrosion. Therefore, both wear resistance and fatigue resistance should be increased in order to achieve a long lifetime of electrical contacts under fretting load.}}, author = {{Song, Jian and Tuelling, Soeren and Hengstler, Jonas}}, booktitle = {{Wear : an international journal on the science and technology of friction, lubrication and wear }}, issn = {{0043-1648}}, keywords = {{Fretting, Wear, Fatigue, Lifetime, Electrical contacts}}, publisher = {{Elsevier}}, title = {{{Correlation between wear and fatigue properties and the lifetime of silver coated electrical connectors}}}, doi = {{10.1016/j.wear.2025.205971}}, year = {{2025}}, } @proceedings{12885, editor = {{Song, Jian}}, isbn = {{978-3-00-081713-7}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, publisher = {{Labor für Feinsystemtechnik, Technische Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe,}}, title = {{{Elektrische und optische Verbindungstechnik 2025 : Tagungsband der VDE/VDI GMM-Fachtagung : 10. Symposium Connectors }}}, year = {{2025}}, } @misc{12886, author = {{Blauth, Michael and Tülling, Sören and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Elektrische und optische Verbindungstechnik 2025 : Tagungsband der VDE/VDI GMM-Fachtagung : 10. Symposium Connectors}}, editor = {{Song, Jian}}, isbn = {{978-3-00-081713-7}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{42--57}}, publisher = {{Labor für Feinsystemtechnik, Technische Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe}}, title = {{{Untersuchung zum Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur und der Applikationsmenge von Schmierstoffen bei Reibversuchen an Silberkontakten}}}, year = {{2025}}, } @misc{12887, author = {{Probst, Roman and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Elektrische und optische Verbindungstechnik 2025 : Tagungsband der VDE/VDI GMM-Fachtagung : 10. Symposium Connectors}}, editor = {{Song, Jian}}, isbn = {{978-3-00-081713-7}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{222--230}}, publisher = {{Labor für Feinsystemtechnik, Technische Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe}}, title = {{{Einfluss von Vibration auf die Mikrobewegung von Steckverbindern}}}, year = {{2025}}, } @misc{13433, abstract = {{The use of lubricants on electrical connector contacts is essential for certain applications in order to reduce mating forces, minimize wear, and mitigate fretting corrosion. However, increasing performance requirements (e.g., operation at elevated temperatures) and regulatory restrictions are prompting a reassessment of lubricant selection. In this study, the influence of three lubricants (one oil and two greases), operating temperature (room temperature and 130°C), and applied volume (low, medium and high volume) on electrical contact resistance (ECR) and coefficient of friction (CoF) is investigated by means of fretting wear tests on silver-plated contacts. The results show that unlubricated silver contacts exhibit a longer stable phase at 130 °C than at room temperature. For lubricated contacts, service life is influenced by both temperature and lubricant volume. Certain lubricants demonstrate earlier fail at room temperature than at elevated temperatures. The findings highlight the importance of careful selection and optimization of lubricants for electrical connectors under varying environmental conditions.}}, author = {{Blauth, Michael and Tülling, Sören and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 70th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)}}, isbn = {{979-8-3315-5997-7}}, issn = {{2158-9992}}, keywords = {{Connectors, Resistance, Silver, Lubricants, Contacts, Oils, Friction, Corrosion, Optimization}}, location = {{San Antonio, TX, USA }}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Effect of Operating Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts}}}, doi = {{10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329}}, year = {{2025}}, } @misc{12761, abstract = {{For modern machines, factories and electric and autonomous vehicles, the importance of vreliable electrical connectors cannot be overstated. With an increasing number of connectors being used in machines, factories and vehicles, ensuring their reliability is crucial for comfort and safety alike. One of the key indicators of reliability is the lifetime of connectors. To evaluate the lifetime of electrical connectors, a testing method and a model for calculating their lifetime based on the test data were developed. The results from these tests were compared to failure analysis data from long-term field operations. The findings indicate that the laboratory tests can accurately reproduce the main failures observed in the field. However, such lifetime tests can be time- and labor-intensive. To address this challenge, a data-driven method is proposed that predicts the lifetime of electrical connectors using statistical analysis of electrical contact resistance data collected from short-term tests. The predictions from this method were compared to actual results obtained from long-term tests. A strong correlation was observed between the contact resistance development in short-term tests and the number of failures in later stages of testing. Thus, apart from predicting the lifetime of connectors, this method can also be applied for failure prognosis in real-time operations.}}, author = {{Song, Jian and Shukla, Abhay Rammurti and Probst, Roman}}, booktitle = {{Machines}}, issn = {{2075-1702 }}, keywords = {{electrical connectors, accelerated life testing, statistical model, lifetime prognosis, reliability, state of health}}, number = {{12}}, pages = {{474}}, publisher = {{MDPI}}, title = {{{The State of Health of Electrical Connectors}}}, doi = {{https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12070474}}, volume = {{7}}, year = {{2024}}, } @misc{12891, abstract = {{Copper alloy metal strips are widely used to manufacture electrical connectors. These connectors experience stress relaxation during operation. The reduced contact force may lead to contact failure. For the given design of connectors, the contact force is proportional to the Young's modulus which depends on interatomic bonds, alloying elements and the microstructure of metal grains. According to the literature, it is assumed that Young's modulus does not change significantly during long-term mechanical stress and aging at temperatures below the recrystallization temperature of copper alloys. Based on this assumption, the relaxation of connectors from lifetime tests and from long-term used field vehicles can be determined by the comparison of spring deflection of connectors before and after long-term tests or long-term use. The focus of this paper is to answer the question, whether this assumption is accurate. For this purpose, the influence of long-term thermal and mechanical loads on the Young's modulus of various copper alloys is investigated. The temperature in test approximately matches the maximum design temperature of automotive connectors and the mechanical stress is comparable to that in a typical connector.}}, author = {{Bünting, Karolin and Shukla, Abhay Rammurti and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{ Electrical contacts - 2024 : proceedings of the Sixty‐Ninth IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts : 6-10 October 2024, Annapolis, MD, USA }}, isbn = {{979-8-3315-2907-9}}, keywords = {{Young's modulus, thermal and mechanical loads, spring deflection, relaxation}}, location = {{Annapolis, MD, USA }}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{The Influence of Long Term Thermal and Mechanical Loads on the Young's Modulus of Cu-Alloys - Determination of Stress Relaxation in Electrical Connectors}}}, doi = {{10.1109/holm56222.2024.10768449}}, year = {{2024}}, } @misc{11347, abstract = {{he lifetime of electrical contacts is influenced by various factors. Micromotions due to fluctuations in temperature and vibration in the field lead to fretting wear and fretting corrosion of electrical contacts. In case of the contacts with noble coatings, the fretting wear results in the wear through of the coating causing the exposure of the underlying non-noble metal to the surrounding atmosphere which in turn leads to fretting corrosion. These degradation mechanisms lead to an increase in electrical contact resistance and eventual failure of the system. In this study, the extent of contact degradation due to fretting war of galvanically silver-plated electrical contacts is investigated. To compare the extent of war occurring at different stages of the contacts’ lifetime, the fretting tests are conducted up to predefined fretting cycles. XRF measurements of the coating thickness before after the tests are performed and the wear depth after the given fretting cycles is determined via confocal microscopy. The results of two different types of silver plating are compared. Based on this, a prognosis regarding the wear behavior and expected lifetime of different coating systems can be made possible.}}, author = {{Probst, Roman and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik}}, issn = {{0724-3472}}, keywords = {{Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Surfaces and Interfaces, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials}}, number = {{1}}, pages = {{32--39}}, publisher = {{Narr Francke Attempto Verlag GmbH + Co. KG}}, title = {{{Einfluss der Mikrohärte der Ober- flächenschutzschicht auf den Verschleiß und die Lebensdauer von elektrischen Kontakten bei Reibverschleißbelastung}}}, doi = {{10.24053/tus-2023-0005}}, volume = {{70}}, year = {{2023}}, } @misc{11348, abstract = {{Lifetime is an important feature defining the reliability of electrical connectors. In general practice, the lifetime tests required for reliability estimation are time and labor intensive. In our previous work, a data driven method using a statistical process, with an application of probability distributions such as standard normal distribution and generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution with negative skewness to predict degradation paths, was introduced for estimation of the lifetime and FIT rate with the help of electrical contact resistance data collected from short term tests. The proposed method proved its significance by showing the possibility of drastic reduction in the lifetime test duration required for reliability determination. In this work, a non-parametric distribution free method using percentiles of actual measured contact resistances is used for determining the lifetime as against the percentiles of probability distribution used in previous work, thereby simplifying the process further and leading to an even more precise estimation. The lifetimes calculated from parametric and non-parametric methods are compared to highlight the significance of distribution free method in reliability estimation.