[{"abstract":[{"text":"In this review, we aim to highlight the advantages, challenges, and limitations of electronic tongues (e-tongues) in pharmaceutical drug development. The authors, therefore, critically evaluated the performance of e-tongues regarding their qualification to assess peroral formulations containing bitter active pharmaceutical ingredients. A literature search using the keywords ‘electronic’, ‘tongue’, ‘bitter’, and ‘drug’ in a Web of Science search was therefore initially conducted. Reviewing the publications of the past decade, and further literature where necessary, allowed the authors to discuss whether and how e-tongues perform as expected and whether they have the potential to become a standard tool in drug development. Specifically highlighted are the expectations an e-tongue should meet. Further, a brief insight into the technologies of the utilized e-tongues is given. Reliable protocols were found that enable (i) the qualified performance of e-tongue instruments from an analytical perspective, (ii) proper taste-masking assessments, and (iii) under certain circumstances, the evaluation of bitterness.","lang":"eng"}],"issue":"5","department":[{"_id":"DEP4028"}],"publisher":"MDPI","quality_controlled":"1","isi":"1","publication_status":"published","article_type":"review","_id":"11492","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658","place":"Basel","type":"scientific_journal_article","intvolume":"        16","user_id":"83778","external_id":{"pmid":["38794320"],"isi":["001231317000001"]},"author":[{"full_name":"Steiner, Denise","last_name":"Steiner","first_name":"Denise"},{"last_name":"Meyer","first_name":"Alexander","id":"58585","full_name":"Meyer, Alexander"},{"first_name":"Isabell","last_name":"Immohr","full_name":"Immohr, Isabell"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-7920-0595","full_name":"Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam","first_name":"Miriam","last_name":"Pein-Hackelbusch","id":"64952"}],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/5/658","open_access":"1"}],"year":"2024","status":"public","pmid":"1","title":"Critical View on the Qualification of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance in the Development of Peroral Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients","citation":{"short":"D. Steiner, A. Meyer, I. Immohr, M. Pein-Hackelbusch, Pharmaceutics 16 (2024).","chicago-de":"Steiner, Denise, Alexander Meyer, Isabell Immohr und Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch. 2024. Critical View on the Qualification of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance in the Development of Peroral Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients. <i>Pharmaceutics</i> 16, Nr. 5. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658\">10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658</a>, .","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Steiner, Denise</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Meyer, Alexander</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Immohr, Isabell</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam</span>: Critical View on the Qualification of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance in the Development of Peroral Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients. In: <i>Pharmaceutics</i> Bd. 16. Basel, MDPI (2024), Nr. 5","apa":"Steiner, D., Meyer, A., Immohr, I., &#38; Pein-Hackelbusch, M. (2024). Critical View on the Qualification of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance in the Development of Peroral Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients. <i>Pharmaceutics</i>, <i>16</i>(5). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658\">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658</a>","chicago":"Steiner, Denise, Alexander Meyer, Isabell Immohr, and Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch. “Critical View on the Qualification of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance in the Development of Peroral Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients.” <i>Pharmaceutics</i> 16, no. 5 (2024). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658\">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658</a>.","van":"Steiner D, Meyer A, Immohr I, Pein-Hackelbusch M. Critical View on the Qualification of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance in the Development of Peroral Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients. Pharmaceutics. 2024;16(5).","ufg":"<b>Steiner, Denise u. a.