---
_id: '13475'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: In the context of data-driven bioprocess modeling, selecting appropriate regression
    models remains a critical challenge. This is especially the case when dealing
    with time-dependent process dynamics and complex measurement data. The practical
    relevance of this study lies in its critical assessment of the application constraints
    associated with multivariate linear regression models in bioprocess monitoring
    of cell culture processes. The applicability of Partial Least Squares and Ridge
    regression was evaluated for different cultivation phases. The results emphasize
    that no single linear modeling approach is universally suitable for capturing
    the complex behavior of mammalian cell cultures. This is why we present an enhanced
    segmented modeling approach by learning the optimal transition point from data
    and introducing a gradual model switch, allowing for smoother and more robust
    adaptation to process dynamics. This segmented model led to improved predictive
    performance compared to single-model regression across the entire process duration.
    Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of the 11 mammalian cell culture datasets used
    in this study posed significant challenges, with the best-performing models achieving
    prediction error of around 0.31 of the average offline viable cell density. These
    results underline the potential of phase-adaptive modeling, while also emphasizing
    the need for further optimization to robustly handle diverse bioprocess conditions.
author:
- first_name: Selina
  full_name: Uhlendorff, Selina
  id: '68713'
  last_name: Uhlendorff
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0502-8032
- first_name: Tatsiana
  full_name: Burankova, Tatsiana
  last_name: Burankova
- first_name: Katharina
  full_name: Dahlmann, Katharina
  last_name: Dahlmann
- first_name: Björn
  full_name: Frahm, Björn
  id: '45666'
  last_name: Frahm
- first_name: Miriam
  full_name: Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam
  id: '64952'
  last_name: Pein-Hackelbusch
  orcid: 0000-0002-7920-0595
citation:
  ama: Uhlendorff S, Burankova T, Dahlmann K, Frahm B, Pein-Hackelbusch M. <i>Application
    Constraints of Linear Multivariate Regression Models for Dielectric Spectroscopy
    in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell Analysis</i>. IEEE; 2026:34-39. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/iwis69004.2025.11339388">10.1109/iwis69004.2025.11339388</a>
  apa: Uhlendorff, S., Burankova, T., Dahlmann, K., Frahm, B., &#38; Pein-Hackelbusch,
    M. (2026). Application Constraints of Linear Multivariate Regression Models for
    Dielectric Spectroscopy in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell Analysis. In <i>2025
    International Workshop on Impedance Spectroscopy (IWIS)</i> (pp. 34–39). IEEE.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/iwis69004.2025.11339388">https://doi.org/10.1109/iwis69004.2025.11339388</a>
  bjps: '<b>Uhlendorff S <i>et al.</i></b> (2026) <i>Application Constraints of Linear
    Multivariate Regression Models for Dielectric Spectroscopy in Inline Bioreactor
    Viable Cell Analysis</i>. New York: IEEE.'
  chicago: 'Uhlendorff, Selina, Tatsiana Burankova, Katharina Dahlmann, Björn Frahm,
    and Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch. <i>Application Constraints of Linear Multivariate
    Regression Models for Dielectric Spectroscopy in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell
    Analysis</i>. <i>2025 International Workshop on Impedance Spectroscopy (IWIS)</i>.
    New York: IEEE, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/iwis69004.2025.11339388">https://doi.org/10.1109/iwis69004.2025.11339388</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Uhlendorff, Selina, Tatsiana Burankova, Katharina Dahlmann, Björn Frahm
    und Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch. 2026. <i>Application Constraints of Linear Multivariate
    Regression Models for Dielectric Spectroscopy in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell
    Analysis</i>. <i>2025 International Workshop on Impedance Spectroscopy (IWIS)</i>.
    New York: IEEE. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/iwis69004.2025.11339388">10.1109/iwis69004.2025.11339388</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Uhlendorff, Selina</span> ;
    <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Burankova, Tatsiana</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Dahlmann,
    Katharina</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Frahm, Björn</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam</span>: <i>Application
    Constraints of Linear Multivariate Regression Models for Dielectric Spectroscopy
    in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell Analysis</i>. New York : IEEE, 2026'
  havard: S. Uhlendorff, T. Burankova, K. Dahlmann, B. Frahm, M. Pein-Hackelbusch,
    Application Constraints of Linear Multivariate Regression Models for Dielectric
    Spectroscopy in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell Analysis, IEEE, New York, 2026.
  ieee: 'S. Uhlendorff, T. Burankova, K. Dahlmann, B. Frahm, and M. Pein-Hackelbusch,
    <i>Application Constraints of Linear Multivariate Regression Models for Dielectric
    Spectroscopy in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell Analysis</i>. New York: IEEE, 2026,
    pp. 34–39. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/iwis69004.2025.11339388">10.1109/iwis69004.2025.11339388</a>.'
  mla: Uhlendorff, Selina, et al. “Application Constraints of Linear Multivariate
    Regression Models for Dielectric Spectroscopy in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell
    Analysis.” <i>2025 International Workshop on Impedance Spectroscopy (IWIS)</i>,
    IEEE, 2026, pp. 34–39, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/iwis69004.2025.11339388">https://doi.org/10.1109/iwis69004.2025.11339388</a>.
  short: S. Uhlendorff, T. Burankova, K. Dahlmann, B. Frahm, M. Pein-Hackelbusch,
    Application Constraints of Linear Multivariate Regression Models for Dielectric
    Spectroscopy in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell Analysis, IEEE, New York, 2026.
  ufg: '<b>Uhlendorff, Selina u. a.</b>: Application Constraints of Linear Multivariate
    Regression Models for Dielectric Spectroscopy in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell
    Analysis, New York 2026.'
  van: 'Uhlendorff S, Burankova T, Dahlmann K, Frahm B, Pein-Hackelbusch M. Application
    Constraints of Linear Multivariate Regression Models for Dielectric Spectroscopy
    in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell Analysis. 2025 International Workshop on Impedance
    Spectroscopy (IWIS). New York: IEEE; 2026.'
conference:
  end_date: 2025-09-26
  location: Chemnitz
  name: 2025 International Workshop on Impedance Spectroscopy (IWIS)
  start_date: 2025-09-23
date_created: 2026-03-06T08:52:51Z
date_updated: 2026-04-08T11:28:18Z
department:
- _id: DEP4028
doi: 10.1109/iwis69004.2025.11339388
keyword:
- cell culture
- impedance spectroscopy
- partial least squares
- ridge regression
language:
- iso: eng
page: 34-39
place: New York
publication: 2025 International Workshop on Impedance Spectroscopy (IWIS)
publication_identifier:
  eisbn:
  - 979-8-3315-9322-3
  isbn:
  - 979-8-3315-9323-0
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
status: public
title: Application Constraints of Linear Multivariate Regression Models for Dielectric
  Spectroscopy in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell Analysis
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83778'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '13223'
author:
- first_name: Selina
  full_name: Uhlendorff, Selina
  id: '68713'
  last_name: Uhlendorff
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0502-8032
- first_name: Tatsiana
  full_name: Burankova, Tatsiana
  last_name: Burankova
- first_name: Katharina
  full_name: Dahlmann, Katharina
  last_name: Dahlmann
- first_name: Björn
  full_name: Frahm, Björn
  id: '45666'
  last_name: Frahm
- first_name: Miriam
  full_name: Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam
  id: '64952'
  last_name: Pein-Hackelbusch
  orcid: 0000-0002-7920-0595
citation:
  ama: Uhlendorff S, Burankova T, Dahlmann K, Frahm B, Pein-Hackelbusch M. <i>Application
    Constraints of Linear Multivariate Regression Models for Dielectric Spectroscopy
    in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell Analysis</i>.; 2025.