}}, author = {{Shukla, Abhay Rammurti and Martin, Robert and Probst, Roman and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Microelectronics Reliability}}, issn = {{0026-2714}}, keywords = {{Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials}}, publisher = {{Elsevier }}, title = {{{Comparison of different statistical methods for prediction of lifetime of electrical connectors with short term tests}}}, doi = {{10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115216}}, volume = {{150}}, year = {{2023}}, } @misc{11349, author = {{Probst, Roman and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Elektrische und optische Verbindungstechnik 2023 : Tagungsband der VDE/VDI GMM-Fachtagung : 9. Symposium Connectors}}, editor = {{Song, Jian}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{166 -- 177}}, publisher = {{Labor für Feinsystemtechnik, TH OWL}}, title = {{{Bestimmung der charakteristischen Lebensdauer von Steckverbindern aus der Frühphase beschleunigter Lebensdauerprüfungen – State of Health. Tagungsband der VDE/VDI-GMM- Fachtagung „Symposium Connectors“, 166 – 177, Lemgo 2023}}}, year = {{2023}}, } @misc{11351, author = {{Song, Jian and Shukla, Abhay Rammurti}}, booktitle = {{Elektrische und optische Verbindungstechnik 2023 : Tagungsband der VDE/VDI GMM-Fachtagung : 9. Symposium Connectors}}, editor = {{Song, Jian}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{209 -- 221}}, publisher = {{Labor für Feinsystemtechnik, TH OWL}}, title = {{{Influence of surface roughness on contact behavior.}}}, year = {{2023}}, } @misc{11353, author = {{Hilmert, Dirk and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Elektrische und optische Verbindungstechnik 2023 : Tagungsband der VDE/VDI GMM-Fachtagung : 9. Symposium Connectors}}, editor = {{Song, Jian}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{262 -- 272}}, publisher = {{Labor für Feinsystemtechnik, TH OWL}}, title = {{{Bauraumbezogene Untersuchung der Schadensmechanismen von Steckverbindern aus Automobilen nach Langzeitbetrieb}}}, year = {{2023}}, } @misc{11356, abstract = {{• Surface roughness has significant influence on contact area • Real contact area can be predicted with good precision by simplifying roughness model using core roughness Rk and average groove width RSM • Higher precision can be achieved by proper selection of material ratio • The proposed method can be effectively used for predicting contact resistance for given contact conditions}}, author = {{Shukla, Abhay Rammurti and Song, Jian}}, location = {{Busan}}, title = {{{Influence of surface roughness and force on real contact area Busan}}}, year = {{2023}}, } @misc{11357, author = {{Song, Jian and Probst, Roman}}, booktitle = {{Reibung, Schmierung und Verschleiß : Forschung und praktische Anwendungen : 64. Tribologie-Fachtagung : 25. September bis 27. September 2023 in Göttingen}}, location = {{Göttingen }}, pages = {{06/1--4}}, publisher = {{Gesellschaft für Tribologie}}, title = {{{Einfluss von Schmiermitteln und thermischer Belastung auf das Reibkorrosionsverhalten von elektrischen Kontakten}}}, year = {{2023}}, } @misc{11358, abstract = {{Im Rahmen dieser Studie wird der Einfluss der Einbaulage und weiterer Parameter auf das Reibverschleiß- und Reibkorrosionsverhalten von Steckverbindern untersucht. Dazu werden Steckverbinder unterschiedlicher Typen mit verschiedenen Beschichtungsarten und Kontaktgrößen einer umfassenden Untersuchung unterzogen, indem sie Vibrations- und Reibverschleißprüfungen durchlaufen. Im Gegensatz zu früheren Studien beschränken sich die Anregungsrichtungen in diesen Prüfungen nicht nur auf die Steck- und Ziehrichtung, sondern es wird auch in den orthogonalen Richtungen dazu untersucht. Dieser Ansatz ermöglicht eine ganzheitlichere Betrachtung der Belastungen, denen die Steckverbinder ausgesetzt sind. Es werden verschiedene Messmethoden angewendet, um Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede im auftretenden Verschleißverhalten zwischen den jeweiligen Prüfmethoden festzustellen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die verschiedenen Prüfungsarten grundsätzlich unterschiedliche kritische Richtungen in Bezug auf den Verschleiß aufweisen. Auch die Kontaktgröße und die Nutzung von Einzelleiterabdichtungen haben einen großen Einfluss auf das Verschleißverhalten. }}, author = {{Song, Jian and Hilmert, Dirk}}, booktitle = {{Kontaktverhalten und Schalten : 27. VDE-Fachtagung Albert-Keil-Kontaktseminar, 27.-29. September 2023 am Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) }}, isbn = {{978-3-8007-6185-2}}, location = {{Karlsruhe }}, pages = {{104 -- 111}}, publisher = {{VDE}}, title = {{{Einfluss der Einbaulage und des Kabelanschlusses auf das Reibverschleiß- und Reibkorrosionsverhalten von Steckverbindern}}}, year = {{2023}}, } @misc{11359, abstract = {{The reliability and lifetime of electrical contacts is an important aspect in system reliability and is influenced by numerous factors. Micro motions as well as vibrations lead to fretting wear, which can result in wear through of the protective coating. If this layer is worn through, the non-noble layer underneath is exposed, resulting in the occurrence of fretting corrosion with further relative motion. This leads to an increased electrical contact resistance (ECR) and can cause the contact to fail. Increasing the hardness of the coating material can reduce the wear and in turn increase contacts’ lifetime. The micro hardness, wear and lifetime of contacts with modified hard silver coatings are investigated in fretting wear and corrosion tests and the results compared to a conventional silver coating. Since one of the modifications shows a significant reduction in wear and hence improvement in lifetime, further analysis with SEM and FIB is conducted in order to identify the key mechanisms leading to this improvement. With a further increase in lifetime however, fatigue as well as delamination of the coating are revealed to be of high relevance. Both can be main causes of electrical contact failure under fretting load. In general, at lower number of cycles, increased micro hardness has the greatest effect on lifetime and wear while at the higher number of cycles, fatigue is observed to be the dominant failure mechanism.}}, author = {{Probst, Roman and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)}}, isbn = {{979‐8‐3503‐4244‐4}}, issn = {{2158‐9992}}, keywords = {{electrical contacts, lifetime, silver coating, fretting corrosion, fatigue, wear through}}, location = {{Seattle }}, pages = {{88 -- 94}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests}}}, doi = {{10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299}}, year = {{2023}}, } @misc{11360, abstract = {{The state of health and lifetime estimation process of electrical connectors via lifetime tests is a time and labor intensive process. In our previous work, a correlation between the contact resistance developments in the early stages of lifetime tests of electrical connectors with the final results was established using a data driven statistical process based on probability distribution. Also, state of health indicators for prognosis of lifetime were introduced. In this work, the state of health indicators have been optimized. The sensitivity analysis is performed with regards to the selection of the appropriate amount of test data based on test duration for the reliable prognosis of the state of health and the characteristic lifetime. Through this the possibility of further reduction of test duration required for the reliable prognosis of state of health is investigated. Based on the results of analysis, a guideline for the determination of the duration of lifetime tests which lead to a reliable prediction of lifetime of connectors can be provided. Also, an assessment of the state of art in the prognosis of the lifetime of electrical connectors has been presented.}}, author = {{Song, Jian and Shukla, Abhay Rammurti and Probst, Roman}}, booktitle = {{2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)}}, isbn = {{979‐8‐3503‐4244‐4}}, issn = {{2158‐9992}}, keywords = {{accelerated life testing, test duration, contact resistance, statistical model, connector reliability}}, location = {{Seattle}}, pages = {{200--208}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Advances in Evaluation of State of Health of Electrical Connectors}}}, doi = {{10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352279}}, year = {{2023}}, } @misc{11361, author = {{Shukla, Abhay Rammurti and Martin, Robert and Probst, Roman and Song, Jian}}, location = {{Toulouse (France)}}, title = {{{Comparison of different statistical methods for prediction of lifetime of electrical connectors with short term tests}}}, year = {{2023}}, } @misc{11362, author = {{Song, Jian and Probst, Roman and Shukla, Abhay Rammurti and Bünting, Karolin}}, location = {{Fukuoka, Japan }}, title = {{{Influence of tribological properties of contact coatings on the long term behavior of electrical contacts}}}, year = {{2023}}, } @proceedings{11367, editor = {{Song, Jian}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, publisher = {{Labor für Feinsystemtechnik, Technische Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe}}, title = {{{Elektrische und optische Verbindungstechnik 2023 : Tagungsband der VDE/VDI GMM-Fachtagung : 9. Symposium Connectors}}}, year = {{2023}}, } @misc{7528, author = {{Hilmert, Dirk and Krüger, Kevin and Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{23rd International Colloquium Tribology - industrial and automotive lubrication : conference proceedings 2022}}, editor = {{Topolovec-Miklozic, Ksenija}}, pages = {{313 – 315}}, publisher = {{TAE, Technische Akademie Esslingen}}, title = {{{Wear of electrical contacts of equal motion amplitude and equal force in different directions}}}, volume = {{23/1}}, year = {{2022}}, } @misc{7529, author = {{Krüger, Kevin and Hilmert, Dirk and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{23rd International Colloquium Tribology - industrial and automotive lubrication : conference proceedings 2022}}, editor = {{Topolovec-Miklozic, Ksenija and Pauschitz, Andreas and Fatemi, Arshia }}, isbn = {{978-3-8169-3547-6}}, location = {{Ostfildern ; Online}}, pages = {{219 – 222}}, publisher = {{TAE, Technische Akademie Esslingen}}, title = {{{Mounting Positions of Electrical Connectors and the Wear of Coatings under Vibration Loads}}}, volume = {{23/1}}, year = {{2022}}, } @misc{8352, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Hilmert, Dirk and Simonsmeier, Robin and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{ICEC 2022 - Sapporo - 31st International Conference on Electrical Contacts}}, location = {{Sapporo}}, pages = {{77 -- 82}}, publisher = {{ICEC}}, title = {{{Correlation between fretting corrosion and wear under various motion modes}}}, year = {{2022}}, } @misc{8353, abstract = {{A new model for the reliability prediction was developed and validated in previous investigations in order to enable the determination of the failure in time (FIT) of electrical connectors from highly accelerated life tests (HALT). The established testing method considers the influence of temperature, thermal cycling and vibration on the failure rates of electrical connectors. Various stress levels, i.e. the combinations of different test parameters, were derived from the ZVEI Technical Guideline TLF 0214 for low voltage automotive connectors. The applied vibrational load was initially defined as a sinusoidal test mode. