---
_id: '12850'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Winter cover crops (CCs) provide substantial agronomic and environmental
    benefits, yet their influence on nitrogen (N) fertilization requirements and yield
    outcomes for subsequent crops remains underexplored. This study investigates the
    economic optimal nitrogen rates (EONRs) and corresponding yield effects for first
    (silage maize or sugar beet) and second (winter wheat) succeeding crops following
    CCs. Four CC species from different functional groups were compared to a bare
    fallow control on contrasting sandy and loamy soils across four German field sites
    over two consecutive cropping sequences. Results revealed opposing effects: reduced
    EONR and increased N use efficiency on sandy soils in silage maize sequences,
    particularly following oil radish and rye CCs, but increased EONR on loamy soils
    for sugar beet sequences, with vetch CC showing the most favourable outcomes.
    Yield impacts varied by CC type and soil, with oil radish consistently enhancing
    yields across sites. However, CC effects on EONR were not correlated with pre-winter
    N uptake in CC biomass, challenging simple N budgeting practices. Environmental
    analysis highlighted potential greenhouse gas savings via reduced fertilizer inputs
    on sandy soils but increased upstream emissions on loamy sites. These findings
    emphasize the need for site-specific CC selection to balance economic and environmental
    benefits, with oil radish and vetch emerging as optimal choices in our trials
    for sandy and loamy soils, respectively.'
author:
- first_name: Insa
  full_name: Kühling, Insa
  last_name: Kühling
- first_name: Ingo
  full_name: Pahlmann, Ingo
  id: '76515'
  last_name: Pahlmann
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Räbiger, Thomas
  last_name: Räbiger
- first_name: Mirjam
  full_name: Helfrich, Mirjam
  last_name: Helfrich
- first_name: Heinz
  full_name: Flessa, Heinz
  last_name: Flessa
- first_name: Michaela
  full_name: Schlathölter, Michaela
  last_name: Schlathölter
- first_name: Heinz-Josef
  full_name: Koch, Heinz-Josef
  last_name: Koch
- first_name: Lisa
  full_name: Essich, Lisa
  last_name: Essich
- first_name: Reiner
  full_name: Ruser, Reiner
  last_name: Ruser
- first_name: Marilena
  full_name: Reinhard-Kolempas, Marilena
  last_name: Reinhard-Kolempas
- first_name: Annette
  full_name: Hoffmann, Annette
  last_name: Hoffmann
- first_name: Henning
  full_name: Kage, Henning
  last_name: Kage
citation:
  ama: Kühling I, Pahlmann I, Räbiger T, et al. Legacies of winter cover crops lead
    to opposing optimal N fertilisation rates and yields in first and second subsequent
    crops on contrasting soils. <i>Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems</i>. Published
    online 2025. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-025-10400-0">10.1007/s10705-025-10400-0</a>
  apa: Kühling, I., Pahlmann, I., Räbiger, T., Helfrich, M., Flessa, H., Schlathölter,
    M., Koch, H.-J., Essich, L., Ruser, R., Reinhard-Kolempas, M., Hoffmann, A., &#38;
    Kage, H. (2025). Legacies of winter cover crops lead to opposing optimal N fertilisation
    rates and yields in first and second subsequent crops on contrasting soils. <i>Nutrient
    Cycling in Agroecosystems</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-025-10400-0">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-025-10400-0</a>
  bjps: <b>Kühling I <i>et al.</i></b> (2025) Legacies of Winter Cover Crops Lead
    to Opposing Optimal N Fertilisation Rates and Yields in First and Second Subsequent
    Crops on Contrasting Soils. <i>Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems</i>.
  chicago: Kühling, Insa, Ingo Pahlmann, Thomas Räbiger, Mirjam Helfrich, Heinz Flessa,
    Michaela Schlathölter, Heinz-Josef Koch, et al. “Legacies of Winter Cover Crops
    Lead to Opposing Optimal N Fertilisation Rates and Yields in First and Second
    Subsequent Crops on Contrasting Soils.” <i>Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems</i>,
    2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-025-10400-0">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-025-10400-0</a>.
