@misc{11823,
  abstract     = {{This study investigates the macromechanical and micromechanical behavior of oil palm wood by testing the elastomechanical properties in bending, compression parallel and perpendicular and tension parallel and perpendicular to the vascular bundles of small-size test specimen depending on the position within the trunk, the density and the number of vascular bundles per unit area as well as the plantation site. All properties tested show a much higher exponential increase with the density, following power law relationships with exponents > 1, than common wood species and a significant gradient over both trunk height and cross section. Oil palm wood can be seen as a unidirectional long-fiber-reinforced bio-composite, if vascular bundles are considered as reinforcements (fibers) and parenchymatous ground tissue as matrix. The adapted rule-of-mixture based on the number of vascular bundles per unit area can be confirmed for the density, but not for the tensile properties, because the number of vascular bundles per unit area and share of fibers within the bundles is greater in the periphery than in the trunk central tissue. Furthermore, cell wall thickening over time is more pronounced in the peripheral than in the central tissue and more at the bottom than near the top. Different from small test specimens from common wood species, the compression strength exceeds the tensile strength: fc,0 : fm : ft,0 is 1.4 : 2.2–1.2 : 1. The performance indices for minimum weight design by Ashby and coworkers are comparable to that for coconut and date palm wood.}},
  author       = {{Frühwald-König, Katja and Heister, Lena}},
  booktitle    = {{European journal of wood and wood products : Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff }},
  issn         = {{1436-736X}},
  keywords     = {{MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES, STEM, FAILURE}},
  publisher    = {{Springer}},
  title        = {{{Macro- and micromechanical behavior of oil palm wood (Elaeis  guineensis JACQ.): tensile, compression and bending properties}}},
  doi          = {{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-024-02131-w}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@misc{11113,
  abstract     = {{When oil palm lumber is considered for load-bearing products such as glued laminated timber (GLT), defined strength and stiffness values are required. In this investigation, combined GLT from oil palm wood is tested in compression parallel and perpendicular and glulam lamellas in tension parallel to the vascular bundles. Strength and Young´s modulus in compression and tension parallel increase with the density by power law relationship. In contrast to dicotyle­dons, the strength in construction size exceeds that of small, defect-free test specimens (compression strength perpendicular), are in the same range (tensile and bending strength parallel) or only a little below (compression strength parallel). The specimen size does not influence the strength. The ratio of fc,0 : fm : ft,0 is 1.2 : 0.8 … 1.7 … 2.6 : 1 and fc,0 : fc,90 = 2.7 … 13.0 … 32.6 : 1 for ρ = 200 … 400 … 600 kg/m³; the ratio of Ec,0 : Em : Et,0 is 1.2 : 1.3 : 1 for ρ = 400 kg/m³. Ashby´s performance indices for minimum weight design rise with the density; the strength-density performance indices are comparable or only slightly lower than that for structural size softwood, whereas the modulus-density performance indices are much lower. The challenge in use of oil palm wood for load-bearing construction products is the low stiffness.}},
  author       = {{Frühwald-König, Katja and Heister, Lena}},
  booktitle    = {{Wood material science and engineering}},
  issn         = {{1748-0280}},
  keywords     = {{Oil palm wood, compression, tension, strength, young’s modulus, digital image correlation, glued laminated timber}},
  number       = {{5}},
  pages        = {{1101--1116}},
  publisher    = {{Taylor & Francis}},
  title        = {{{Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood}}},
  doi          = {{10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627}},
  volume       = {{19}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@misc{9188,
  author       = {{Heister, Lena and Frühwald-König, Katja}},
  booktitle    = {{Proceedings of 2nd World Conference on Byproducts of Palms and Their Applications}},
  editor       = {{Jawaid, Mohammad and Midani, Mohamad and Khiari, Ramzi}},
  isbn         = {{978-981-19-6194-6}},
  issn         = {{2662-317X }},
  location     = {{online}},
  pages        = {{29--44}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Nature}},
  title        = {{{Glued Laminated Timber from Oil Palm Timber – Beam Structure, Production and Elastomechanical Properties}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/978-981-19-6195-3_3}},
  volume       = {{19}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@inproceedings{6941,
  author       = {{Frühwald-König, Katja and Heister, Lena}},
  location     = {{online}},
  title        = {{{Grading of OP-Lumber – Techniques and Chances for Up-Grading Materials}}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@inproceedings{6943,
  author       = {{Heister, Lena and Frühwald-König, Katja}},
  location     = {{online}},
  title        = {{{GLT from Oil Palm Wood - Build-Up, Production and Elastomechanical Properties}}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}