  apa: Uhlendorff, S., Burankova, T., Dahlmann, K., Frahm, B., &#38; Pein-Hackelbusch,
    M. (2025). <i>Application Constraints of Linear Multivariate Regression Models
    for Dielectric Spectroscopy in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell Analysis</i>. 18th
    International Workshop on Impedance Spectroscopy, Chemnitz.
  bjps: <b>Uhlendorff S <i>et al.</i></b> (2025) <i>Application Constraints of Linear
    Multivariate Regression Models for Dielectric Spectroscopy in Inline Bioreactor
    Viable Cell Analysis</i>. .
  chicago: Uhlendorff, Selina, Tatsiana Burankova, Katharina Dahlmann, Björn Frahm,
    and Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch. <i>Application Constraints of Linear Multivariate
    Regression Models for Dielectric Spectroscopy in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell
    Analysis</i>, 2025.
  chicago-de: Uhlendorff, Selina, Tatsiana Burankova, Katharina Dahlmann, Björn Frahm
    und Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch. 2025. <i>Application Constraints of Linear Multivariate
    Regression Models for Dielectric Spectroscopy in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell
    Analysis</i>.
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Uhlendorff, Selina</span> ;
    <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Burankova, Tatsiana</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Dahlmann,
    Katharina</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Frahm, Björn</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam</span>: <i>Application
    Constraints of Linear Multivariate Regression Models for Dielectric Spectroscopy
    in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell Analysis</i>, 2025'
  havard: S. Uhlendorff, T. Burankova, K. Dahlmann, B. Frahm, M. Pein-Hackelbusch,
    Application Constraints of Linear Multivariate Regression Models for Dielectric
    Spectroscopy in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell Analysis, 2025.
  ieee: S. Uhlendorff, T. Burankova, K. Dahlmann, B. Frahm, and M. Pein-Hackelbusch,
    <i>Application Constraints of Linear Multivariate Regression Models for Dielectric
    Spectroscopy in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell Analysis</i>. 2025.
  mla: Uhlendorff, Selina, et al. <i>Application Constraints of Linear Multivariate
    Regression Models for Dielectric Spectroscopy in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell
    Analysis</i>. 2025.
  short: S. Uhlendorff, T. Burankova, K. Dahlmann, B. Frahm, M. Pein-Hackelbusch,
    Application Constraints of Linear Multivariate Regression Models for Dielectric
    Spectroscopy in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell Analysis, 2025.
  ufg: '<b>Uhlendorff, Selina u. a.</b>: Application Constraints of Linear Multivariate
    Regression Models for Dielectric Spectroscopy in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell
    Analysis, o. O. 2025.'
  van: Uhlendorff S, Burankova T, Dahlmann K, Frahm B, Pein-Hackelbusch M. Application
    Constraints of Linear Multivariate Regression Models for Dielectric Spectroscopy
    in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell Analysis. 2025.
conference:
  end_date: 2025-09-26
  location: Chemnitz
  name: 18th International Workshop on Impedance Spectroscopy
  start_date: 2025-09-23
date_created: 2025-09-29T08:37:10Z
date_updated: 2026-03-27T16:51:16Z
department:
- _id: DEP4028
- _id: DEP4021
language:
- iso: eng
publication_status: published
related_material:
  link:
  - relation: confirmation
    url: https://www.tu-chemnitz.de/etit/messtech/iwis/program.php
status: public
title: Application Constraints of Linear Multivariate Regression Models for Dielectric
  Spectroscopy in Inline Bioreactor Viable Cell Analysis
type: conference_poster
user_id: '45666'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '13315'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Determining cell density and viability with (semi‐)automated methods enables
    rapid cell cultivation analysis. However, scientific validation is required, typically
    by comparing results to manual counting. To address this, we present a method
    to evaluate and compare two cell counting methods exemplified by a manual and
    a semi‐automated method (Countstar BioTech). Experiments followed validation parameters
    aligned with the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) Q2(R1) guideline
    and a dilution series design based on ISO 20391‐2:2019. Both the semi‐automated
    and manual methods showed comparable specificity and linearity for Chinese hamster
    ovary (CHO)‐K1 cells. The semi‐automated method exhibited superior repeatability
    for total cell density, whereas cell viability results showed no significant difference.
author:
- first_name: Selina
  full_name: Uhlendorff, Selina
  id: '68713'
  last_name: Uhlendorff
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0502-8032
- first_name: Ulrich
  full_name: Odefey, Ulrich
  id: '74218'
  last_name: Odefey
- first_name: Björn
  full_name: Frahm, Björn
  id: '45666'
  last_name: Frahm
- first_name: Miriam
  full_name: Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam
  id: '64952'
  last_name: Pein-Hackelbusch
  orcid: 0000-0002-7920-0595
citation:
  ama: Uhlendorff S, Odefey U, Frahm B, Pein-Hackelbusch M. Performance Comparison
    between Semi‐Automated and Manual Cell Counting for Animal Cell Culture. <i>Chemie
    Ingenieur Technik</i>. 2025;98(1-2):57-68. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.70048">10.1002/cite.70048</a>
  apa: Uhlendorff, S., Odefey, U., Frahm, B., &#38; Pein-Hackelbusch, M. (2025). Performance
    Comparison between Semi‐Automated and Manual Cell Counting for Animal Cell Culture.
    <i>Chemie Ingenieur Technik</i>, <i>98</i>(1–2), 57–68. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.70048">https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.70048</a>
  bjps: <b>Uhlendorff S <i>et al.</i></b> (2025) Performance Comparison between Semi‐Automated
    and Manual Cell Counting for Animal Cell Culture. <i>Chemie Ingenieur Technik</i>
    <b>98</b>, 57–68.
  chicago: 'Uhlendorff, Selina, Ulrich Odefey, Björn Frahm, and Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch.
    “Performance Comparison between Semi‐Automated and Manual Cell Counting for Animal
    Cell Culture.” <i>Chemie Ingenieur Technik</i> 98, no. 1–2 (2025): 57–68. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.70048">https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.70048</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Uhlendorff, Selina, Ulrich Odefey, Björn Frahm und Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch.
    2025. Performance Comparison between Semi‐Automated and Manual Cell Counting for
    Animal Cell Culture. <i>Chemie Ingenieur Technik</i> 98, Nr. 1–2: 57–68. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.70048">10.1002/cite.70048</a>, .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Uhlendorff, Selina</span> ;
    <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Odefey, Ulrich</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Frahm,
    Björn</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam</span>:
    Performance Comparison between Semi‐Automated and Manual Cell Counting for Animal
    Cell Culture. In: <i>Chemie Ingenieur Technik</i> Bd. 98. Weinheim, Wiley (2025),
    Nr. 1–2, S. 57–68'
  havard: S. Uhlendorff, U. Odefey, B. Frahm, M. Pein-Hackelbusch, Performance Comparison
    between Semi‐Automated and Manual Cell Counting for Animal Cell Culture, Chemie
    Ingenieur Technik. 98 (2025) 57–68.
  ieee: 'S. Uhlendorff, U. Odefey, B. Frahm, and M. Pein-Hackelbusch, “Performance
    Comparison between Semi‐Automated and Manual Cell Counting for Animal Cell Culture,”
    <i>Chemie Ingenieur Technik</i>, vol. 98, no. 1–2, pp. 57–68, 2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.70048">10.1002/cite.70048</a>.'
  mla: Uhlendorff, Selina, et al. “Performance Comparison between Semi‐Automated and
    Manual Cell Counting for Animal Cell Culture.” <i>Chemie Ingenieur Technik</i>,
    vol. 98, no. 1–2, 2025, pp. 57–68, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.70048">https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.70048</a>.