  chicago-de: Kühling, Insa, Ingo Pahlmann, Thomas Räbiger, Mirjam Helfrich, Heinz
    Flessa, Michaela Schlathölter, Heinz-Josef Koch, u. a. 2025. Legacies of winter
    cover crops lead to opposing optimal N fertilisation rates and yields in first
    and second subsequent crops on contrasting soils. <i>Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems</i>.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-025-10400-0">10.1007/s10705-025-10400-0</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kühling,
    Insa</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pahlmann, Ingo</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Räbiger, Thomas</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Helfrich,
    Mirjam</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Flessa, Heinz</span> ;
    <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Schlathölter, Michaela</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Koch,
    Heinz-Josef</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Essich, Lisa</span>
    ; u. a.</span>: Legacies of winter cover crops lead to opposing optimal N fertilisation
    rates and yields in first and second subsequent crops on contrasting soils. In:
    <i>Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems</i>. Dordrecht [u.a.], Springer Science
    and Business Media LLC (2025)'
  havard: I. Kühling, I. Pahlmann, T. Räbiger, M. Helfrich, H. Flessa, M. Schlathölter,
    H.-J. Koch, L. Essich, R. Ruser, M. Reinhard-Kolempas, A. Hoffmann, H. Kage, Legacies
    of winter cover crops lead to opposing optimal N fertilisation rates and yields
    in first and second subsequent crops on contrasting soils, Nutrient Cycling in
    Agroecosystems. (2025).
  ieee: 'I. Kühling <i>et al.</i>, “Legacies of winter cover crops lead to opposing
    optimal N fertilisation rates and yields in first and second subsequent crops
    on contrasting soils,” <i>Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems</i>, 2025, doi: <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-025-10400-0">10.1007/s10705-025-10400-0</a>.'
  mla: Kühling, Insa, et al. “Legacies of Winter Cover Crops Lead to Opposing Optimal
    N Fertilisation Rates and Yields in First and Second Subsequent Crops on Contrasting
    Soils.” <i>Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems</i>, 2025, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-025-10400-0">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-025-10400-0</a>.
  short: I. Kühling, I. Pahlmann, T. Räbiger, M. Helfrich, H. Flessa, M. Schlathölter,
    H.-J. Koch, L. Essich, R. Ruser, M. Reinhard-Kolempas, A. Hoffmann, H. Kage, Nutrient
    Cycling in Agroecosystems (2025).
  ufg: '<b>Kühling, Insa u. a.</b>: Legacies of winter cover crops lead to opposing
    optimal N fertilisation rates and yields in first and second subsequent crops
    on contrasting soils, in: <i>Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems</i> (2025).'
  van: Kühling I, Pahlmann I, Räbiger T, Helfrich M, Flessa H, Schlathölter M, et
    al. Legacies of winter cover crops lead to opposing optimal N fertilisation rates
    and yields in first and second subsequent crops on contrasting soils. Nutrient
    Cycling in Agroecosystems. 2025;
date_created: 2025-04-23T14:38:10Z
date_updated: 2025-06-25T12:38:36Z
department:
- _id: DEP8000
doi: 10.1007/s10705-025-10400-0
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001449791300001'
isi: '1'
keyword:
- Catch crop
- Silage maize
- Sugar beet
- Winter wheat
- N-transfer
- Cropping sequence
- N recommendations
language:
- iso: eng
place: Dordrecht [u.a.]
publication: Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1573-0867
  issn:
  - 1385-1314
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
status: public
title: Legacies of winter cover crops lead to opposing optimal N fertilisation rates
  and yields in first and second subsequent crops on contrasting soils
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '12825'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Agriculture is a major contributor to nitrate groundwater contamination. Hence,
    farmers are demanded to reduce the environmental impact but simultaneously must
    provide sufficient food products. One important building block for this "sustainable
    intensification" are appropriate cropping strategies. The potential of modified
    crop rotations was evaluated in a high-yielding environment in Northern Germany.