</b>: Critical View on the Qualification of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance in the Development of Peroral Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients, in: <i>Pharmaceutics</i> 16 (2024), H. 5.","bjps":"<b>Steiner D <i>et al.</i></b> (2024) Critical View on the Qualification of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance in the Development of Peroral Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients. <i>Pharmaceutics</i> <b>16</b>.","havard":"D. Steiner, A. Meyer, I. Immohr, M. Pein-Hackelbusch, Critical View on the Qualification of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance in the Development of Peroral Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients, Pharmaceutics. 16 (2024).","mla":"Steiner, Denise, et al. “Critical View on the Qualification of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance in the Development of Peroral Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients.” <i>Pharmaceutics</i>, vol. 16, no. 5, 2024, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658\">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658</a>.","ieee":"D. Steiner, A. Meyer, I. Immohr, and M. Pein-Hackelbusch, “Critical View on the Qualification of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance in the Development of Peroral Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients,” <i>Pharmaceutics</i>, vol. 16, no. 5, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658\">10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658</a>.","ama":"Steiner D, Meyer A, Immohr I, Pein-Hackelbusch M. Critical View on the Qualification of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance in the Development of Peroral Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients. <i>Pharmaceutics</i>. 2024;16(5). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658\">10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658</a>"},"volume":16,"oa":"1","keyword":["e-tongues","performance","qualification","taste masking","bitterness","dosage forms","drug formulations"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1999-4923 "]},"publication":"Pharmaceutics","date_created":"2024-05-29T10:06:47Z","date_updated":"2025-06-24T09:07:27Z"},{"_id":"5440","language":[{"iso":"ger"}],"date_updated":"2024-04-15T07:38:55Z","user_id":"81304","type":"journal_article","date_created":"2021-04-08T07:59:24Z","publication":"Getreide Mehl und Brot ","publisher":"Verlag Moritz Schäfer","status":"public","issue":"01","department":[{"_id":"DEP4009"},{"_id":"DEP1308"}],"year":"2019","author":[{"last_name":"Meyer","first_name":"Alexander","full_name":"Meyer, Alexander","id":"58585"},{"id":"62117","first_name":"André","full_name":"Blome, André","last_name":"Blome"},{"id":"12119","first_name":"Ulrich","last_name":"Müller","full_name":"Müller, Ulrich"}],"citation":{"ieee":"A. 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Von Industrie 4.0 zu Lebensmittel 4.0 – Vielfalt, Sinnhaftigkeit und die Mitwirkung von Lebensmitteltechnologen. <i>Getreide Mehl und Brot </i>, Nr. 01.","short":"A. Meyer, A. Blome, U. Müller, Getreide Mehl und Brot  (2019).","chicago":"Meyer, Alexander, André Blome, and Ulrich Müller. “Von Industrie 4.0 zu Lebensmittel 4.0 – Vielfalt, Sinnhaftigkeit und die Mitwirkung von Lebensmitteltechnologen.” <i>Getreide Mehl und Brot </i>, no. 01 (2019).","apa":"Meyer, A., Blome, A., &#38; Müller, U. (2019). Von Industrie 4.0 zu Lebensmittel 4.0 – Vielfalt, Sinnhaftigkeit und die Mitwirkung von Lebensmitteltechnologen. <i>Getreide Mehl und Brot </i>, <i>01</i>.","mla":"Meyer, Alexander, et al. “Von Industrie 4.0 zu Lebensmittel 4.0 – Vielfalt, Sinnhaftigkeit und die Mitwirkung von Lebensmitteltechnologen.” <i>Getreide Mehl und Brot </i>, no. 01, 2019.","bjps":"<b>Meyer A, Blome A and Müller U</b> (2019) Von Industrie 4.0 zu Lebensmittel 4.0 – Vielfalt, Sinnhaftigkeit und die Mitwirkung von Lebensmitteltechnologen. <i>Getreide Mehl und Brot </i>.","havard":"A. Meyer, A. Blome, U. Müller, Von Industrie 4.0 zu Lebensmittel 4.0 – Vielfalt, Sinnhaftigkeit und die Mitwirkung von Lebensmitteltechnologen, Getreide Mehl und Brot . (2019).","ufg":"<b>Meyer, Alexander/Blome, André/Müller, Ulrich</b>: Von Industrie 4.0 zu Lebensmittel 4.0 – Vielfalt, Sinnhaftigkeit und die Mitwirkung von Lebensmitteltechnologen, in: <i>Getreide Mehl und Brot </i> (2019), H. 01.","van":"Meyer A, Blome A, Müller U. Von Industrie 4.0 zu Lebensmittel 4.0 – Vielfalt, Sinnhaftigkeit und die Mitwirkung von Lebensmitteltechnologen. Getreide Mehl und Brot . 2019;(01)."