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the vibration test mode on the failure rates. Two commonly used automotive connectors are chosen and subjected to stresses in HALT under two different types of vibrational load. The sinusoidal test mode along with the random vibration test mode are taken into account. The influence of the vibration test modes is subsequently determined by comparing the numbers of failures. Additionally, the principles of determining the coefficient of vibration are discussed and the specific coefficients for the chosen connectors are calculated based on the test results. A guideline, derived from this investigation, to select an appropriate vibration mode and vibration level is provided in order to compare the reliability of different electrical connectors.}}, author = {{Krüger, Kevin and Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Microelectronics reliability : an internat. journal & world abstracting service}}, issn = {{0026-2714}}, keywords = {{Acceleration factor, Coefficient of vibration, Sine sweep, Random vibration, Failure rate}}, number = {{8}}, publisher = {{Elsevier}}, title = {{{The influence of the vibration test mode on the failure rate of electrical connectors}}}, doi = {{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114567}}, volume = {{135}}, year = {{2022}}, } @misc{9204, abstract = {{The development of autonomous vehicles and the integration of new information and communication technologies are making the reliability of electrical systems and components in modern vehicles increasingly important. Electrical connectors are a crucial component in an electrical on-board system. They are exposed to a wide variety of influences by the environment and operating conditions. Thus, the degradation of electrical connectors can occur. Material and surface analysis methods are the tools used to analyze the degradation mechanisms in connectors after lifetime tests, as well as in field operations. Within the framework of this study, a wide variety of methods from the analytical scope are presented and discussed. The connector surfaces degraded by different failure mechanisms are analyzed using various material and surface analysis methods. The quality and the nature of the analyses results obtained from various analysis methods are compared. Also, this study deals with the benefits and limitations, as well as the effort and the specific challenges of different material and surface analytical methods for the evaluation of failure mechanisms from the point of view of a material and surface analyst.}}, author = {{Kolmer, Philipp and Shukla, Abhay Rammurti and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Technologies : open access journal}}, issn = {{2227-7080 }}, keywords = {{electrical connector, failure modes, wear, fretting corrosion, analysis, material, method}}, number = {{6}}, pages = {{124}}, publisher = {{MDPI}}, title = {{{Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors}}}, doi = {{https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124}}, volume = {{10}}, year = {{2022}}, } @misc{9206, abstract = {{Failure in time (FIT) is an important measure for the reliability of electrical connectors. Due to the very long lifetime of connectors, the tests for the determination of FIT rate are time and labour intensive. In this paper a data driven method using a statistical process to estimate the FIT rate of electrical connectors with data of electrical contact resistance development in short term tests is proposed. The results of prediction are then compared with the results from long term tests. The study shows a strong correlation between contact resistance development in short term tests and the development of the number of failures in later stages of tests. In order to predict the development of degradation precisely, the distribution of resistance data in many different tests with different connectors is investigated. The Generalized Extreme Value Distribution, which reveals an ideal fitting, has been implemented for the prediction of the failure rates of connectors, thereby enabling a remarkable time-lapse of lifetime tests. This method can also be employed in the prognosis and management of system health through the forecast of health of connectors in different systems in operation.}}, author = {{Song, Jian and Shukla, Abhay Rammurti and Probst, Roman}}, booktitle = {{Microelectronics reliability : an internat. journal & world abstracting service}}, issn = {{0026-2714}}, keywords = {{Electrical connectors, Prediction of lifetime, FIT, Correlation between data in short and long term tests, Time-lapse of lifetime tests}}, number = {{November 2022}}, publisher = {{Elsevier}}, title = {{{Prediction of failure in time (FIT) of electrical connectors with short term tests}}}, doi = {{10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114684}}, volume = {{138}}, year = {{2022}}, } @misc{9207, abstract = {{A new acceleration model for the reliability prediction of electrical connectors has recently been published. This model enables the evaluation of failure rates gained in highly accelerated life tests (HALT) and considers thermal and vibrational loading. However, since the initial study only covered a small set of test parameters, further study of the model is required. Previous studies have sufficiently investigated the influence of the vibration test mode on the failure rate of electrical connectors. Therefore, this study now focuses on the influence of the thermal cycling test. A commonly used automotive connector is chosen and subjected to stresses in HALT covering various upper temperatures, test durations and thermal cycling frequencies. Additionally, the principles of determining the coefficient of temperature difference and the coefficient of the thermal cycling frequency are presented, since these coefficients are connector specific and required for the acceleration model. Based on the numbers of failures in test, the influence of the various thermal cycling tests is discussed, and the coefficients are calculated for the chosen connector. In conclusion a guideline to select an appropriate upper temperature and test duration in order to compare the reliability of different electrical connectors is provided.}}, author = {{Krüger, Kevin and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Microelectronics reliability : an internat. journal & world abstracting service}}, issn = {{0026-2714}}, keywords = {{Electrical connectors, Life test, Thermal cycling, Upper temperature Duration, Temperature difference, Cycling frequency}}, number = {{November 2022}}, publisher = {{Elsevier}}, title = {{{The influence of thermal cycling test parameters on the failure rate of electrical connectors}}}, doi = {{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114633}}, volume = {{138}}, year = {{2022}}, } @misc{9208, author = {{Hilmert, Dirk and Song, Jian}}, location = {{Würzburg}}, title = {{{Einfluss von Mikrobewegungen auf Steckverbinder und deren robuste Auslegung II}}}, year = {{2022}}, } @misc{9209, author = {{Probst, Roman and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Reibung, Schmierung und Verschleiß : Forschung und praktische Anwendungen : 63. Tribologie-Fachtagung 2022, 26. bis 28. September 2022 in Göttingen}}, isbn = {{ 978-3-9817451-7-7 }}, location = {{Göttingen}}, pages = {{57/1--4}}, publisher = {{GfT Gesellschaft für Tribologie e.V.}}, title = {{{Korrelation des Kontaktwiderstands elektrischer Kontakte mit dem Verschleiß bei Reibverschleißprüfungen}}}, year = {{2022}}, } @misc{9210, abstract = {{In order to guarantee long lifetime and high performance of electrical contacts, a plating is usually applied on the base material. Silver is a promising plating material because of a good balance between performance and costs. The conventional silver plating is soft; therefore, a thick silver plating should be used to prevent the wear through during the operation. In order to enhance the wear resistance and prolong the lifetime of the silver plating, silver platings are modified by co-depositing nanoparticles with a core/shell structure into the silver matrix. A novel method to prepare the Ag (shell)@Al 2 O 3 (core) nanoparticles by galvanic process is introduced in this paper. The influence of fabrication parameters in the galvanic process such as the concentration of silver nitrate solution and the plating voltage on the silver content in the Ag@Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles is investigated. Afterwards, different concentrations of core/shell nanoparticles are co-deposited into the silver plating to study the effect of nanoparticles on the microhardness, microstructure and the lifetime of the silver plating. As a result, the microhardness and the lifetime of the silver plating are significantly improved and a favorable nanoparticle concentration exists for the longest lifetime. Moreover, the mechanism of the lifetime improvement is determined.}}, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Probst, Roman and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Electrical contacts - 2022 : proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts}}, isbn = {{978-1-6654-5966-2}}, issn = {{978-1-6654-5965-5}}, keywords = {{Nanoparticles, Resistance, Fabrication, Silver, Costs, Contacts, Voltage}}, location = {{ Tampa, FL, USA}}, pages = {{166 -- 173}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Influence of Core/Shell Nanoparticles on the Fretting Behavior of Electrical Contacts}}}, doi = {{10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969773}}, year = {{2022}}, } @misc{9211, abstract = {{Lifetime tests of connectors are time consuming and labor intensive. Our study reveals a strong correlation between the statistical characteristics of contact resistance development in the early stages of lifetime tests and the final results of the tests. This correlation enables a further time lapse of lifetime tests and the prediction of the state of the health of connectors which can be utilized in the development of diagnostic strategy in sophisticated networks with very high number of connectors as well as in a quick classification of connectors with respect to their design features. Methods of statistical evaluation are introduced and the sensitivity analyses of different characteristics for the state of health of connectors are conducted.