  short: S. Uhlendorff, U. Odefey, B. Frahm, M. Pein-Hackelbusch, Chemie Ingenieur
    Technik 98 (2025) 57–68.
  ufg: '<b>Uhlendorff, Selina u. a.</b>: Performance Comparison between Semi‐Automated
    and Manual Cell Counting for Animal Cell Culture, in: <i>Chemie Ingenieur Technik</i>
    98 (2025), H. 1–2,  S. 57–68.'
  van: Uhlendorff S, Odefey U, Frahm B, Pein-Hackelbusch M. Performance Comparison
    between Semi‐Automated and Manual Cell Counting for Animal Cell Culture. Chemie
    Ingenieur Technik. 2025;98(1–2):57–68.
date_created: 2025-12-08T07:26:52Z
date_updated: 2026-03-27T17:14:42Z
department:
- _id: DEP4029
- _id: DEP4028
doi: 10.1002/cite.70048
intvolume: '        98'
issue: 1-2
keyword:
- Cell density
- Cell enumeration
- Cell viability
- CHO-K1
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
page: 57–68
place: Weinheim
publication: Chemie Ingenieur Technik
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1522-2640
  issn:
  - 0009-286X
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Performance Comparison between Semi‐Automated and Manual Cell Counting for
  Animal Cell Culture
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '45666'
volume: 98
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '12400'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Determining cell density and cell viability is fundamental for any cell cultivation
    process. In addition to the manual counting method using hemocytometers, (semi-)automated
    methods offer advantages such as lower variability and shortened analysis times.
    However, these methods should provide at least comparable results to the manual
    method, which is why a comparison of methods is essential. We conducted a dilution
    series experimental design according to ISO 20391-2:2019 and compared two cell
    counting methods based on validation parameters aligned with the ICH Q2(R1) guideline.
    Regarding specificity and linearity, the manual (hemocytometer) and semi-automated
    (Countstar BioTech®) method exhibited similar results in the two evaluated characteristics
    total cell density and cell viability of CHO-K1 cells. Regarding repeatability
    of determining total cell density, the semi-automated method achieved significant
    (α = 0.05) better results with average relative standard deviations of < 6 %,
    than the manual method with average relative standard deviations of > 9 %. Concerning
    repeatability of the cell viability measurement, no significant difference between
    the two methods were shown. These results show the suitabililty of the dilution
    series experimental design. For the applied example, they indicate that the investigated
    semi-automated method is an appropriate alternative to the manual method.
author:
- first_name: Selina
  full_name: Ramm, Selina
  id: '68713'
  last_name: Ramm
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0502-8032
- first_name: Ulrich
  full_name: Odefey, Ulrich
  id: '74218'
  last_name: Odefey
- first_name: Björn
  full_name: Frahm, Björn
  id: '45666'
  last_name: Frahm
- first_name: Miriam
  full_name: Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam
  id: '64952'
  last_name: Pein-Hackelbusch
  orcid: 0000-0002-7920-0595
citation:
  ama: 'Ramm S, Odefey U, Frahm B, Pein-Hackelbusch M. Semi-automated vs. manual:
    Comparative study of cell culture counting methods using validation parameters.
    Published online 2024. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.30.596619">10.1101/2024.05.30.596619</a>'
  apa: 'Ramm, S., Odefey, U., Frahm, B., &#38; Pein-Hackelbusch, M. (2024). <i>Semi-automated
    vs. manual: Comparative study of cell culture counting methods using validation
    parameters</i>. bioRxiv. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.30.596619">https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.30.596619</a>'
  bjps: '<b>Ramm S <i>et al.</i></b> (2024) Semi-Automated vs. Manual: Comparative
    Study of Cell Culture Counting Methods Using Validation Parameters.'
  chicago: 'Ramm, Selina, Ulrich Odefey, Björn Frahm, and Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch.
    “Semi-Automated vs. Manual: Comparative Study of Cell Culture Counting Methods
    Using Validation Parameters.” bioRxiv, 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.30.596619">https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.30.596619</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Ramm, Selina, Ulrich Odefey, Björn Frahm und Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch.
    2024. Semi-automated vs. manual: Comparative study of cell culture counting methods
    using validation parameters. bioRxiv. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.30.596619">10.1101/2024.05.30.596619</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ramm, Selina</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Odefey, Ulrich</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Frahm,
    Björn</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam</span>:
    Semi-automated vs. manual: Comparative study of cell culture counting methods
    using validation parameters, bioRxiv (2024)'
  havard: 'S. Ramm, U. Odefey, B. Frahm, M. Pein-Hackelbusch, Semi-automated vs. manual:
    Comparative study of cell culture counting methods using validation parameters,
    (2024).'
  ieee: 'S. Ramm, U. Odefey, B. Frahm, and M. Pein-Hackelbusch, “Semi-automated vs.
    manual: Comparative study of cell culture counting methods using validation parameters.”
    bioRxiv, 2024. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.30.596619">10.1101/2024.05.30.596619</a>.'
  mla: 'Ramm, Selina, et al. <i>Semi-Automated vs. Manual: Comparative Study of Cell
    Culture Counting Methods Using Validation Parameters</i>. bioRxiv, 2024, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.30.596619">https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.30.596619</a>.'
  short: S. Ramm, U. Odefey, B. Frahm, M. Pein-Hackelbusch, (2024).
  ufg: '<b>Ramm, Selina u. a.</b>: Semi-automated vs. manual: Comparative study of
    cell culture counting methods using validation parameters, o. O. 2024.'
  van: 'Ramm S, Odefey U, Frahm B, Pein-Hackelbusch M. Semi-automated vs. manual:
    Comparative study of cell culture counting methods using validation parameters.
    bioRxiv; 2024.'
date_created: 2025-01-29T13:48:31Z
date_updated: 2025-07-29T13:23:30Z
department:
- _id: DEP4000
- _id: DEP4028
- _id: DEP4014
doi: 10.1101/2024.05.30.596619
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.30.596619v1
oa: '1'
publication_status: published
publisher: bioRxiv
status: public
title: 'Semi-automated vs. manual: Comparative study of cell culture counting methods
  using validation parameters'
type: preprint
user_id: '83781'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '11381'
author:
- first_name: Tanja
  full_name: Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja
  id: '52466'
  last_name: Hernández Rodriguez
- first_name: Selina
  full_name: Ramm, Selina
  id: '68713'
  last_name: Ramm
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0502-8032
- first_name: Markus
  full_name: Lange-Hegermann, Markus
  id: '71761'
  last_name: Lange-Hegermann
- first_name: Björn
  full_name: Frahm, Björn
  id: '45666'
  last_name: Frahm
citation:
  ama: Hernández Rodriguez T, Ramm S, Lange-Hegermann M, Frahm B. <i>A Systematic,
    Model-Based Workflow for Risk-Based Decision Making in Upstream Development</i>.
    DECHEMA e.V.
  apa: Hernández Rodriguez, T., Ramm, S., Lange-Hegermann, M., &#38; Frahm, B. (n.d.).
    <i>A systematic, model-based workflow for risk-based decision making in upstream
    development</i>. 14th European Congress of Chemical Engineering and 7th European
    Congress of Applied Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany. DECHEMA e.V.
  bjps: <b>Hernández Rodriguez T <i>et al.</i></b> (n.d.) <i>A Systematic, Model-Based
    Workflow for Risk-Based Decision Making in Upstream Development</i>. DECHEMA e.V.
  chicago: Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja, Selina Ramm, Markus Lange-Hegermann, and Björn
    Frahm. <i>A Systematic, Model-Based Workflow for Risk-Based Decision Making in
    Upstream Development</i>. DECHEMA e.V., n.d.
  chicago-de: Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja, Selina Ramm, Markus Lange-Hegermann und
    Björn Frahm. <i>A systematic, model-based workflow for risk-based decision making
    in upstream development</i>. DECHEMA e.V.