    Therefore, in five consecutive growing seasons (2016/2017 - 2020/2021) three crop
    rotations were grown in a field trial and compared with respect to agronomic (cereal
    unit), economic (gross margin) and environmental (N surplus) parameters. A standard
    crop rotation, typical for the region of the study, was compared with rearranged
    and augmented crop rotations. Therefore, crops with a high autumnal N uptake (winter
    oilseed rape and catch crops) were grown after crops with typically high soil
    mineral N (SMN) amounts after harvest (faba bean and winter oilseed rape). Due
    to the change of preceding and subsequent crops, an increased N transfer was supposed
    to prevent N from leaching and a lower N fertilizer demand of the subsequent crop
    was expected. On average, the modified crop rotations achieved significantly higher
    cereal units (9.3 and 10.8 t center dot ha -1) compared to the local crop rotation
    (8.5 t center dot ha -1). The gross margin of the local crop rotation was 1474
    euro center dot ha- 1 and the other crop rotations maintained (1443 euro center
    dot ha -1) or significantly increased (1572 euro center dot ha -1) this value,
    respectively. The local crop rotation had a N surplus of 47 kg N center dot ha
    -1. In contrast, the N surplus of the modified crop rotations was significantly
    lower (10 and 28 kg N center dot ha -1). In summary, the results showed that a
    thoughtful rearrangement of crop rotations is an appropriate measure to simultaneously
    improve yields and gross margins with less unfavorable environmental impacts.
article_number: '126644'
author:
- first_name: Maren
  full_name: Rose, Maren
  last_name: Rose
- first_name: Ingo
  full_name: Pahlmann, Ingo
  id: '76515'
  last_name: Pahlmann
- first_name: Henning
  full_name: Kage, Henning
  last_name: Kage
citation:
  ama: Rose M, Pahlmann I, Kage H. Modified crop rotations for a sustainable intensification?
    A case study in a high-yielding environment with recurrent nitrogen surplus. <i>European
    Journal of Agronomy</i>. 2022;142. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126644">10.1016/j.eja.2022.126644</a>
  apa: Rose, M., Pahlmann, I., &#38; Kage, H. (2022). Modified crop rotations for
    a sustainable intensification? A case study in a high-yielding environment with
    recurrent nitrogen surplus. <i>European Journal of Agronomy</i>, <i>142</i>, Article
    126644. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126644">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126644</a>
  bjps: <b>Rose M, Pahlmann I and Kage H</b> (2022) Modified Crop Rotations for a
    Sustainable Intensification? A Case Study in a High-Yielding Environment with
    Recurrent Nitrogen Surplus. <i>European Journal of Agronomy</i> <b>142</b>.
  chicago: Rose, Maren, Ingo Pahlmann, and Henning Kage. “Modified Crop Rotations
    for a Sustainable Intensification? A Case Study in a High-Yielding Environment
    with Recurrent Nitrogen Surplus.” <i>European Journal of Agronomy</i> 142 (2022).
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126644">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126644</a>.
  chicago-de: Rose, Maren, Ingo Pahlmann und Henning Kage. 2022. Modified crop rotations
    for a sustainable intensification? A case study in a high-yielding environment
    with recurrent nitrogen surplus. <i>European Journal of Agronomy</i> 142. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126644">10.1016/j.eja.2022.126644</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Rose, Maren</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pahlmann, Ingo</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kage,
    Henning</span>: Modified crop rotations for a sustainable intensification? A case
    study in a high-yielding environment with recurrent nitrogen surplus. In: <i>European
    Journal of Agronomy</i> Bd. 142. Amsterdam [u.a.], Elsevier BV (2022)'
  havard: M. Rose, I. Pahlmann, H. Kage, Modified crop rotations for a sustainable
    intensification? A case study in a high-yielding environment with recurrent nitrogen
    surplus, European Journal of Agronomy. 142 (2022).
  ieee: 'M. Rose, I. Pahlmann, and H. Kage, “Modified crop rotations for a sustainable
    intensification? A case study in a high-yielding environment with recurrent nitrogen
    surplus,” <i>European Journal of Agronomy</i>, vol. 142, Art. no. 126644, 2022,
    doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126644">10.1016/j.eja.2022.126644</a>.'
  mla: Rose, Maren, et al. “Modified Crop Rotations for a Sustainable Intensification?
    A Case Study in a High-Yielding Environment with Recurrent Nitrogen Surplus.”
    <i>European Journal of Agronomy</i>, vol. 142, 126644, 2022, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126644">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126644</a>.
  short: M. Rose, I. Pahlmann, H. Kage, European Journal of Agronomy 142 (2022).
  ufg: '<b>Rose, Maren/Pahlmann, Ingo/Kage, Henning</b>: Modified crop rotations for
    a sustainable intensification? A case study in a high-yielding environment with
    recurrent nitrogen surplus, in: <i>European Journal of Agronomy</i> 142 (2022).'
  van: Rose M, Pahlmann I, Kage H. Modified crop rotations for a sustainable intensification?