},"title":"Von Industrie 4.0 zu Lebensmittel 4.0 – Vielfalt, Sinnhaftigkeit und die Mitwirkung von Lebensmitteltechnologen"},{"status":"public","conference":{"start_date":"2018-03-11","end_date":"2018-03-13","name":"GDL-Kongress","location":"Bremerhaven"},"department":[{"_id":"DEP4009"},{"_id":"DEP1308"}],"year":"2018","author":[{"last_name":"Meyer","first_name":"Alexander","id":"58585","full_name":"Meyer, Alexander"},{"id":"62117","full_name":"Blome, André","first_name":"André","last_name":"Blome"},{"id":"12119","last_name":"Müller","full_name":"Müller, Ulrich","first_name":"Ulrich"}],"citation":{"ama":"Meyer A, Blome A, Müller U. Von Industrie 4.0 zu Lebensmittel 4.0 und der Einfluss der Lebensmitteltechnologie. In: Meyer A, ed. ; 2018.","ieee":"A. Meyer, A. Blome, and U. Müller, “Von Industrie 4.0 zu Lebensmittel 4.0 und der Einfluss der Lebensmitteltechnologie,” Bremerhaven, 2018.","ufg":"<b>Meyer, Alexander/Blome, André/Müller, Ulrich</b>: Von Industrie 4.0 zu Lebensmittel 4.0 und der Einfluss der Lebensmitteltechnologie, in: <i>Meyer, Alexander (Hg.)</i>: Bremerhaven 2018.","mla":"Meyer, Alexander, et al. <i>Von Industrie 4.0 zu Lebensmittel 4.0 und der Einfluss der Lebensmitteltechnologie</i>. Edited by Alexander Meyer, 2018.","bjps":"<b>Meyer A, Blome A and Müller U</b> (2018) Von Industrie 4.0 zu Lebensmittel 4.0 und der Einfluss der Lebensmitteltechnologie. In Meyer A (ed.). Bremerhaven.","havard":"A. Meyer, A. Blome, U. Müller, Von Industrie 4.0 zu Lebensmittel 4.0 und der Einfluss der Lebensmitteltechnologie, in: A. Meyer (Ed.), Bremerhaven, 2018.","van":"Meyer A, Blome A, Müller U. Von Industrie 4.0 zu Lebensmittel 4.0 und der Einfluss der Lebensmitteltechnologie. In: Meyer A, editor. 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Müller, in: A. Meyer (Ed.), Bremerhaven, 2018."},"title":"Von Industrie 4.0 zu Lebensmittel 4.0 und der Einfluss der Lebensmitteltechnologie","language":[{"iso":"ger"}],"place":"Bremerhaven","_id":"5666","date_updated":"2024-04-15T07:59:54Z","user_id":"81304","editor":[{"full_name":"Meyer, Alexander","first_name":"Alexander","id":"58585","last_name":"Meyer"}],"type":"conference","date_created":"2021-04-21T09:09:35Z"},{"title":"Von I4.0 zu LM4.0 – Vielfalt, Sinnhaftigkeit und Mitwirkung von LM-Technologen) ","citation":{"din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Blome, André</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Meyer, Alexander</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Müller, Ulrich</span>: Von I4.0 zu LM4.0 – Vielfalt, Sinnhaftigkeit und Mitwirkung von LM-Technologen) . In: , 2018","chicago-de":"Blome, André, Alexander Meyer und Ulrich Müller. 2018. Von I4.0 zu LM4.0 – Vielfalt, Sinnhaftigkeit und Mitwirkung von LM-Technologen) . In: .","short":"A. Blome, A. Meyer, U. Müller, in: 2018.","chicago":"Blome, André, Alexander Meyer, and Ulrich Müller. “Von I4.0 zu LM4.0 – Vielfalt, Sinnhaftigkeit und Mitwirkung von LM-Technologen) ,” 2018.","apa":"Blome, A., Meyer, A., &#38; Müller, U. (2018). <i>Von I4.0 zu LM4.0 – Vielfalt, Sinnhaftigkeit und Mitwirkung von LM-Technologen) </i>. DLG-Studierenden-Workshop „Lebensmittelindustrie 4.0 &#38; Start-Up Gründung“, Lemgo.","ieee":"A. Blome, A. Meyer, and U. Müller, “Von I4.0 zu LM4.0 – Vielfalt, Sinnhaftigkeit und Mitwirkung von LM-Technologen) ,” presented at the DLG-Studierenden-Workshop „Lebensmittelindustrie 4.0 &#38; Start-Up Gründung“, Lemgo, 2018.","ufg":"<b>Blome, André/Meyer, Alexander/Müller, Ulrich</b>: Von I4.0 zu LM4.0 – Vielfalt, Sinnhaftigkeit und Mitwirkung von LM-Technologen) , in: o. Hg.: o. O. 2018.","bjps":"<b>Blome A, Meyer A and Müller U</b> (2018) Von I4.0 zu LM4.0 – Vielfalt, Sinnhaftigkeit und Mitwirkung von LM-Technologen) .","havard":"A. Blome, A. Meyer, U. Müller, Von I4.0 zu LM4.0 – Vielfalt, Sinnhaftigkeit und Mitwirkung von LM-Technologen) , in: 2018.","mla":"Blome, André, et al. <i>Von I4.0 zu LM4.0 – Vielfalt, Sinnhaftigkeit und Mitwirkung von LM-Technologen) </i>. 2018.","van":"Blome A, Meyer A, Müller U. Von I4.0 zu LM4.0 – Vielfalt, Sinnhaftigkeit und Mitwirkung von LM-Technologen) . In 2018.","ama":"Blome A, Meyer A, Müller U. Von I4.0 zu LM4.0 – Vielfalt, Sinnhaftigkeit und Mitwirkung von LM-Technologen) . In: ; 2018."},"conference":{"name":"DLG-Studierenden-Workshop „Lebensmittelindustrie 4.0 & Start-Up Gründung“","location":"Lemgo","end_date":"2018-10-12","start_date":"2018-10-12"},"department":[{"_id":"DEP4009"},{"_id":"DEP1308"}],"year":"2018","author":[{"first_name":"André","full_name":"Blome, André","last_name":"Blome","id":"62117"},{"last_name":"Meyer","first_name":"Alexander","full_name":"Meyer, Alexander","id":"58585"},{"last_name":"Müller","first_name":"Ulrich","id":"12119","full_name":"Müller, Ulrich"}],"status":"public","date_created":"2021-04-21T09:19:50Z","type":"conference_abstract","date_updated":"2024-04-15T08:00:15Z","user_id":"81304","_id":"5670","language":[{"iso":"ger"}]}]