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ramm, Selina</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lange-Hegermann,
    Markus</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Frahm, Björn</span>: <i>A
    systematic, model-based workflow for risk-based decision making in upstream development</i> :
    DECHEMA e.V.'
  havard: T. Hernández Rodriguez, S. Ramm, M. Lange-Hegermann, B. Frahm, A systematic,
    model-based workflow for risk-based decision making in upstream development, DECHEMA
    e.V., n.d.
  ieee: T. Hernández Rodriguez, S. Ramm, M. Lange-Hegermann, and B. Frahm, <i>A systematic,
    model-based workflow for risk-based decision making in upstream development</i>.
    DECHEMA e.V.
  mla: Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja, et al. <i>A Systematic, Model-Based Workflow for
    Risk-Based Decision Making in Upstream Development</i>. DECHEMA e.V.
  short: T. Hernández Rodriguez, S. Ramm, M. Lange-Hegermann, B. Frahm, A Systematic,
    Model-Based Workflow for Risk-Based Decision Making in Upstream Development, DECHEMA
    e.V., n.d.
  ufg: '<b>Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja u. a.</b>: A systematic, model-based workflow
    for risk-based decision making in upstream development, o. O. u. J. .'
  van: Hernández Rodriguez T, Ramm S, Lange-Hegermann M, Frahm B. A systematic, model-based
    workflow for risk-based decision making in upstream development. DECHEMA e.V.;
conference:
  end_date: 2023-09-21
  location: Berlin, Germany
  name: 14th European Congress of Chemical Engineering and 7th European Congress of
    Applied Biotechnology
  start_date: 2023-09-17
date_created: 2024-04-26T06:18:20Z
date_updated: 2024-08-02T13:57:27Z
department:
- _id: DEP4000
language:
- iso: eng
publication_status: accepted
publisher: DECHEMA e.V.
status: public
title: A systematic, model-based workflow for risk-based decision making in upstream
  development
type: conference_poster
user_id: '83781'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '11487'
author:
- first_name: Selina
  full_name: Ramm, Selina
  id: '68713'
  last_name: Ramm
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0502-8032
- first_name: Tanja
  full_name: Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja
  id: '52466'
  last_name: Hernández Rodriguez
- first_name: Björn
  full_name: Frahm, Björn
  id: '45666'
  last_name: Frahm
- first_name: Miriam
  full_name: Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam
  id: '64952'
  last_name: Pein-Hackelbusch
  orcid: 0000-0002-7920-0595
citation:
  ama: Ramm S, Hernández Rodriguez T, Frahm B, Pein-Hackelbusch M. <i>Comparison of
    Preprocessing Methods of Dielectric Spectroscopy  Data and the Effects on Linear
    Regression </i>. DECHEMA e.V.
  apa: Ramm, S., Hernández Rodriguez, T., Frahm, B., &#38; Pein-Hackelbusch, M. (n.d.).
    <i>Comparison of Preprocessing Methods of Dielectric Spectroscopy  Data and the
    Effects on Linear Regression </i>. 14th European Congress of Chemical Engineering
    and 7th European Congress of Applied Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany. DECHEMA e.V.
  bjps: <b>Ramm S <i>et al.</i></b> (n.d.) <i>Comparison of Preprocessing Methods
    of Dielectric Spectroscopy  Data and the Effects on Linear Regression </i>. DECHEMA
    e.V.
  chicago: Ramm, Selina, Tanja Hernández Rodriguez, Björn Frahm, and Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch.
    <i>Comparison of Preprocessing Methods of Dielectric Spectroscopy  Data and the
    Effects on Linear Regression </i>. DECHEMA e.V., n.d.
  chicago-de: Ramm, Selina, Tanja Hernández Rodriguez, Björn Frahm und Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch.
    <i>Comparison of Preprocessing Methods of Dielectric Spectroscopy  Data and the
    Effects on Linear Regression </i>. DECHEMA e.V.
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ramm, Selina</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Frahm,
    Björn</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam</span>:
    <i>Comparison of Preprocessing Methods of Dielectric Spectroscopy  Data and the
    Effects on Linear Regression </i> : DECHEMA e.V.'
  havard: S. Ramm, T. Hernández Rodriguez, B. Frahm, M. Pein-Hackelbusch, Comparison
    of Preprocessing Methods of Dielectric Spectroscopy  Data and the Effects on Linear
    Regression , DECHEMA e.V., n.d.
  ieee: S. Ramm, T. Hernández Rodriguez, B. Frahm, and M. Pein-Hackelbusch, <i>Comparison
    of Preprocessing Methods of Dielectric Spectroscopy  Data and the Effects on Linear
    Regression </i>. DECHEMA e.V.
  mla: Ramm, Selina, et al. <i>Comparison of Preprocessing Methods of Dielectric Spectroscopy 
    Data and the Effects on Linear Regression </i>. DECHEMA e.V.
  short: S. Ramm, T. Hernández Rodriguez, B. Frahm, M. Pein-Hackelbusch, Comparison
    of Preprocessing Methods of Dielectric Spectroscopy  Data and the Effects on Linear
    Regression , DECHEMA e.V., n.d.
  ufg: '<b>Ramm, Selina u. a.</b>: Comparison of Preprocessing Methods of Dielectric
    Spectroscopy  Data and the Effects on Linear Regression , o. O. u. J. .'
  van: Ramm S, Hernández Rodriguez T, Frahm B, Pein-Hackelbusch M. Comparison of Preprocessing
    Methods of Dielectric Spectroscopy  Data and the Effects on Linear Regression
    . DECHEMA e.V.;
conference:
  end_date: 2023-09-21
  location: Berlin, Germany
  name: 14th European Congress of Chemical Engineering and 7th European Congress of
    Applied Biotechnology
  start_date: 2023-09-17
date_created: 2024-05-21T09:37:09Z
date_updated: 2024-05-21T09:37:15Z
department:
- _id: DEP4000
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: http://www.apz-rl.de/BioProcessingDays_2023/002_download/BPDs_2023_Tagungsbuch_Titel.pdf
oa: '1'
publication_status: accepted
publisher: DECHEMA e.V.
status: public
title: 'Comparison of Preprocessing Methods of Dielectric Spectroscopy  Data and the
  Effects on Linear Regression '
type: conference_poster
user_id: '83781'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '13650'
author:
- first_name: Selina
  full_name: Uhlendorff, Selina
  id: '68713'
  last_name: Uhlendorff
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0502-8032
- first_name: Tanja
  full_name: Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja
  id: '52466'
  last_name: Hernández Rodriguez
- first_name: Björn
  full_name: Frahm, Björn
  id: '45666'
  last_name: Frahm
- first_name: Miriam
  full_name: Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam
  id: '64952'
  last_name: Pein-Hackelbusch
  orcid: 0000-0002-7920-0595
citation:
  ama: Uhlendorff S, Hernández Rodriguez T, Frahm B, Pein-Hackelbusch M. <i>Systematic
    Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy Data and Estimating Viable Cell Densities</i>.;
    2023.
  apa: Uhlendorff, S., Hernández Rodriguez, T., Frahm, B., &#38; Pein-Hackelbusch,
    M. (2023). <i>Systematic Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy Data and Estimating
    Viable Cell Densities</i>. IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics,
    INDIN ’23, Lemgo, Germany.
  bjps: <b>Uhlendorff S <i>et al.</i></b> (2023) <i>Systematic Preprocessing of Dielectric
    Spectroscopy Data and Estimating Viable Cell Densities</i>. .
  chicago: Uhlendorff, Selina, Tanja Hernández Rodriguez, Björn Frahm, and Miriam
    Pein-Hackelbusch. <i>Systematic Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy Data
    and Estimating Viable Cell Densities</i>, 2023.
  chicago-de: Uhlendorff, Selina, Tanja Hernández Rodriguez, Björn Frahm und Miriam
    Pein-Hackelbusch. 2023. <i>Systematic Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy
    Data and Estimating Viable Cell Densities</i>.