    A case study in a high-yielding environment with recurrent nitrogen surplus. European
    Journal of Agronomy. 2022;142.
date_created: 2025-04-22T13:48:00Z
date_updated: 2025-06-25T13:11:04Z
department:
- _id: DEP8000
doi: 10.1016/j.eja.2022.126644
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000876352700009'
intvolume: '       142'
isi: '1'
keyword:
- Crop rotation
- Sustainable intensification
- Cereal unit
- Gross margin
- Nitrogen surplus
- Effective net nitrogen mineralization
language:
- iso: eng
place: Amsterdam [u.a.]
publication: European Journal of Agronomy
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1873-7331
  issn:
  - 1161-0301
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
status: public
title: Modified crop rotations for a sustainable intensification? A case study in
  a high-yielding environment with recurrent nitrogen surplus
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 142
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '7823'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: S.
  full_name: Rothardt, S.
  last_name: Rothardt
- first_name: R.
  full_name: Fuß, R.
  last_name: Fuß
- first_name: Ingo
  full_name: Pahlmann, Ingo
  id: '76515'
  last_name: Pahlmann
- first_name: H.
  full_name: Kage, H.
  last_name: Kage
citation:
  ama: Rothardt S, Fuß R, Pahlmann I, Kage H. Post-Harvest N2O Emissions Can Be Mitigated
    With Organic Amendments. <i>Frontiers in Environmental Science</i>. 2021. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.712013">10.3389/fenvs.2021.712013</a>
  apa: Rothardt, S., Fuß, R., Pahlmann, I., &#38; Kage, H. (2021). Post-Harvest N2O
    Emissions Can Be Mitigated With Organic Amendments. <i>Frontiers in Environmental
    Science</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.712013">https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.712013</a>
  bjps: <b>Rothardt S <i>et al.</i></b> (2021) Post-Harvest N2O Emissions Can Be Mitigated
    With Organic Amendments. <i>Frontiers in Environmental Science</i>.
  chicago: Rothardt, S., R. Fuß, Ingo Pahlmann, and H. Kage. “Post-Harvest N2O Emissions
    Can Be Mitigated With Organic Amendments.” <i>Frontiers in Environmental Science</i>,
    2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.712013">https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.712013</a>.
  chicago-de: Rothardt, S., R. Fuß, Ingo Pahlmann und H. Kage. 2021. Post-Harvest
    N2O Emissions Can Be Mitigated With Organic Amendments. <i>Frontiers in Environmental
    Science</i>. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.712013,">10.3389/fenvs.2021.712013,</a>
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Rothardt, S.</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Fuß, R.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pahlmann,
    Ingo</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kage, H.</span>: Post-Harvest
    N2O Emissions Can Be Mitigated With Organic Amendments. In: <i>Frontiers in Environmental
    Science</i>. Lausanne, Frontiers (2021)'
  havard: S. Rothardt, R. Fuß, I. Pahlmann, H. Kage, Post-Harvest N2O Emissions Can
    Be Mitigated With Organic Amendments, Frontiers in Environmental Science. (2021).
  ieee: S. Rothardt, R. Fuß, I. Pahlmann, and H. Kage, “Post-Harvest N2O Emissions
    Can Be Mitigated With Organic Amendments,” <i>Frontiers in Environmental Science</i>,
    2021.
  mla: Rothardt, S., et al. “Post-Harvest N2O Emissions Can Be Mitigated With Organic
    Amendments.” <i>Frontiers in Environmental Science</i>, Frontiers, 2021, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.712013">10.3389/fenvs.2021.712013</a>.
  short: S. Rothardt, R. Fuß, I. Pahlmann, H. Kage, Frontiers in Environmental Science
    (2021).
  ufg: '<b>Rothardt, S. et. al. (2021)</b>: Post-Harvest N2O Emissions Can Be Mitigated
    With Organic Amendments, in: <i>Frontiers in Environmental Science</i>.'
  van: Rothardt S, Fuß R, Pahlmann I, Kage H. Post-Harvest N2O Emissions Can Be Mitigated
    With Organic Amendments. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2021;
date_created: 2022-04-27T09:45:43Z
date_updated: 2023-03-15T13:50:11Z
department:
- _id: DEP8026
doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2021.712013
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2021.712013/full
oa: '1'
place: Lausanne
publication: Frontiers in Environmental Science
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2296-665X
publication_status: published
publisher: Frontiers
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Post-Harvest N2O Emissions Can Be Mitigated With Organic Amendments
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '79260'
year: 2021
...