}}, author = {{Song, Jian and Shukla, Abhay Rammurti and Probst, Roman}}, booktitle = {{Electrical contacts - 2022 : proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts}}, isbn = {{978-1-6654-5966-2}}, issn = {{2158-9992}}, keywords = {{Connectors, Correlation, Sensitivity analysis, Contact resistance, Lifetime estimation, Reliability, Electrical resistance measurement}}, location = {{Tampa, FL, USA}}, pages = {{272 -- 278}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{State of Health of Connectors – Early Indicators}}}, doi = {{10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969839}}, year = {{2022}}, } @misc{9213, abstract = {{The function and reliability of electrical connectors in automotive applications is crucial for vehicle safety, especially with regard to E-mobility and autonomous driving. For this reason, electrical connectors are being developed for long-term use applications. However, a small amount of function failures are still being observed in long-term use field vehicles. In this study all electrical connectors of five long-term driven vehicles from various car manufacturers are disassembled and analyzed. The same analysis procedure is followed for every vehicle and the electrical resistance of the connectors is measured to determine electrical failures. The contacts of failed connectors are further analyzed using optical microscopy, XRF spectroscopy, EDS and detailed contact resistance mapping. By comparing the connectors with electrical failures to the same types of connectors with a proper electrical resistance, failure mechanisms can be detected and analyzed. The frequency of various failure mechanisms is statistically evaluated. The results of the analysis provide valuable indications with respect to improvement of the reliability of connectors.}}, author = {{Hilmert, Dirk and Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Electrical contacts - 2022 : proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts}}, isbn = {{978-1-6654-5966-2}}, issn = {{2158-9992}}, keywords = {{Connectors, Resistance, Spectroscopy, Optical microscopy, Microscopy, Vehicle safety, Failure analysis}}, location = {{Tampa, FL, USA}}, pages = {{9 -- 16}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Electrical Connectors in Long-term Use Field Vehicles}}}, doi = {{10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969820}}, year = {{2022}}, } @misc{7057, author = {{Hilmert, Dirk and Krüger, Kevin and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik}}, issn = {{0724-3472}}, pages = {{41--49}}, publisher = {{expert}}, title = {{{Vergleichende Untersuchung der Verschleißbilder von Steckverbindern aus Reibverschleiß- und Vibrationsprüfungen mit unterschiedlichen Prüfrichtungen}}}, doi = {{10.24053/tus-2021-0030}}, year = {{2021}}, } @misc{7527, author = {{Hilmert, Dirk and Koch, Christian and Song, Jian}}, location = {{online}}, publisher = {{Forschungsvereinigung Antriebstechnik}}, title = {{{Einfluss von Mikrobewegungen auf Steckverbinder und deren robuste Auslegung}}}, year = {{2021}}, } @proceedings{6207, editor = {{Song, Jian}}, isbn = {{978-3-00-068244-5}}, location = {{Lemgo / Online}}, publisher = {{Labor für Feinsystemtechnik, Technische Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe}}, title = {{{Elektrische und optische Verbindungstechnik 2021 : Tagungsband der VDE/VDI GMM-Fachtagung : 8. Symposium Connectors}}}, year = {{2021}}, } @misc{6259, author = {{Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Elektronik}}, publisher = {{WEKA}}, title = {{{8. Symposium Connectors 2021 - Im Zeichen der E-Mobilität und des autonomen Fahrens}}}, volume = {{10}}, year = {{2021}}, } @inproceedings{6286, author = {{Krüger, K. and Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Tagungsband der VDE/VDI-GMM-Fachtagung „Symposium Connectors“}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{169 -- 182}}, title = {{{Schwingungsarten der Vibrationsprüfung und deren Einfluss auf die Ausfallrate von Steckverbindern}}}, year = {{2021}}, } @inproceedings{6287, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Tagungsband der VDE/VDI-GMM-Fachtagung „Symposium Connectors“}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{144 -- 159}}, title = {{{Fretting behavior of tin plated electrical contacts under various lubrications}}}, year = {{2021}}, } @inproceedings{6288, author = {{Kolmer, P. and Song, Jian and Schramm, Daniel}}, booktitle = {{Tagungsband der VDE/VDI-GMM-Fachtagung „Symposium Connectors“}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{133 -- 143}}, title = {{{Oberflächenanalytische Untersuchungen an elektrischen Steckkontakten}}}, year = {{2021}}, } @inproceedings{6289, author = {{Hilmert, Dirk and Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Tagungsband der VDE/VDI-GMM-Fachtagung „Symposium Connectors“}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{117 -- 126}}, title = {{{Untersuchung der Korrelation zwischen Verschleißenergie und Verschleißvolumen an Kupferkontakten mit Silberbeschichtung}}}, year = {{2021}}, } @inproceedings{6290, author = {{Langer, T. and Shukla, Abhay Rammurti and Yuan, Haomiao and Probst, Roman and Nolte, Steffen and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Tagungsband der VDE/VDI-GMM-Fachtagung „Symposium Connectors“}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{28 -- 43}}, title = {{{Parametric Optimization of Connectors by means of Coupled Simulation}}}, year = {{2021}}, } @inproceedings{6323, author = {{Kolmer, Philipp and Rojer, Markus and Song, Jian and Schramm, Dieter}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 67th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts}}, title = {{{Surface Degradation of Electrical Connectors stressed by Accelerated Multivariable Lifetime-Test}}}, year = {{2021}}, } @inproceedings{6341, author = {{Kolmer, P. and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Tagungsband der 62. Tribologie-Fachtagung 2021}}, location = {{Göttingen}}, title = {{{Ganzheitliche Ansätze zur Optimierung von tribologisch belasteten Oberflächen anhand automobilindustrieller Beispiele}}}, year = {{2021}}, } @inproceedings{6342, author = {{Hilmert, Dirk and Krüger, Kevin and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Tagungsband der 62. Tribologie-Fachtagung 2021}}, location = {{Göttingen}}, title = {{{Vergleichende Untersuchung der Verschleißbilder von Steckverbindern aus Reibverschleiß- und Vibrationsprüfungen mit unterschiedlichen Prüfrichtungen}}}, year = {{2021}}, } @inbook{12422, author = {{Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{50 Jahre Technische Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe}}, editor = {{Hofmann, Martin Ludwig and Lemme, Kathrin and Löffl, Josef and Nautz, Jürgen}}, isbn = {{978-3-88778-622-9}}, pages = {{193--204}}, publisher = {{Spurbuchverlag}}, title = {{{Von Connectors Valley in die weite Welt }}}, year = {{2021}}, } @misc{6257, author = {{Kuckkuck, Carsten and Lödige, Pascal and Blauth, Michael and Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Analysis of the Inter Strand and Strand/Connector Resistance Relations in Wire Connection Systems}}}, doi = {{10.1109/TCPMT.2020.3005075}}, year = {{2020}}, } @misc{6258, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik }}, number = {{5 - 6}}, pages = {{14 -- 18}}, publisher = {{expert}}, title = {{{The effect of lubrication and thermal storage on the fretting behavior of electrical contacts}}}, doi = {{10.30419/TuS-2020-0024}}, volume = {{67}}, year = {{2020}}, } @inproceedings{6324, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Hilmert, Dirk and Shukla, Abhay Rammurti and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 66th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts}}, title = {{{Effect of Direction of Motion on Fretting Corrosion Behaviour}}}, year = {{2020}}, } @inproceedings{6343, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of 22rd International Colloquium Tribology}}, location = {{Esslingen}}, title = {{{Effect of the lubrication and thermal aging on the fretting behavior of electrical contacts}}}, year = {{2020}}, } @inproceedings{6347, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 2nd Korea-Tribology International Symposium (K-TRIB2020)}}, location = {{Online Symposium}}, title = {{{Fretting Corrosion of Different Metals in Vacuum}}}, year = {{2020}}, } @inproceedings{6348, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian}}, title = {{{A Cu/Sn Multilayer System and its Fretting Corrosion Behavior}}}, year = {{2020}}, } @article{2183, abstract = {{To connect terminals in a cyber–physical system, large quantities of electrical contacts are used. In order to guarantee a high reliability of the system, the lifetime of the electrical contacts should be very long. Thus, it is of great importance to understand the failure mechanism and then to predict the lifetime of the electrical contacts. For the applications under high thermal and/or mechanical loads, noble plating is a good choice, considering its inertness to oxidation. For noble plating, one of the most critical failure mechanisms is the fretting wear. Wear debris generated in the contact area, acting as the third bodies, will greatly influence the further wear behavior and electrical performance. In this study, the state of the art regarding third bodies is firstly reviewed, and then the influence of the third bodies on the wear and electrical performance is investigated, from the aspects of lifetime and the element distributions in contact area. Finally, an example of prediction of the wear of noble plating is shown with the consideration of the third bodies. Based on this study, by involving the third bodies, the wear of noble plating can be predicted with a higher accuracy.}}, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian}}, issn = {{2227-7080}}, journal = {{Technologies}}, keywords = {{electrical contacts, noble plating, third bodies, wear prediction}}, number = {{4}}, title = {{{An Improved Calculation Model for the Prediction of the Wear of Coated Electrical Contacts}}}, doi = {{10.3390/technologies7040077}}, volume = {{7}}, year = {{2019}}, } @proceedings{6209, editor = {{Song, Jian}}, isbn = {{978-3-00-060125-5 }}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{248}}, publisher = {{Labor für Feinsystemtechnik, Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe}}, title = {{{Elektrische und optische Verbindungstechnik 2019 : Tagungsband der GMM-Fachtagung : 7. Symposium Connectors}}}, year = {{2019}}, } @article{6253, author = {{Song, Jian and Yuan, Haomiao and Schinow, Vitali}}, journal = {{Wear}}, pages = {{1439 -- 1445}}, title = {{{Fretting corrosion behavior of electrical contacts with tin coating in atmosphere and vacuum}}}, doi = {{10.1016/j.wear.2018.11.024}}, volume = {{426 - 427}}, year = {{2019}}, } @inproceedings{6291, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Schinow, V. and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Tagungsband der VDE/VDI-GMM-Fachtagung „Symposium Connectors“}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{176 -- 182}}, title = {{{Vorhersage des Durchriebs von Oberflächenschutzschichten}}}, year = {{2019}}, } @inproceedings{6292, author = {{Song, Jian and Yuan, Haomiao and Koch, C.