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Uhlendorff, Selina</span> ;
    <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Frahm, Björn</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pein-Hackelbusch,
    Miriam</span>: <i>Systematic Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy Data and
    Estimating Viable Cell Densities</i>, 2023'
  havard: S. Uhlendorff, T. Hernández Rodriguez, B. Frahm, M. Pein-Hackelbusch, Systematic
    Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy Data and Estimating Viable Cell Densities,
    2023.
  ieee: S. Uhlendorff, T. Hernández Rodriguez, B. Frahm, and M. Pein-Hackelbusch,
    <i>Systematic Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy Data and Estimating Viable
    Cell Densities</i>. 2023.
  mla: Uhlendorff, Selina, et al. <i>Systematic Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy
    Data and Estimating Viable Cell Densities</i>. 2023.
  short: S. Uhlendorff, T. Hernández Rodriguez, B. Frahm, M. Pein-Hackelbusch, Systematic
    Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy Data and Estimating Viable Cell Densities,
    2023.
  ufg: '<b>Uhlendorff, Selina u. a.</b>: Systematic Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy
    Data and Estimating Viable Cell Densities, o. O. 2023.'
  van: Uhlendorff S, Hernández Rodriguez T, Frahm B, Pein-Hackelbusch M. Systematic
    Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy Data and Estimating Viable Cell Densities.
    2023.
conference:
  end_date: 2023-07-20
  location: Lemgo, Germany
  name: IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, INDIN ’23
  start_date: 2023-07-17
date_created: 2026-03-27T16:43:01Z
date_updated: 2026-04-08T13:09:47Z
department:
- _id: DEP4000
language:
- iso: eng
status: public
title: Systematic Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy Data and Estimating Viable
  Cell Densities
type: conference_speech
user_id: '83778'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '10201'
author:
- first_name: Tanja
  full_name: Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja
  id: '52466'
  last_name: Hernández Rodriguez
- first_name: Selina
  full_name: Ramm, Selina
  id: '68713'
  last_name: Ramm
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0502-8032
- first_name: Markus
  full_name: Lange-Hegermann, Markus
  id: '71761'
  last_name: Lange-Hegermann
- first_name: Björn
  full_name: Frahm, Björn
  id: '45666'
  last_name: Frahm
citation:
  ama: Hernández Rodriguez T, Ramm S, Lange-Hegermann M, Frahm B. <i>A Systematic,
    Model-Based Workflow for Risk-Based Decision Making in Upstream Development</i>.;
    2023.
  apa: Hernández Rodriguez, T., Ramm, S., Lange-Hegermann, M., &#38; Frahm, B. (2023).
    <i>A systematic, model-based workflow for risk-based decision making in upstream
    development</i>. BioProcessingDays 2023, Recklinghausen, Germany.
  bjps: <b>Hernández Rodriguez T <i>et al.</i></b> (2023) <i>A Systematic, Model-Based
    Workflow for Risk-Based Decision Making in Upstream Development</i>. .
  chicago: Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja, Selina Ramm, Markus Lange-Hegermann, and Björn
    Frahm. <i>A Systematic, Model-Based Workflow for Risk-Based Decision Making in
    Upstream Development</i>, 2023.
  chicago-de: Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja, Selina Ramm, Markus Lange-Hegermann und
    Björn Frahm. 2023. <i>A systematic, model-based workflow for risk-based decision
    making in upstream development</i>.
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ramm, Selina</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lange-Hegermann,
    Markus</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Frahm, Björn</span>: <i>A
    systematic, model-based workflow for risk-based decision making in upstream development</i>,
    2023'
  havard: T. Hernández Rodriguez, S. Ramm, M. Lange-Hegermann, B. Frahm, A systematic,
    model-based workflow for risk-based decision making in upstream development, 2023.
  ieee: T. Hernández Rodriguez, S. Ramm, M. Lange-Hegermann, and B. Frahm, <i>A systematic,
    model-based workflow for risk-based decision making in upstream development</i>.
    2023.
  mla: Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja, et al. <i>A Systematic, Model-Based Workflow for
    Risk-Based Decision Making in Upstream Development</i>. 2023.
  short: T. Hernández Rodriguez, S. Ramm, M. Lange-Hegermann, B. Frahm, A Systematic,
    Model-Based Workflow for Risk-Based Decision Making in Upstream Development, 2023.
  ufg: '<b>Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja u. a.</b>: A systematic, model-based workflow
    for risk-based decision making in upstream development, o. O. 2023.'
  van: Hernández Rodriguez T, Ramm S, Lange-Hegermann M, Frahm B. A systematic, model-based
    workflow for risk-based decision making in upstream development. 2023.
conference:
  end_date: 2023-03-01
  location: Recklinghausen, Germany
  name: BioProcessingDays 2023
  start_date: 2023-02-27
date_created: 2023-08-08T14:54:44Z
date_updated: 2024-08-02T09:41:01Z
department:
- _id: DEP4000
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: http://www.apz-rl.de/BioProcessingDays_2023/002_download/BPDs_2023_Tagungsbuch_Titel.pdf
oa: '1'
publication_status: published
status: public
title: A systematic, model-based workflow for risk-based decision making in upstream
  development
type: conference_poster
user_id: '83781'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '10216'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Wet granulation is a frequent process in the pharmaceutical industry. As a
    starting point for numerous dosage forms, the quality of the granulation not only
    affects subsequent production steps but also impacts the quality of the final
    product. It is thus crucial and economical to monitor this operation thoroughly.
    Here, we report on identifying different phases of a granulation process using
    a machine learning approach. The phases reflect the water content which, in turn,
    influences the processability and quality of the granule mass. We used two kinds
    of microphones and an acceleration sensor to capture acoustic emissions and vibrations.
    We trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to classify the different phases
    using transformed sound recordings as the input. We achieved a classification
    accuracy of up to 90% using vibrational data and an accuracy of up to 97% using
    the audible microphone data. Our results indicate the suitability of using audible
    sound and machine learning to monitor pharmaceutical processes. Moreover, since
    recording acoustic emissions is contactless, it readily complies with legal regulations
    and presents Good Manufacturing Practices.
article_number: '2153'
author:
- first_name: Ruwen
  full_name: Fulek, Ruwen
  id: '79527'
  last_name: Fulek
- first_name: Selina
  full_name: Ramm, Selina
  id: '68713'
  last_name: Ramm
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0502-8032
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Kiera, Christian
  last_name: Kiera
- first_name: Miriam
  full_name: Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam
  id: '64952'
  last_name: Pein-Hackelbusch
  orcid: 0000-0002-7920-0595
- first_name: Ulrich
  full_name: Odefey, Ulrich
  id: '74218'
  last_name: Odefey
citation:
  ama: Fulek R, Ramm S, Kiera C, Pein-Hackelbusch M, Odefey U. A machine learning
    approach to qualitatively evaluate different granulation phases by acoustic emissions.
    <i>Pharmaceutics</i>. 2023;15(8). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082153">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082153</a>
  apa: Fulek, R., Ramm, S., Kiera, C., Pein-Hackelbusch, M., &#38; Odefey, U. (2023).