---
_id: '8254'
author:
- first_name: H.
  full_name: Kage, H.
  last_name: Kage
- first_name: M.
  full_name: Rose, M.
  last_name: Rose
- first_name: Ingo
  full_name: Pahlmann, Ingo
  id: '76515'
  last_name: Pahlmann
citation:
  ama: Kage H, Rose M, Pahlmann I. Düngeverordnung. Wie lassen sich die Fruchtfolgen
    anpassen? <i>DLG-Mitteilungen</i>. 2021;(2):20-23.
  apa: Kage, H., Rose, M., &#38; Pahlmann, I. (2021). Düngeverordnung. Wie lassen
    sich die Fruchtfolgen anpassen? <i>DLG-Mitteilungen</i>, (2), 20–23.
  bjps: <b>Kage H, Rose M and Pahlmann I</b> (2021) Düngeverordnung. Wie Lassen Sich
    Die Fruchtfolgen Anpassen? <i>DLG-Mitteilungen</i> 20–23.
  chicago: 'Kage, H., M. Rose, and Ingo Pahlmann. “Düngeverordnung. Wie Lassen Sich
    Die Fruchtfolgen Anpassen?” <i>DLG-Mitteilungen</i>, no. 2 (2021): 20–23.'
  chicago-de: 'Kage, H., M. Rose und Ingo Pahlmann. 2021. Düngeverordnung. Wie lassen
    sich die Fruchtfolgen anpassen? <i>DLG-Mitteilungen</i>, Nr. 2: 20–23.'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kage, H.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Rose,
    M.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pahlmann, Ingo</span>: Düngeverordnung.
    Wie lassen sich die Fruchtfolgen anpassen? In: <i>DLG-Mitteilungen</i>. Frankfurt
    am Main, Max-Eyth-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (2021), Nr. 2, S. 20–23'
  havard: H. Kage, M. Rose, I. Pahlmann, Düngeverordnung. Wie lassen sich die Fruchtfolgen
    anpassen?, DLG-Mitteilungen. (2021) 20–23.
  ieee: H. Kage, M. Rose, and I. Pahlmann, “Düngeverordnung. Wie lassen sich die Fruchtfolgen
    anpassen?,” <i>DLG-Mitteilungen</i>, no. 2, pp. 20–23, 2021.
  mla: Kage, H., et al. “Düngeverordnung. Wie Lassen Sich Die Fruchtfolgen Anpassen?”
    <i>DLG-Mitteilungen</i>, no. 2, Max-Eyth-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 2021, pp. 20–23.
  short: H. Kage, M. Rose, I. Pahlmann, DLG-Mitteilungen (2021) 20–23.
  ufg: '<b>Kage, H. et. al. (2021)</b>: Düngeverordnung. Wie lassen sich die Fruchtfolgen
    anpassen?, in: <i>DLG-Mitteilungen</i> (<i>2</i>), S. 20–23.'
  van: Kage H, Rose M, Pahlmann I. Düngeverordnung. Wie lassen sich die Fruchtfolgen
    anpassen? DLG-Mitteilungen. 2021;(2):20–3.
date_created: 2022-05-14T17:44:26Z
date_updated: 2023-03-15T13:50:14Z
department:
- _id: DEP8026
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://www.dlg-mitteilungen.de/rubriken/heftausgabe/2021/02?cHash=0663c4d4895076c9203998bc41b69ff8
page: 20-23
place: Frankfurt am Main
publication: DLG-Mitteilungen
publication_status: published
publisher: Max-Eyth-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH
related_material:
  link:
  - relation: supplementary_material
    url: https://www.dlg-mitteilungen.de/fileadmin/img/content/cover/heft/2021/21-02/Abbildungen_Supplement.pdf
status: public
title: Düngeverordnung. Wie lassen sich die Fruchtfolgen anpassen?
type: industry_journal_article
user_id: '79260'
year: 2021
...