}}, booktitle = {{Tagungsband der VDE/VDI-GMM-Fachtagung „Symposium Connectors“}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{91 -- 98}}, title = {{{Zuverlässigkeit von Steckverbindern}}}, year = {{2019}}, } @inproceedings{6293, author = {{Kuckuck, Carsten and Blauth, Michael and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Tagungsband der VDE/VDI-GMM-Fachtagung „Symposium Connectors“}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{28 -- 44}}, title = {{{Einfluss der Kompression und der Leiterkontaktierfähigkeit auf die elektromechanische Kontaktierung von Crimpverbindungen}}}, year = {{2019}}, } @inproceedings{6310, author = {{Song, Jian and Yuan, Haomiao and Shukla, Abhay Rammurti}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of 15th Arnold Tross Colloquium}}, location = {{Hamburg}}, title = {{{Wear and fretting corrosion of coatings of electrical contacts - Some new aspects}}}, year = {{2019}}, } @inproceedings{6322, author = {{Kuckuck, Carsten and Blauth, Michael and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of VDE-Fachtagung Albert-Keil-Kontakt-Seminar}}, location = {{Karlsruhe}}, pages = {{54 -- 62}}, title = {{{Differentielles Widerstandsmodell zur Beschreibung des elektromechanischen Kontaktverhaltens von Crimpverbindungen}}}, year = {{2019}}, } @inproceedings{6325, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 65th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts}}, location = {{Milwaukee}}, title = {{{Fretting corrosion behavior of various contact surfaces under diverse operating conditions}}}, year = {{2019}}, } @inproceedings{6326, author = {{Song, Jian and Yuan, Haomiao and Shukla, Abhay Rammurti and Koch, Christian and Hilmert, Dirk}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 65th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts}}, location = {{Milwaukee}}, title = {{{Correlation of connector contact failures in accelerated testing and in long-term use field vehicles}}}, year = {{2019}}, } @inproceedings{6340, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Tagungsband der 60. Tribologie-Fachtagung 2019}}, location = {{Göttingen}}, title = {{{Influence of plating pairing on the fretting behavior of electrical contacts}}}, year = {{2019}}, } @inproceedings{6349, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Reliability of Electrical Products and Electrical Contacts (ICREPEC’2019)}}, location = {{Suzhou}}, title = {{{Influence of oxygen partial pressure and fretting amplitude on the lifetime of electrical contacts}}}, year = {{2019}}, } @inproceedings{6350, author = {{Krüger, Kevin and Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of Smart Energy and Systems}}, location = {{Dortmund}}, title = {{{Elektrische Verbindungstechnik für smarte und autonome Systeme}}}, year = {{2019}}, } @inproceedings{6351, author = {{Song, Jian}}, location = {{Miami}}, title = {{{Fretting corrosion behavior of electrical contacts with tin coating in atmosphere and vacuum}}}, year = {{2019}}, } @inproceedings{6476, author = {{Song, Jian}}, location = {{Chengdu, China}}, title = {{{Reliability of Physical Networks of Autonomous Cars and Smart Factories}}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{6477, author = {{Song, Jian and Yuan, Haomiao and Schinow, Vitali}}, location = {{Hannover}}, title = {{{Tribological aspects and challenges of electrical connections}}}, year = {{2018}}, } @article{6256, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian and Schinow, Vitali}}, journal = {{IEEE Transactions on TCPMT}}, number = {{03}}, pages = {{264 -- 374}}, title = {{{Simulation Methodology for Prediction of the Wear on Silver Coated Electrical Contacts with a Sphere/Flat Configuration}}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{6327, author = {{Song, Jian and Yuan, Haomiao and Koch, Christian}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 64th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts}}, location = {{Albuquerque, USA}}, title = {{{Accelerated Testing of Electromechanical Connectors Considering Thermal and Mechanical Loads}}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{6328, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian and Schinow, Vitali}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 64th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts}}, location = {{Albuquerque, USA}}, title = {{{A Modification of the Calculation Model for the Prediction of the Wear of Silver-Coated Electrical Contacts with Consideration of Third Bodies}}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{6329, author = {{Kuckuck, Carsten and Blauth, Michael and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 64th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts}}, location = {{Albuquerque, USA}}, title = {{{Investigations on the Effects of Different Strand Surface Conditions on the Inter Strand and Strand/Connector Resistance}}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{6339, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian and Schinow, Vitali}}, booktitle = {{Tagungsband der 59. Tribologie-Fachtagung 2018}}, location = {{Göttingen}}, title = {{{Calculation model for prediction of the wear process of coatings in electrical contacts}}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{6344, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Schinow, Vitali and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of 21st International Colloquium Tribology}}, location = {{Esslingen}}, title = {{{The influence of the underlayer on fretting behavior of gold coated electrical contacts}}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{6353, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian}}, location = {{San Sebastian}}, title = {{{A modified calculation model fort he forecast oft he wear through of protection coating of electrical connectors}}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{6475, author = {{Song, Jian}}, location = {{Fürth, Universität Erlangen}}, title = {{{Kunststofftechnik, Tribologie und elektrische Verbindungstechnik}}}, year = {{2017}}, } @proceedings{6210, editor = {{Song, Jian}}, isbn = {{978-3-00-055212-0}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{228}}, publisher = {{Labor für Feinsystemtechnik, Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe}}, title = {{{Elektrische und optische Verbindungstechnik 2017 : Tagungsband der GMM-Fachtagung : 6. Symposium Connectors}}}, year = {{2017}}, } @article{6254, author = {{Song, Jian and Schinow, Vitali and Yuan, Haomiao and Koch, Christian}}, journal = {{Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik}}, pages = {{13 -- 19}}, title = {{{Kontaktanordnung und Lebensdauer von elektrischen Kontaktoberflächen}}}, volume = {{6}}, year = {{2017}}, } @inproceedings{6294, author = {{Kuckuck, Carsten and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Tagungsband der VDE/VDI-GMM-Fachtagung „Symposium Connectors“}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{197 -- 209}}, title = {{{Kontaktierung von Litzenleitern}}}, year = {{2017}}, } @inproceedings{6321, author = {{Song, Jian and Yuan, Haomiao and Schinow, Vitali}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of VDE-Fachtagung Albert-Keil-Kontakt-Seminar 2017}}, pages = {{54 -- 62}}, title = {{{Calculation Models for Prediction of Wear and Wear Through of Coatings of Electrical Contacts with a Sphere/Flat Configuration}}}, year = {{2017}}, } @inproceedings{6330, author = {{Song, Jian and Schinow, Vitali and Yuan, Haomiao}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 63rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts}}, location = {{Denver, USA}}, pages = {{117 -- 124}}, title = {{{Third bodies in electrical contacts – Wear and electrical performance}}}, year = {{2017}}, } @inproceedings{6333, author = {{Song, Jian and Hansmann, S. and Koch, C. and Schinow, V.}}, booktitle = {{Tagungsband der VDE/VDI-GMM-Fachtagung „Symposium Connectors“}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{91 -- 99}}, title = {{{Mechanisch gehärtete Zinnoberfläche}}}, year = {{2017}}, } @inproceedings{6337, author = {{Song, Jian and Hansmann, Stephan and Koch, Christian and Yuan, Haomiao and Schinow, Vitali}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 6th World Tribology Congress 2017}}, title = {{{Enhanced wear resistance of mechanically modified tin plating}}}, year = {{2017}}, } @inproceedings{6338, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Schinow, Vitali and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 6th World Tribology Congress 2017}}, title = {{{Simulation models for predicting the wear process of coated electrical contacts}}}, year = {{2017}}, } @inproceedings{6352, author = {{Song, Jian}}, location = {{Shanghai}}, title = {{{Models for Accelerated Testing of Network Components of Autonomous Cars and Smart Factories}}}, year = {{2017}}, } @inproceedings{6460, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian}}, location = {{Bochum}}, title = {{{The development chain in coating materials for electrical contacts}}}, year = {{2016}}, } @article{6252, author = {{Song, Jian and Schinow, Vitali and Bünting, Karolin}}, journal = {{WOMag}}, title = {{{Korrelation zwischen Verschleißeigenschaften und kontaktelektrischen Eigenschaften von silberbeschichteten Steckverbindern}}}, volume = {{1-2}}, year = {{2016}}, } @article{6255, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian and Schinow, Vitali}}, journal = {{International Journal of Fracture Fatigue and Wear}}, pages = {{158 -- 165}}, title = {{{Fretting Wear and Fretting Corrosion of Electrical Contacts, International Journal of Fracture Fatigue and Wear}}}, volume = {{4}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{6309, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian and Schinow, Vitali}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of 12th Arnold Tross Colloquium}}, location = {{Hamburg}}, title = {{{The influence of silver coating thickness involving surface roughness on the linear wear rate}}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{6332, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian and Schinow, Vitali}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 62nd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts}}, location = {{Clearwater Beach, FL, USA}}, title = {{{Fretting corrosion of tin coated electrical contacts: the influence of normal force, coating thickness and geometry of sample configuration}}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{6334, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian and Schinow, Vitali}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Electric Contacts (ICEC2016)}}, location = {{Edinburgh}}, pages = {{93 -- 98}}, title = {{{The Influence of Roughness on the Wear and Fretting Behavior of Silver Coated Electrical Contacts}}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{6335, author = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Song, Jian and Koch, Christian and Silbernagel, Eugen and Schinow, Vitali}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of XXX International