    A machine learning approach to qualitatively evaluate different granulation phases
    by acoustic emissions. <i>Pharmaceutics</i>, <i>15</i>(8), Article 2153. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082153">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082153</a>
  bjps: <b>Fulek R <i>et al.</i></b> (2023) A Machine Learning Approach to Qualitatively
    Evaluate Different Granulation Phases by Acoustic Emissions. <i>Pharmaceutics</i>
    <b>15</b>.
  chicago: Fulek, Ruwen, Selina Ramm, Christian Kiera, Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch, and
    Ulrich Odefey. “A Machine Learning Approach to Qualitatively Evaluate Different
    Granulation Phases by Acoustic Emissions.” <i>Pharmaceutics</i> 15, no. 8 (2023).
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082153">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082153</a>.
  chicago-de: Fulek, Ruwen, Selina Ramm, Christian Kiera, Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch
    und Ulrich Odefey. 2023. A machine learning approach to qualitatively evaluate
    different granulation phases by acoustic emissions. <i>Pharmaceutics</i> 15, Nr.
    8. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082153">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082153</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Fulek, Ruwen</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ramm, Selina</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kiera,
    Christian</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Odefey, Ulrich</span>: A machine learning
    approach to qualitatively evaluate different granulation phases by acoustic emissions.
    In: <i>Pharmaceutics</i> Bd. 15. Basel, MDPI (2023), Nr. 8'
  havard: R. Fulek, S. Ramm, C. Kiera, M. Pein-Hackelbusch, U. Odefey, A machine learning
    approach to qualitatively evaluate different granulation phases by acoustic emissions,
    Pharmaceutics. 15 (2023).
  ieee: 'R. Fulek, S. Ramm, C. Kiera, M. Pein-Hackelbusch, and U. Odefey, “A machine
    learning approach to qualitatively evaluate different granulation phases by acoustic
    emissions,” <i>Pharmaceutics</i>, vol. 15, no. 8, Art. no. 2153, 2023, doi: <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082153">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082153</a>.'
  mla: Fulek, Ruwen, et al. “A Machine Learning Approach to Qualitatively Evaluate
    Different Granulation Phases by Acoustic Emissions.” <i>Pharmaceutics</i>, vol.
    15, no. 8, 2153, 2023, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082153">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082153</a>.
  short: R. Fulek, S. Ramm, C. Kiera, M. Pein-Hackelbusch, U. Odefey, Pharmaceutics
    15 (2023).
  ufg: '<b>Fulek, Ruwen u. a.</b>: A machine learning approach to qualitatively evaluate
    different granulation phases by acoustic emissions, in: <i>Pharmaceutics</i> 15
    (2023), H. 8.'
  van: Fulek R, Ramm S, Kiera C, Pein-Hackelbusch M, Odefey U. A machine learning
    approach to qualitatively evaluate different granulation phases by acoustic emissions.
    Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(8).
date_created: 2023-08-15T10:48:15Z
date_updated: 2025-07-29T13:21:40Z
department:
- _id: DEP4022
- _id: DEP4028
- _id: DEP4014
doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082153
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001119084200001'
  pmid:
  - '37631367'
intvolume: '        15'
isi: '1'
issue: '8'
keyword:
- wet granulation
- acoustic classification
- machine learning
- convolutional neural networks
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/15/8/2153
oa: '1'
place: Basel
pmid: '1'
publication: Pharmaceutics
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - '1999-4923 '
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: A machine learning approach to qualitatively evaluate different granulation
  phases by acoustic emissions
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 15
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '10788'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: For process monitoring, an adequate data preprocessing is crucial to link
    accessible inline process data with offline measured target variables. Literature,
    however, does not provide systematic preprocessing strategies. The effects of
    five different preprocessing strategies on data from a Dielectric Spectroscopy
    system applied to the Viable Cell Density (VCD) of a mammalian cell cultivation
    were thus evaluated. Single-frequency measurements are typically used to model
    the VCD over the growth phase using linear regression or the Cole-Cole model and
    served as a reference. As multi-frequency measurement is promising to model the
    VCD beyond the growth phase using Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), we
    further aimed to determine, whether replacing linear regression by PLSR shows
    comparable modeling performance. All five preprocessing strategies led to comparable
    results. Exemplary, when using capacitance values at a frequency of 3347 kHz,
    linear regression resulted in a R2 of 0.90 and a standard deviation of 0.4 % on
    average. Both normalization techniques had the same positive effect on the results
    of PLSR. The order of smoothing and normalization was irrelevant for both regression
    methods. Comparing the results of linear regression and PLSR, the latter obtained
    on average 9 % better results. Therefore, we concluded that PLSR is preferable
    over linear regression and is potentially suitable to model the VCD beyond the
    growth phase, which is suggested to be investigated based on more data sets.
author:
- first_name: Selina
  full_name: Ramm, Selina
  id: '68713'
  last_name: Ramm
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0502-8032
- first_name: Tanja
  full_name: Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja
  id: '52466'
  last_name: Hernández Rodriguez
- first_name: Björn
  full_name: Frahm, Björn
  id: '45666'
  last_name: Frahm
- first_name: Miriam
  full_name: Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam
  id: '64952'
  last_name: Pein-Hackelbusch
  orcid: 0000-0002-7920-0595
citation:
  ama: Ramm S, Hernández Rodriguez T, Frahm B, Pein-Hackelbusch M. <i>Systematic Preprocessing
    of Dielectric Spectroscopy Data and Estimating Viable Cell Densities</i>. (Jasperneite
    J, Wisniewski L, Fung Man K, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
    , eds.). IEEE; 2023:1-6. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/INDIN51400.2023.10218012">10.1109/INDIN51400.2023.10218012</a>
  apa: Ramm, S., Hernández Rodriguez, T., Frahm, B., &#38; Pein-Hackelbusch, M. (2023).
    Systematic Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy Data and Estimating Viable
    Cell Densities. In J. Jasperneite, L. Wisniewski, K. Fung Man, &#38; Institute
    of Electrical and Electronics Engineers  (Eds.), <i>2023 IEEE 21st International
    Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN)</i> (pp. 1–6). IEEE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/INDIN51400.2023.10218012">https://doi.org/10.1109/INDIN51400.2023.10218012</a>
  bjps: '<b>Ramm S <i>et al.</i></b> (2023) <i>Systematic Preprocessing of Dielectric
    Spectroscopy Data and Estimating Viable Cell Densities</i>, Jasperneite J et al.
    (eds). [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE.'
  chicago: 'Ramm, Selina, Tanja Hernández Rodriguez, Björn Frahm, and Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch.
    <i>Systematic Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy Data and Estimating Viable
    Cell Densities</i>. Edited by Jürgen Jasperneite, Lukasz Wisniewski, Kim Fung
    Man, and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . <i>2023 IEEE 21st
    International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN)</i>. [Piscataway, NJ]:
    IEEE, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/INDIN51400.2023.10218012">https://doi.org/10.1109/INDIN51400.2023.10218012</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Ramm, Selina, Tanja Hernández Rodriguez, Björn Frahm und Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch.