Conference on Surface Modification Technologies (SMT30)}}, location = {{Milan}}, title = {{{Tribological Properties and Fretting Performance of Gold, Silver and Tin Coatings}}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{6336, author = {{Song, Jian and Schinow, Vitali and Yuan, Haomiao and Koch, Christian}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of Tribologie-Fachtagung 2016}}, location = {{Göttingen}}, title = {{{Kontaktanordnung und Lebensdauer von elektrischen Kontaktoberflächen}}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{6484, author = {{Song, Jian and Yuan, Haomiao and Schinow, Vitali}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of Expertenworkshop Galvano- und Oberflächentechnik für Elektronikanwendungen}}, location = {{Berlin}}, title = {{{Einfluss der Silberschichtdicke elektrischer Kontakte auf die lineare Verschleißrate und die Lebensdauer}}}, year = {{2015}}, } @article{3657, author = {{Ren, Wanbin and Wang, Peng and Fu, Yinghua and Pan, Cunfa and Song, Jian}}, issn = {{0301-679X}}, journal = {{Tribology International}}, number = {{83}}, pages = {{1 -- 11}}, publisher = {{Elsevier Science}}, title = {{{Effects of temperature on fretting corrosion behaviors of gold-plated copper alloy electrical contacts}}}, volume = {{83}}, year = {{2015}}, } @article{3659, author = {{Song, Jian and Schinow, Vitali}}, issn = {{0043-1648 }}, journal = {{Wear : an international journal on the science and technology of friction, lubrication and wear}}, number = {{May-June}}, pages = {{400 -- 405}}, publisher = {{Elsevier}}, title = {{{Correlation between friction and wear properties and electrical performance of silver coated electrical connectors}}}, volume = {{330-331}}, year = {{2015}}, } @article{3664, author = {{Song, Jian and Koch, Christian}}, issn = {{0016-4232}}, journal = {{Galvanotechnik}}, number = {{6}}, pages = {{1152 -- 1162}}, publisher = {{Leuze}}, title = {{{Optimierung von Goldoberflächen elektrischer Kontaktsysteme auf Verschleißbeständigkeit}}}, volume = {{106}}, year = {{2015}}, } @proceedings{6211, editor = {{Song, Jian}}, isbn = {{978-3-00-048824-5}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{239}}, publisher = {{Labor für Feinsystemtechnik, Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe}}, title = {{{Elektrische und optische Verbindungstechnik 2015 : Tagungsband der GMM-Fachtagung : 5. Symposium Connectors}}}, year = {{2015}}, } @article{6250, author = {{Song, Jian and Koch, Ch.}}, journal = {{Galvanotechnik}}, pages = {{1431 -- 1441}}, title = {{{Optimierung von Goldoberflächen elektrischer Kontaktsysteme auf Verschleißbeständigkeit}}}, volume = {{7}}, year = {{2015}}, } @article{6251, author = {{Song, Jian and Schinow, Vitali and Yuan, Haomiao}}, journal = {{International Journal of Fracture Fatigue and Wear}}, pages = {{200 -- 207}}, title = {{{The Influence of Coating Thickness on Linear Wear Rate in Silver Coated Contacts}}}, volume = {{3}}, year = {{2015}}, } @inproceedings{6295, author = {{Blauth, Michael and Berger, F. and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Tagungsband der VDE/VDI-GMM-Fachtagung „Symposium Connectors“}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{68 -- 82}}, title = {{{Untersuchung zum Einfluss der natürlichen Konvektion auf die Erwärmung von Kontaktsystemen}}}, year = {{2015}}, } @inproceedings{6296, author = {{Kösters, J. and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Tagungsband der VDE/VDI-GMM-Fachtagung „Symposium Connectors“}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{26 -- 34}}, title = {{{Einfluss der Schichtdicke auf die Lebensdauer, den Reibungskoeffizienten und die Verschleißrate von Kontakten mit Silberschicht}}}, year = {{2015}}, } @inproceedings{6308, author = {{Song, Jian and Schinow, Vitali and Yuan, Haomiao}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of 11th Arnold Tross Colloquium}}, location = {{Hamburg}}, title = {{{The Influence of Coating Thickness on Linear Wear Rate in Silver Coated Contacts}}}, year = {{2015}}, } @inproceedings{6319, author = {{Song, Jian and Schinow, Vitali and Yuan, Haomiao}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 42th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology}}, location = {{Lyon, France}}, pages = {{82}}, title = {{{THE LINEAR WEAR RATE OF A COATED CONTACT BETWEEN A SPHERE AND A FLAT SURFACE}}}, year = {{2015}}, } @inproceedings{6320, abstract = {{Für die konstruktive Auslegung von individuellen Steckverbinderkontakten sind skalierbare Baureihen, angepasste Gebrauchseigenschaften und eine grenzwertige Auslegungen wünschenswert. Um diesen Herausforderungen zu begegnen, wird im Rahmen dieser Studie ein systematisches Vorgehen zur konstruktiven Auslegung von Steckverbinderkontakten für die Leistungsübertragung vorgestellt. Am Beispiel einer thermischen Dimensionierung wird gezeigt, wie in der Phase der Grobgestaltung die wesentlichen geometrisch-stofflichen Parameter mit Hilfe von verschiedenen parametrisierten Modellen festgelegt werden können. Dadurch können Steckverbindersysteme mit optimiertem Erwärmungsverhalten entwickelt werden. }}, author = {{Blauth, Michael and Berger, Frank and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{ Kontaktverhalten und Schalten}}, editor = {{Berger, Frank}}, isbn = {{978-3-8007-4092-5}}, location = {{Karlsruhe}}, pages = {{54 -- 62}}, publisher = {{VDE-Verl. }}, title = {{{Parametrisierte Modelle zur Grobdimensionierung von Steckverbinderkontakten für die Leistungsübertragung}}}, volume = {{71}}, year = {{2015}}, } @inproceedings{3653, author = {{Blauth, Michael and Berger, Frank and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings / ICEC 2014 }}, editor = {{Berger, Frank}}, isbn = {{978-3-8007-3624-9}}, location = {{Dresden, Germany}}, pages = {{496 -- 501}}, publisher = {{VDE-Verlag}}, title = {{{Optimization of the Number of Contact Springs in a Connector by means of Analytical and Numerical Analysis}}}, year = {{2014}}, } @inproceedings{3655, author = {{Ren, Wanbin and Zhi, Hongxu and Xue, Shengjun and Zhai, Guofu and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings / ICEC 2014 }}, editor = {{Berger, Frank}}, isbn = {{978-3-8007-3624-9}}, location = {{Dresden, Germany}}, pages = {{158 -- 162}}, publisher = {{VDE-Verlag}}, title = {{{Numerical Simulation and experimental verification for Contact Spot Temperature and Electrical Contact Resistance of Rivet contacts}}}, year = {{2014}}, } @article{3662, author = {{Ren, Wanbin and Du, Yingwei and Cui, Li and Wang, Peng and Song, Jian}}, issn = {{0043-1648}}, journal = {{Wear - An International Journal on the Science and Technology of Friction, Lubrication and Wear}}, number = {{321}}, pages = {{70 -- 78}}, publisher = {{Elsevier Science}}, title = {{{Research on fretting Regimes of gold-plated copper alloy electrical contact material under different vibration amplitude and frequency combinations}}}, volume = {{2014}}, year = {{2014}}, } @article{3663, author = {{Song, Jian and Ren, Wanbin and Wang, Peng and Zhai, Guofu}}, issn = {{0301-679X}}, journal = {{Tribology International}}, number = {{February}}, pages = {{75 -- 82}}, publisher = {{Butterworth-Heinemann}}, title = {{{Effects of current load on wear and fretting corrosion of gold-plated electrical contacts.}}}, volume = {{70}}, year = {{2014}}, } @article{6248, abstract = {{ The current carrying capacity, which is determined by the electrical-thermal behaviour, is one of the main features of an electrical contact system. The purpose of this study is to develop an analytical model which describes the electricalthermal behaviour of electrical contact systems. Established mechanical, electrical, thermal and contact physical relations are combined to design the analytical model. Differential equations with appropriate boundary conditions are used to solve the heating problem. The various parts of an electrical connector represent separate subsystems. The geometry, the material properties and the heat transfer coefficients for the contact system, the terminal clamp and the wire have been taken into account. These different subsystems have been connected to obtain the overall temperature distribution. In order to verify the analytical model, contact systems made of three copper alloys with different electrical and thermal properties are investigated experimentally at various current loads. It was shown that the analytical model can predict the temperature rise for simple geometry well. Using the analytical model several parameters can be easily changed. Moreover, the main influencing factors and their relationships can be identified directly on the equations. Therefore, the physical mathematical point of view of an analytical calculation can help Research Article British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 4(1): 18-39, 2014 19 to understand the model structure of a contact system.}}, author = {{Blauth, Michael and Berger, Frank and Song, Jian}}, issn = {{2231-0843}}, journal = {{British Journal of Applied Science & Technology}}, keywords = {{Analytical calculation, electrical contacts, contact physics, electric conductivity, heating, thermal behaviour}}, number = {{1}}, pages = {{18 -- 39}}, publisher = {{Sciencedomain International}}, title = {{{Analytical and Experimental Investigation of the Electrical-Thermal Behaviour of Electrical Contact Systems}}}, doi = {{10.9734/BJAST/2014/5536 }}, volume = {{4}}, year = {{2014}}, } @article{6249, author = {{Song, Jian and Silbernagel, Eugen and Wang, Liangliang}}, journal = {{International Journal of Fracture Fatigue and Wear}}, pages = {{275 -- 280}}, title = {{{WEAR OF ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE SURFACES}}}, volume = {{2}}, year = {{2014}}, } @inproceedings{6307, author = {{Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of 10th Arnold Tross Colloquium}}, location = {{Hamburg}}, title = {{{Friction mechanisms of electrically conductive surfaces}}}, year = {{2014}}, } @inproceedings{6315, author = {{Song, Jian and Plett, Eduard and Wang, L.}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of 19th International Colloquium Tribology}}, location = {{Esslingen}}, title = {{{Friction and Lubrication of the Surface Materials of Electrical Connectors}}}, year = {{2014}}, } @inproceedings{6316, author = {{Song, Jian}}, location = {{Cambridge}}, title = {{{Characterization of Electrically Conductive Surface Materials}}}, year = {{2014}}, } @inproceedings{6317, abstract = {{The electrical-thermal behavior of an electrical connector is determined by heat generation due to Joule heating and heat absorption by conduction, convection and radiation. Heat flow from the connector to the wire is an important heat absorption mechanism for most electrical connectors. The temperature difference between the connector and the wire at infinity is proportional to the axial heat flow induced into the wire. The purpose of this study is to dimension the electrical resistance of a connector for power distribution by the heat flow into the wire. The heat flow is used as a design factor in order to define the maximum power loss for wires with different cross-section areas. With this approach the maximum acceptable electrical resistance for connectors with different sizes can be estimated in the early stages of the design process.}}, author = {{Blauth, Michael and Berger, Frank and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{60th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts}}, isbn = {{978-1-4799-6069-9 }}, keywords = {{Wires, Connectors, Temperature measurement, Resistance, Heat transfer, Resistance heating}}, location = {{New Orleans, LA, USA }}, pages = {{192 -- 199}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Influence of the Electrical Resistance and Wire Size on the Current Carrying Capacity of Connectors}}}, doi = {{10.1109/HOLM.2014.7031043}}, year = {{2014}}, } @inproceedings{6318, author = {{Song, Jian and Silbernagel, Eugen and Wang, Liangliang}}, booktitle = {{60th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts}}, location = {{New Orleans}}, pages = {{233 -- 240}}, title = {{{Degradation of Contact Materials - Effects of Time, Temperature and Wear}}}, year = {{2014}}, } @article{3666, abstract = {{One of the most important factors, which determine the lifetime of gold plated electrical contacts is the tribological behavior of gold plate, which can be significantly influenced by both the kind and the amount of alloying elements. The lifetime, the electrical and tribological properties of electrical contacts with different kinds and different amounts of alloying elements are investigated. The results of the investigation are used to compare the lifetime, the electrical and tribological properties of different modified gold platings. They are important bases for the optimization of gold plating. The investigation shows that an increased lifetime can be achieved by an optimization ofthe amount of alloy element in gold. But the potential for the optimization of the amount of alloy element is limited. The modification of the gold plating by means ofnanoscale particles seems to have a larger potential. The key issues of nanoscale particles are particle size distribution and particle distribution in plating.}}, author = {{Song, Jian and Koch, Christian and Wang, Liangliang}}, issn = {{0036-6218}}, journal = {{Tribologie und Schmiermittel}}, number = {{4}}, pages = {{13 -- 17}}, publisher = {{Expert}}, title = {{{Optimization of Hard Gold Plating for Electrical Contacts}}}, volume = {{60}}, year = {{2013}}, } @proceedings{6213, editor = {{Song, Jian}}, isbn = {{978-3-00-041043-7}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{250}}, publisher = {{Labor für Feinsystemtechnik, Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe}}, title = {{{Elektrische und optische Verbindungstechnik 2013 : Tagungsband der GMM-Fachtagung : 4. Symposium Connectors}}}, year = {{2013}}, } @inproceedings{6297, author = {{Blauth, Michael and Berger, F. and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Elektrische und optische Verbindungstechnik - Tagungsband der VDE/VDI-GMM-Fachtagung „Symposium Connectors“}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, title = {{{Berechnung der Stromtragfähigkeit von Kontaktsystemen}}}, year = {{2013}}, } @inproceedings{6298, author = {{Song, Jian and Wang, L. and Koch, C.}}, booktitle = {{Elektrische und optische Verbindungstechnik - Tagungsband der VDE/VDI-GMM-Fachtagung „Symposium Connectors“}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, title = {{{Korrelation zwischen Reibungs- und Verschleißeigenschaften und Lebensdauer von Oberflächenschutzschichten elektrischer Kontakte}}}, year = {{2013}}, } @inproceedings{6299, author = {{Möbius, A. and Fuhrmann, Andreas and Bogovic, J. and Stopic, S. and Friedrich, B. and Wang, L. and Koch, C. and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Elektrische und optische Verbindungstechnik - Tagungsband der VDE/VDI-GMM-Fachtagung „Symposium Connectors“}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, title = {{{Elektromechanische Komponenten mit neuen nanopartikelmodifizierten Edelmetalloberflächen}}}, year = {{2013}}, } @inproceedings{6306, author = {{Song, Jian and Wang, L. and Koch, C.}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of 9. ARNOLD TROSS KOLLOQUIUM}}, location = {{Hamburg}}, title = {{{Reibung und Verschleiss der elektrisch leitenden Schichtwerkstoffe}}}, year = {{2013}}, } @inproceedings{6314, author = {{Song, Jian and Plett, Eduard and Wang, L.}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of World Tribology Congress}}, location = {{Turin}}, title = {{{Tribological Properties and Lifetime of Electrical Contacts}}}, year = {{2013}}, } @inproceedings{3656, author = {{Song, Jian and Koch, Christian and Wang, Liangliang}}, booktitle = {{ICEC 2012 : 26th International Conference on Electrical Contacts}}, isbn = {{978-1-84919-508-9}}, location = {{ Beijing, China }}, pages = {{331 -- 337}}, publisher = {{IET}}, title = {{{Nanoscale Particles Modified Gold Plating for Electrical Contacts}}}, year = {{2012}}, } @article{6246, author = {{Song, Jian and Koch, C. and Wang, L.}}, journal = {{Advances in Tribology}}, title = {{{Correlation between Wear Resistance and Lifetime of Electrical Contacts}}}, year = {{2012}}, } @article{6247, author = {{Song, Jian and Wang, Liangliang and Zibart, Andre and Koch, Christian}}, journal = {{Metals}}, number = {{2}}, pages = {{450 -- 477}}, title = {{{Corrosion Protection of Electrically Conductive Surfaces}}}, year = {{2012}}, } @inproceedings{6312, author = {{Song, Jian and Koch, C. and Wang, L.}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of 18th International Colloquium Tribology}}, title = {{{Optimization of hard gold plating for electrical contacts}}}, year = {{2012}}, } @inproceedings{6313, author = {{Song, Jian and Koch, C. and Wang, L.}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Electrical Contacts (ICEC)}}, location = {{Beijing}}, title = {{{Nanoscale Particles Modified Gold Plating for Electrical Contacts}}}, year = {{2012}}, } @proceedings{3650, editor = {{Song, Jian}}, isbn = {{978-3-00-033727-7}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{213}}, publisher = {{Labor für Feinsystemtechnik, Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe}}, title = {{{Elektrische und optische Verbindungstechnik 2011 : Tagungsband der GMM-Fachtagung ; [zugleich] 3. Symposium Connectors}}}, year = {{2011}}, } @inproceedings{3665, author = {{Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Kontaktverhalten und Schalten : 21. Fachtagung Albert-Keil-Kontaktseminar vom 28. bis 30. September 2011 an der Universität Karlsruhe}}, editor = {{Berger, Frank}}, isbn = {{978-3-8007-3366-8}}, location = {{Karlsruhe}}, number = {{67}}, pages = {{1 -- 10}}, publisher = {{VDE-Verlag}}, title = {{{Edelmetalle in Steckverbindungen - Funktionen und Einsparpotentiale}}}, year = {{2011}}, } @article{6245, author = {{Song, Jian and Koch, C. and Wang, L. and Stopic, S. and Bogovic, J. and Friedrcih, B. and Möbius, A. and Fuhrmann, Andreas}}, journal = {{Advanced Materials Research}}, pages = {{210 -- 215}}, publisher = {{TTP}}, title = {{{Nanoscale Particles Enhanced Gold Plating}}}, volume = {{320}}, year = {{2011}}, } @inproceedings{6284, author = {{Song, Jian and Zibart, A. and Koch, C. and Shmidt, L. and Wang, L.}}, booktitle = {{Tagungsband der VDE/VDI-GMM-Fachtagung „Symposium Connectors“}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, title = {{{Einfluss von Goldlegierungsarten und –anteilen auf die Lebensdauer von elektrischen Kontakten}}}, year = {{2011}}, } @inproceedings{6285, author = {{Song, Jian and Koch, C. and Wang, L. and Stopic, S. and Bogovic, J. and Friedrich, B. and Möbius, A. and Fuhrmann, Andreas}}, booktitle = {{Tagungsband der VDE/VDI-GMM-Fachtagung „Symposium Connectors“}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, title = {{{Nanotechnologie in der elektrischen Verbindungstechnik}}}, year = {{2011}}, } @inproceedings{6305, author = {{Song, Jian and Wang, L. and Nehrkorn, S.}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of 7. ARNOLD TROSS KOLLOQUIUM}}, location = {{Hamburg}}, title = {{{Einfluss von Beschichtungswerkstoffen auf Reibung und Verschleiß von elektrischen Kontakten}}}, year = {{2011}}, } @inproceedings{6311, author = {{Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of VDE-Fachtagung Albert-Keil-Kontakt-Seminar}}, title = {{{Edelmetalle in Steckverbindungen}}}, year = {{2011}}, } @inproceedings{6279, author = {{Song, Jian and Koch, C. and Sawitzki, F.}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of 17th International Colloquium Tribology}}, title = {{{Wear Patterns of Electric Contacts}}}, year = {{2010}}, } @inproceedings{6280, author = {{Zhai, P. and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of Actuators 2010}}, title = {{{A Comparison of Piezoelectric and Giant Magnetostrictive Actuators in Precision Machine Tools}}}, year = {{2010}}, } @inproceedings{6281, author = {{Song, Jian and Koch, C. and Wang, L.}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of 6. ARNOLD TROSS KOLLOQUIUM}}, location = {{Hamburg}}, title = {{{Tribological Behavior of Electric Contacts}}}, year = {{2010}}, } @inproceedings{6282, author = {{Song, Jian and Koch, C. and Wang, L. and Stopic, S. and Bogovic, J. and Möbius, A. and Fuhrmann, Andreas}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of NANOSMAT-5}}, title = {{{Nanoscale Particles Modified Gold Plating}}}, year = {{2010}}, } @inproceedings{6283, author = {{Fuhrmann, Andreas and Song, Jian and Stopic, S. and Möbius, A.}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of Symposium Galvanik}}, title = {{{Elektromechanische Komponenten mit neuen nanopartikelmodifizierten Edelmetalloberflächen}}}, year = {{2010}}, } @proceedings{3649, editor = {{Song, Jian}}, isbn = {{978-3-00-027217-2}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{234}}, publisher = {{Labor für Feinsystemtechnik, Hochsch. Ostwestfalen-Lippe}}, title = {{{Elektronische und optische Verbindungstechnik 2009 : Tagungsband der GMM-Fachtagung ; [zugleich die 13. Fachtagung "Optische und Elektronische Verbindungstechnik" und das 2. Symposium Connectors]}}}, year = {{2009}}, } @inproceedings{3658, author = {{Song, Jian and Schmidt, Helge}}, booktitle = {{2009 Proceedings of the 55th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts}}, isbn = {{978-1-4244-3612-5}}, location = {{Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada}}, pages = {{331 -- 338}}, title = {{{Electrical Resistance of Connectors with Different Contact Finishes under Low Level Conditions}}}, volume = {{55}}, year = {{2009}}, } @book{6214, author = {{Song, Jian}}, editor = {{Song, Jian}}, isbn = {{978-3-00-027217-2}}, title = {{{Elektronische und optische Verbindungstechnik 2009}}}, year = {{2009}}, } @book{6219, editor = {{Glenz, W. and Song, Jian}}, publisher = {{Hanser-Verlag}}, title = {{{A Glossary of Plastics Terminology}}}, year = {{2009}}, } @inproceedings{6276, author = {{Song, Jian and Koch, C.