    2023. <i>Systematic Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy Data and Estimating
    Viable Cell Densities</i>. Hg. von Jürgen Jasperneite, Lukasz Wisniewski, Kim
    Fung Man, und Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . <i>2023 IEEE
    21st International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN)</i>. [Piscataway,
    NJ]: IEEE. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/INDIN51400.2023.10218012">10.1109/INDIN51400.2023.10218012</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ramm, Selina</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Frahm,
    Björn</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Jasperneite, J.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Wisniewski,
    L.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Fung Man, K.</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
    </span> (Hrsg.): <i>Systematic Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy Data and
    Estimating Viable Cell Densities</i>. [Piscataway, NJ] : IEEE, 2023'
  havard: S. Ramm, T. Hernández Rodriguez, B. Frahm, M. Pein-Hackelbusch, Systematic
    Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy Data and Estimating Viable Cell Densities,
    IEEE, [Piscataway, NJ], 2023.
  ieee: 'S. Ramm, T. Hernández Rodriguez, B. Frahm, and M. Pein-Hackelbusch, <i>Systematic
    Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy Data and Estimating Viable Cell Densities</i>.
    [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE, 2023, pp. 1–6. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/INDIN51400.2023.10218012">10.1109/INDIN51400.2023.10218012</a>.'
  mla: Ramm, Selina, et al. “Systematic Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy Data
    and Estimating Viable Cell Densities.” <i>2023 IEEE 21st International Conference
    on Industrial Informatics (INDIN)</i>, edited by Jürgen Jasperneite et al., IEEE,
    2023, pp. 1–6, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/INDIN51400.2023.10218012">https://doi.org/10.1109/INDIN51400.2023.10218012</a>.
  short: S. Ramm, T. Hernández Rodriguez, B. Frahm, M. Pein-Hackelbusch, Systematic
    Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy Data and Estimating Viable Cell Densities,
    IEEE, [Piscataway, NJ], 2023.
  ufg: '<b>Ramm, Selina u. a.</b>: Systematic Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy
    Data and Estimating Viable Cell Densities, hg. von Jasperneite, Jürgen u. a.,
    [Piscataway, NJ] 2023.'
  van: 'Ramm S, Hernández Rodriguez T, Frahm B, Pein-Hackelbusch M. Systematic Preprocessing
    of Dielectric Spectroscopy Data and Estimating Viable Cell Densities. Jasperneite
    J, Wisniewski L, Fung Man K, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
    , editors. 2023 IEEE 21st International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN).
    [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE; 2023.'
conference:
  end_date: 2023-07-20
  location: Lemgo
  name: 21st International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN)
  start_date: 2023-07-18
corporate_editor:
- 'Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers '
date_created: 2023-11-21T08:17:12Z
date_updated: 2025-04-29T07:38:03Z
department:
- _id: DEP4022
- _id: DEP4028
doi: 10.1109/INDIN51400.2023.10218012
editor:
- first_name: Jürgen
  full_name: Jasperneite, Jürgen
  id: '1899'
  last_name: Jasperneite
- first_name: Lukasz
  full_name: Wisniewski, Lukasz
  id: '1710'
  last_name: Wisniewski
- first_name: Kim
  full_name: Fung Man, Kim
  last_name: Fung Man
keyword:
- Spectroscopy
- Smoothing methods
- Systematics
- Phase measurement
- Linear regression
- Data models
- Dielectric measurement
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10218012
oa: '1'
page: 1-6
place: '[Piscataway, NJ]'
publication: 2023 IEEE 21st International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN)
publication_identifier:
  eisbn:
  - 978-1-6654-9313-0
  isbn:
  - 978-1-6654-9314-7
  issn:
  - 1935-4576
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
status: public
title: Systematic Preprocessing of Dielectric Spectroscopy Data and Estimating Viable
  Cell Densities
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '9627'
author:
- first_name: Selina
  full_name: Ramm, Selina
  id: '68713'
  last_name: Ramm
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0502-8032
- first_name: Ruwen
  full_name: Fulek, Ruwen
  id: '79527'
  last_name: Fulek
- first_name: Veronika Anna
  full_name: Eberle, Veronika Anna
  last_name: Eberle
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Kiera, Christian
  last_name: Kiera
- first_name: Ulrich
  full_name: Odefey, Ulrich
  id: '74218'
  last_name: Odefey
- first_name: Miriam
  full_name: Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam
  id: '64952'
  last_name: Pein-Hackelbusch
  orcid: 0000-0002-7920-0595
citation:
  ama: Ramm S, Fulek R, Eberle VA, Kiera C, Odefey U, Pein-Hackelbusch M. <i>Compression
    Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear
    Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation</i>.; 2023.
  apa: Ramm, S., Fulek, R., Eberle, V. A., Kiera, C., Odefey, U., &#38; Pein-Hackelbusch,
    M. (2023). <i>Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture
    Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation</i>.
    Ph.D. Student’s Symposium on Tabletting Technology 2023, Rosenberg.
  bjps: <b>Ramm S <i>et al.</i></b> (2023) <i>Compression Density as an Alternative
    to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial
    Step for Spheronisation</i>. .
  chicago: Ramm, Selina, Ruwen Fulek, Veronika Anna Eberle, Christian Kiera, Ulrich
    Odefey, and Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch. <i>Compression Density as an Alternative
    to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial
    Step for Spheronisation</i>, 2023.
  chicago-de: Ramm, Selina, Ruwen Fulek, Veronika Anna Eberle, Christian Kiera, Ulrich
    Odefey und Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch. 2023. <i>Compression Density as an Alternative
    to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial
    Step for Spheronisation</i>.
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ramm, Selina</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Fulek, Ruwen</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Eberle,
    Veronika Anna</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kiera, Christian</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Odefey, Ulrich</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pein-Hackelbusch,
    Miriam</span>: <i>Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal
    Moisture Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation</i>,
    2023'
  havard: S. Ramm, R. Fulek, V.A. Eberle, C. Kiera, U. Odefey, M. Pein-Hackelbusch,
    Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content
    for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation, 2023.
  ieee: S. Ramm, R. Fulek, V. A. Eberle, C. Kiera, U. Odefey, and M. Pein-Hackelbusch,
    <i>Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content
    for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation</i>. 2023.
  mla: Ramm, Selina, et al. <i>Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify an
    Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for
    Spheronisation</i>. 2023.
  short: S. Ramm, R. Fulek, V.A. Eberle, C. Kiera, U. Odefey, M. Pein-Hackelbusch,
    Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content
    for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation, 2023.
  ufg: '<b>Ramm, Selina u. a.</b>: Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify
    an Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step
    for Spheronisation, o. O. 2023.'
  van: Ramm S, Fulek R, Eberle VA, Kiera C, Odefey U, Pein-Hackelbusch M. Compression
    Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear
    Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation. 2023.
conference:
  end_date: 2023-03-15
  location: Rosenberg
  name: Ph.D. Student's Symposium on Tabletting Technology 2023
  start_date: 2023-03-13
date_created: 2023-03-16T09:46:10Z
date_updated: 2025-07-29T13:23:12Z
department:
- _id: DEP4022
- _id: DEP4028
- _id: DEP4014
language:
- iso: eng
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content
  for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation
type: conference_speech
user_id: '83781'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '7932'
author:
- first_name: Tanja
  full_name: Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja
  id: '52466'
  last_name: Hernández Rodriguez
- first_name: Selina
  full_name: Ramm, Selina
  id: '68713'
  last_name: Ramm
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0502-8032
- first_name: Markus
  full_name: Lange-Hegermann, Markus
  id: '71761'
  last_name: Lange-Hegermann
- first_name: Björn
  full_name: Frahm, Björn
  id: '45666'
  last_name: Frahm
citation:
  ama: Hernández Rodriguez T, Ramm S, Lange-Hegermann M, Frahm B. <i>A Systematic,
    Model-Based Workflow for Risk-Based Decision Making in Upstream Development</i>.
  apa: Hernández Rodriguez, T., Ramm, S., Lange-Hegermann, M., &#38; Frahm, B. (n.d.).