}}, booktitle = {{Tagungsband des VDE/VDI-GMM- Fachtagung „Symposium Connectors”}}, location = {{2009}}, title = {{{Verschleißarten und Lebensdauer von elektrischen Kontakten}}}, year = {{2009}}, } @inproceedings{6277, author = {{Song, Jian and Sawitzki, F.}}, booktitle = {{Tagungsband des VDE/VDI-GMM- Fachtagung „Symposium Connectors”}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, title = {{{Einflussparameter von Reibkorrosionsuntersuchungen}}}, year = {{2009}}, } @inproceedings{6278, author = {{Song, Jian and Schmidt, H. and Koch, C. and Yang, X.}}, booktitle = {{Tagungsband des VDE/VDI-GMM- Fachtagung „Symposium Connectors”}}, location = {{2009}}, title = {{{Messmethoden und Verhalten von ausgewählten Kontakten im Hinblick auf kleine Spannungen und Ströme}}}, year = {{2009}}, } @inproceedings{6483, author = {{Song, Jian}}, location = {{Dortmund}}, title = {{{High performance plating for electronic contacts – Nanopartikel modifizierte Edelmetalloberflächen}}}, year = {{2008}}, } @inproceedings{3661, abstract = {{Gold plates are widely used for high performance connectors. Pure gold is very soft. In order to improve the wear resistance of gold plates, hard gold is usually used. The high hardness is achieved by alloying elements such as cobalt, iron or nickel. With an increasing rate of alloying elements the hardness of gold plates is increased. On the other hand, the alloying elements decrease the electrical conductivity, the corrosion resistance and the formability of gold plates. Our investigation shows that the wear rate of the hard gold plates at the contact area is still very high. The depth of the crater at the contact area very soon exceeds the thickness of the gold plates during the wear tests. Since the nickel underplate, the barrier layer, is very sensitive to fretting corrosion, the electric contacts must electrically fail at this stage, due to the strong increase of contact resistance. However, many electric contacts do not fail at this stage and at stages far beyond. Two very different wear patterns are the reasons for this phenomenon. Different amounts of gold, alloying elements, nickel and elements of base metals can be found at the bottom of the crater at the contact area by means of energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Depending on the lateral and spatial distribution of these elements, quite different electrical behavior of electric contacts can be observed. Therefore achieving the favored wear pattern, not increasing wear resistance alone, should be the target of modification of plating materials for increasing the lifetime of electric contacts.}}, author = {{Song, Jian and Koch, Christian}}, booktitle = {{ 2008 Proceedings of the 54th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts}}, location = {{Orlando, FL, USA}}, pages = {{238 -- 244}}, title = {{{Wear Patterns and Lifetime of Electric Contacts}}}, doi = {{10.1109/HOLM.2008.ECP.50}}, year = {{2008}}, } @inproceedings{6273, author = {{Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of 16th International Colloquium Tribology}}, location = {{Esslingen}}, title = {{{Wear of Plastic Bearings under Sandy Environmental Conditions}}}, year = {{2008}}, } @inproceedings{6274, author = {{Song, Jian and Alberani, A.}}, booktitle = {{The 24th International Conference on Electrical Contacts (ICEC)}}, location = {{Saint Malo}}, title = {{{Fritting and Electrical Resistance of Tin Coated Contacts under Low Level Conditions}}}, year = {{2008}}, } @inproceedings{6275, author = {{Song, Jian and Koch, C.}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of 54 IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts}}, location = {{Orlando}}, title = {{{Wear Patterns and Life Time of Electric Contacts}}}, year = {{2008}}, } @inproceedings{6482, author = {{Song, Jian}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, title = {{{Steckverbindungen und Kontaktphysik}}}, year = {{2007}}, } @proceedings{3651, editor = {{Song, Jian}}, isbn = {{978-3-00-020895-9}}, location = {{Lemgo}}, pages = {{115}}, publisher = {{Labor für Feinsystemtechnik, Fachhochschule Lippe und Höxter}}, title = {{{ Elektrische Steckverbindungen : Vortragstexte des 1. Symposium Connectors des VDI-Teutoburger Bezirksvereins e.V. und der Fachhochschule Lippe und Höxter, Lemgo, 2007 }}}, year = {{2007}}, } @article{3660, author = {{Song, Jian and Alberani, Alessandor}}, issn = {{0341-5589}}, journal = {{Elektronik-Praxis : Wissen, Impulse, Kontakte}}, number = {{19}}, pages = {{80 -- 83}}, publisher = {{Vogel Business Media}}, title = {{{Signale mit kleinen Strömen und Spannungen : Elektrische Eigenschaften von Steckverbindern pr\"ufen}}}, year = {{2007}}, } @article{6244, author = {{Song, Jian and Alberani, A.}}, journal = {{Elektronik-Praxis}}, number = {{Oktober}}, title = {{{Elektrische Eigenschaften von Steckverbindungen prüfen - Wann und wie die Widerstandsveränderung durch Fritten auftritt}}}, year = {{2007}}, } @proceedings{6266, editor = {{Song, Jian}}, title = {{{Herausforderung Steckverbindungen}}}, year = {{2007}}, } @proceedings{6267, editor = {{Song, Jian and Alberani, A. and Li, Z.}}, title = {{{Funktionstüchtigkeit von Steckverbindungen bei kleinen Strömen und Spannungen}}}, year = {{2007}}, } @inproceedings{6268, author = {{Song, Jian}}, title = {{{Materialauswahl für Steckverbinder – Metall vs. Kunststoff}}}, year = {{2007}}, } @inproceedings{6269, author = {{Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Conference Proceedings, ASME/STLE-IJCT}}, title = {{{Wear of Electric Contact Surfaces}}}, year = {{2007}}, } @proceedings{6270, editor = {{Song, Jian}}, location = {{Chemnitz}}, title = {{{Verschleißeigenschaften von Kunststoffgleitlagern in Heavy-Duty-Umgebungen}}}, year = {{2007}}, } @inproceedings{3652, author = {{Song, Jian and Helmig, Christian and Feye-Hohmann, J. and Schulz, A.}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the fifty-second ieee holm conference on Electrical contacts}}, isbn = {{1-4244-0581-5}}, location = {{Montreal, QC, Canada }}, pages = {{207 -- 210}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Bending Test of Contact Materials}}}, volume = {{2006}}, year = {{2006}}, } @inproceedings{6481, author = {{Song, Jian}}, location = {{Oldenburg}}, title = {{{Steckverbindungen und Kontaktphysik}}}, year = {{2004}}, } @book{6218, editor = {{Ehrenstein, G. W. and Song, Jian}}, publisher = {{Hanser Verlag}}, title = {{{Kunststoff-Verbindungstechnik}}}, year = {{2004}}, } @inproceedings{6265, author = {{Moritz, W. and Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Conference Proceedings of International Conference on Electrical Contacts (ICEC) 1998}}, title = {{{Methodical Approach to the Improvement of Connector Performance}}}, year = {{1998}}, } @inbook{6215, author = {{Song, Jian and Prox, M. and Weber, A. and Ehrenstein, G. W.}}, booktitle = {{Polypropylene - Structure, Blends and Composites}}, editor = {{Karger-Kocsis, J.}}, pages = {{273 -- 294}}, publisher = {{Chapman & Hall}}, title = {{{Self-Reinforcement of Polypropylene}}}, year = {{1995}}, } @inbook{6216, author = {{Song, Jian and Ehrenstein, G. W.}}, booktitle = {{Advances in Composites Tribology}}, editor = {{Friedrich, K.}}, pages = {{19 -- 63}}, publisher = {{Elsevier}}, title = {{{Friction and Wear of Self-Reinforced Thermoplastics}}}, year = {{1993}}, } @article{6243, author = {{Song, Jian and Ehrenstein, G. W.}}, journal = {{Wear}}, pages = {{662 -- 668}}, title = {{{Influence of sliding velocity on wear - effect of time-temperature equivalence}}}, volume = {{162 - 164}}, year = {{1993}}, } @inproceedings{6264, author = {{Song, Jian and Ehrenstein, G. W.}}, booktitle = {{Conference Proceedings ANTEC93}}, title = {{{Failure Analysis and Quality Control with Thermal Analysis Techniques}}}, year = {{1993}}, } @inbook{6478, author = {{Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Praktische Schadenanalyse und Qualitätssicherung bei Kunststoffen}}, publisher = {{Technische Akademie Esslingen}}, title = {{{Konditionieren von Polyamid}}}, year = {{1992}}, } @inbook{6479, author = {{Song, Jian}}, booktitle = {{Praktische Schadenanalyse und Qualitätssicherung bei Kunststoffen}}, publisher = {{Technische Akademie Esslingen}}, title = {{{Thermoanalyse}}}, year = {{1992}}, } @misc{6480, author = {{Song, Jian and Szameitat, M. and Ehrenstein, G. W.}}, publisher = {{Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen}}, title = {{{Reibungs- und Verschleißeigenschaften der Flüssigkristallpolymere}}}, year = {{1992}}, } @article{6242, author = {{Song, Jian and Ehrenstein, G. W.}}, journal = {{Ingenieur-Werkstoffe}}, title = {{{Qualitätskontrolle mit DSC in der Kunststofftechnik}}}, volume = {{3 u. 4}}, year = {{1992}}, } @inbook{6263, author = {{Song, Jian and Ehrenstein, G. W.}}, booktitle = {{Reibung und Verschleiß}}, editor = {{Grewe, H.}}, publisher = {{DGM-Verlag}}, title = {{{Der p*v-Wert und die Lebensdauer von Gleitelementen aus Polymerwerkstoffen, Teil I}}}, year = {{1992}}, } @book{6217, author = {{Song, Jian}}, publisher = {{VDI-Verlag}}, title = {{{Reibung und Verschleiß eigenverstärkter Polymerwerkstoffe}}}, year = {{1991}}, } @article{6241, author = {{Song, Jian and Ehrenstein, G. W.}}, journal = {{Maschinenmarkt}}, title = {{{Lagerbuchsen aus eigenverstärktem PE-HD}}}, volume = {{17}}, year = {{1991}}, } @article{6240, author = {{Song, Jian and Ehrenstein, G. W.}}, journal = {{Kunststoffe}}, number = {{6}}, title = {{{Einfluß der Wasseraufnahme auf die Eigenschaften von Polyamid}}}, volume = {{80}}, year = {{1990}}, } @inbook{6261, author = {{Song, Jian and Ehrenstein, G. W.}}, booktitle = {{Reibung und Verschleiß bei metallischen und nichtmetallischen Werkstoffen}}, editor = {{zum Gahr, K.-H.}}, publisher = {{DGM-Informationsgesellschaft Verlag}}, title = {{{Zum Reibungs- und Verschleißverhalten eigenverstärkter Kunststoffe}}}, year = {{1990}}, } @inproceedings{6262, author = {{Song, Jian and Ehrenstein, G. W.}}, booktitle = {{Conference Proceedings "Tribology of Composite Materials}}, title = {{{Comparison of Tribological Properties of Thermoplastic-Based Composites and Self-Reinforced Thermoplastics}}}, year = {{1990}}, } @misc{6462, author = {{Song, Jian and Ehrenstein, G. W.}}, publisher = {{DFG}}, title = {{{Strukturelle Beeinflussung von Gleitelementen aus Polymerwerkstoffen zur Erzielung eines günstigen Reibungs- und Verschleißverhaltens}}}, year = {{1989}}, } @misc{6461, author = {{Song, Jian and Ehrenstein, G. W. }}, publisher = {{Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft}}, title = {{{Strukturelle Beeinflussung von Gleitelementen aus PE-HD zur Erzielung eines günstigen Reibungs- und Verschleißverhaltens, im Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) "Ressourcenbewußte Gestaltung von Bauteilen des Maschinenbaus"}}}, year = {{1988}}, } @inproceedings{6260, author = {{Song, Jian and Maertin, C. and Ehrenstein, G. W.}}, location = {{Atlanta}}, title = {{{The Effect of Self-Reinforcement on the Tribological Behaviour of Thermoplastics}}}, year = {{1988}}, }