    <i>A systematic, model-based workflow for risk-based decision making in upstream
    development</i>. 5th annual Bioprocessing Summit Europe, Barcelona, Spain.
  bjps: <b>Hernández Rodriguez T <i>et al.</i></b> (n.d.) <i>A Systematic, Model-Based
    Workflow for Risk-Based Decision Making in Upstream Development</i>. .
  chicago: Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja, Selina Ramm, Markus Lange-Hegermann, and Björn
    Frahm. <i>A Systematic, Model-Based Workflow for Risk-Based Decision Making in
    Upstream Development</i>, n.d.
  chicago-de: Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja, Selina Ramm, Markus Lange-Hegermann und
    Björn Frahm. <i>A systematic, model-based workflow for risk-based decision making
    in upstream development</i>.
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ramm, Selina</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lange-Hegermann,
    Markus</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Frahm, Björn</span>: <i>A
    systematic, model-based workflow for risk-based decision making in upstream development</i>'
  havard: T. Hernández Rodriguez, S. Ramm, M. Lange-Hegermann, B. Frahm, A systematic,
    model-based workflow for risk-based decision making in upstream development, n.d.
  ieee: T. Hernández Rodriguez, S. Ramm, M. Lange-Hegermann, and B. Frahm, <i>A systematic,
    model-based workflow for risk-based decision making in upstream development</i>.
  mla: Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja, et al. <i>A Systematic, Model-Based Workflow for
    Risk-Based Decision Making in Upstream Development</i>.
  short: T. Hernández Rodriguez, S. Ramm, M. Lange-Hegermann, B. Frahm, A Systematic,
    Model-Based Workflow for Risk-Based Decision Making in Upstream Development, n.d.
  ufg: '<b>Hernández Rodriguez, Tanja u. a.</b>: A systematic, model-based workflow
    for risk-based decision making in upstream development, o. O. u. J. .'
  van: Hernández Rodriguez T, Ramm S, Lange-Hegermann M, Frahm B. A systematic, model-based
    workflow for risk-based decision making in upstream development.
conference:
  end_date: 2022-03-24
  location: Barcelona, Spain
  name: 5th annual Bioprocessing Summit Europe
  start_date: 2022-03-22
date_created: 2022-05-04T19:35:20Z
date_updated: 2024-08-02T13:57:53Z
department:
- _id: DEP4021
language:
- iso: eng
publication_status: accepted
status: public
title: A systematic, model-based workflow for risk-based decision making in upstream
  development
type: conference_poster
user_id: '83781'
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '9568'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Pellet production is a multi-step manufacturing process comprising granulation,
    extrusion and spheronisation. The first step represents a critical control point,
    since the quality of the granule mass highly influences subsequent process steps
    and, consequently, the quality of final pellets. The most important parameter
    of wet granulation is the liquid requirement, which can often only be quantitatively
    evaluated after further process steps. To identify an alternative for optimal
    liquid requirements, experiments were conducted with a formulation based on lactose
    and microcrystalline cellulose. Granules were analyzed with a Powder Vertical
    Shear Rig. We identified the compression density (ρpress) as the said alternative,
    linking information from the powder material and the moisture content (R2 = 0.995).
    We used ρpress to successfully predict liquid requirements for unknown formulation
    compositions. By means of this prediction, pellets with high quality, regarding
    shape and size distribution, were produced by carrying out a multi-step manufacturing
    process. Furthermore, the applicability of ρpress as an alternative quality parameter
    to other placebo formulations and to formulations containing active pharmaceutical
    ingredients (APIs) was demonstrated.
article_number: '2303'
author:
- first_name: Selina
  full_name: Ramm, Selina
  id: '68713'
  last_name: Ramm
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0502-8032
- first_name: Ruwen
  full_name: Fulek, Ruwen
  id: '79527'
  last_name: Fulek
- first_name: Veronika Anna
  full_name: Eberle, Veronika Anna
  last_name: Eberle
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Kiera, Christian
  last_name: Kiera
- first_name: Ulrich
  full_name: Odefey, Ulrich
  id: '74218'
  last_name: Odefey
- first_name: Miriam
  full_name: Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam
  id: '64952'
  last_name: Pein-Hackelbusch
  orcid: 0000-0002-7920-0595
citation:
  ama: Ramm S, Fulek R, Eberle VA, Kiera C, Odefey U, Pein-Hackelbusch M. Compression
    Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear
    Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation. <i>Pharmaceutics</i>. 2022;14(11).
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112303">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112303</a>
  apa: Ramm, S., Fulek, R., Eberle, V. A., Kiera, C., Odefey, U., &#38; Pein-Hackelbusch,
    M. (2022). Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture
    Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation.
    <i>Pharmaceutics</i>, <i>14</i>(11), Article 2303. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112303">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112303</a>
  bjps: <b>Ramm S <i>et al.</i></b> (2022) Compression Density as an Alternative to
    Identify an Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial
    Step for Spheronisation. <i>Pharmaceutics</i> <b>14</b>.
  chicago: Ramm, Selina, Ruwen Fulek, Veronika Anna Eberle, Christian Kiera, Ulrich
    Odefey, and Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch. “Compression Density as an Alternative to
    Identify an Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial
    Step for Spheronisation.” <i>Pharmaceutics</i> 14, no. 11 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112303">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112303</a>.
  chicago-de: Ramm, Selina, Ruwen Fulek, Veronika Anna Eberle, Christian Kiera, Ulrich
    Odefey und Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch. 2022. Compression Density as an Alternative
    to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial
    Step for Spheronisation. <i>Pharmaceutics</i> 14, Nr. 11. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112303">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112303</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ramm, Selina</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Fulek, Ruwen</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Eberle,
    Veronika Anna</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kiera, Christian</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Odefey, Ulrich</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pein-Hackelbusch,
    Miriam</span>: Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture
    Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation.
    In: <i>Pharmaceutics</i> Bd. 14. Basel, MDPI (2022), Nr. 11'
  havard: S. Ramm, R. Fulek, V.A. Eberle, C. Kiera, U. Odefey, M. Pein-Hackelbusch,
    Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content
    for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation., Pharmaceutics.
    14 (2022).
  ieee: 'S. Ramm, R. Fulek, V. A. Eberle, C. Kiera, U. Odefey, and M. Pein-Hackelbusch,
    “Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content
    for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation.,” <i>Pharmaceutics</i>,
    vol. 14, no. 11, Art. no. 2303, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112303">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112303</a>.'
  mla: Ramm, Selina, et al. “Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify an
    Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for
    Spheronisation.” <i>Pharmaceutics</i>, vol. 14, no. 11, 2303, 2022, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112303">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112303</a>.
  short: S. Ramm, R. Fulek, V.A. Eberle, C. Kiera, U. Odefey, M. Pein-Hackelbusch,
    Pharmaceutics 14 (2022).
  ufg: '<b>Ramm, Selina u. a.</b>: Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify
    an Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step
    for Spheronisation., in: <i>Pharmaceutics</i> 14 (2022), H. 11.'
  van: Ramm S, Fulek R, Eberle VA, Kiera C, Odefey U, Pein-Hackelbusch M. Compression
    Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear
    Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(11).
date_created: 2023-03-03T11:23:01Z
date_updated: 2025-07-29T13:22:53Z
department:
- _id: DEP4022
- _id: DEP4028
- _id: DEP4014
doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112303
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000883998100001'
  pmid:
  - '36365122'
intvolume: '        14'
isi: '1'
issue: '11'
keyword:
- wet granulation
- liquid requirement
- granulation endpoint
- compression density
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/11/2303
oa: '1'
place: Basel
pmid: '1'
publication: Pharmaceutics
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1999-4923
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI
status: public
title: Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content
  for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation.
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 14
year: '2022'
...
