---
_id: '12028'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Since the early 2000s, forest owners in Central Europe have increasingly
    planted Nordmann fir (Abies nordmanniana (STEV.) SPACH) and Noble fir (Abies procera
    REHD.) for Christmas trees, intending to convert them into high forests. Climate-related
    damage, especially since 2018, has significantly reduced spruce populations, requirering
    a shift towards climate-adaptable tree species in future forests. Additionally,
    to reduce CO2 emissions from construction, there''s a push for expanding timber
    construction, requiring non-spruce species for load-bearing products and applications.
    Although Nordmann and Noble fir are potential alternatives to spruce, they are
    not yet integrated into European standardization for load-bearing construction.
    Therefore, an assessment of German-origin Nordmann and Noble fir for use in glued
    laminated building products (GLT and CLT) is underway. Kiln-dried lamellas are
    graded visually and by machine using longitudinal vibration, with selected lamellas
    tested for tensile strength. Various mechanical properties are determined using
    non-destructive and destructive methods to establish input parameters for Finite
    Element Analysis (FEA). '
author:
- first_name: Katja
  full_name: Frühwald-König, Katja
  id: '26232'
  last_name: Frühwald-König
- first_name: Martin
  full_name: Hackel, Martin
  id: '79798'
  last_name: Hackel
- first_name: Dennis
  full_name: Kipp, Dennis
  id: '69573'
  last_name: Kipp
- first_name: Karin
  full_name: Lüke, Karin
  id: '74640'
  last_name: Lüke
- first_name: Felix Leonard
  full_name: Stracke, Felix Leonard
  id: '77282'
  last_name: Stracke
- first_name: Noah
  full_name: Burghaus, Noah
  id: '77259'
  last_name: Burghaus
- first_name: Stefanie
  full_name: Wieland, Stefanie
  last_name: Wieland
citation:
  ama: Frühwald-König K, Hackel M, Kipp D, et al. <i>Nordmann and Noble Fir Lamellas
    for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties
    by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing</i>. United States Department of Agriculture
    (USDA); 2024:192-204.
  apa: Frühwald-König, K., Hackel, M., Kipp, D., Lüke, K., Stracke, F. L., Burghaus,
    N., &#38; Wieland, S. (2024). Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes
    – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive
    and Destructive Testing. In <i>Proceedings of the 23rd International Nondestructive
    Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium</i> (pp. 192–204). United States Department
    of Agriculture (USDA).
  bjps: <b>Frühwald-König K <i>et al.</i></b> (2024) <i>Nordmann and Noble Fir Lamellas
    for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties
    by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing</i>. United States Department of Agriculture
    (USDA).
  chicago: Frühwald-König, Katja, Martin Hackel, Dennis Kipp, Karin Lüke, Felix Leonard
    Stracke, Noah Burghaus, and Stefanie Wieland. <i>Nordmann and Noble Fir Lamellas
    for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties
    by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing</i>. <i>Proceedings of the 23rd International
    Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium</i>. United States Department
    of Agriculture (USDA), 2024.
  chicago-de: Frühwald-König, Katja, Martin Hackel, Dennis Kipp, Karin Lüke, Felix
    Leonard Stracke, Noah Burghaus und Stefanie Wieland. 2024. <i>Nordmann and Noble
    fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical
    Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing</i>. <i>Proceedings of the
    23rd International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium</i>.
    United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Frühwald-König, Katja</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hackel, Martin</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kipp,
    Dennis</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lüke, Karin</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Stracke, Felix Leonard</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Burghaus,
    Noah</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Wieland, Stefanie</span>:
    <i>Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination
    of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing</i> :
    United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2024'
  havard: K. Frühwald-König, M. Hackel, D. Kipp, K. Lüke, F.L. Stracke, N. Burghaus,
    S. Wieland, Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading
    and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive
    Testing, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2024.
  ieee: K. Frühwald-König <i>et al.</i>, <i>Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural
    Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive
    and Destructive Testing</i>. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2024,
    pp. 192–204.
  mla: Frühwald-König, Katja, et al. “Nordmann and Noble Fir Lamellas for Structural
    Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive
    and Destructive Testing.” <i>Proceedings of the 23rd International Nondestructive
    Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium</i>, United States Department of Agriculture
    (USDA), 2024, pp. 192–204.
  short: K. Frühwald-König, M. Hackel, D. Kipp, K. Lüke, F.L. Stracke, N. Burghaus,
    S. Wieland, Nordmann and Noble Fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading
    and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive
    Testing, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2024.
  ufg: '<b>Frühwald-König, Katja u. a.</b>: Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural
    Purposes – Grading and Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive
    and Destructive Testing, o. O. 2024.'
  van: Frühwald-König K, Hackel M, Kipp D, Lüke K, Stracke FL, Burghaus N, et al.
    Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination
    of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing. Proceedings
    of the 23rd International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium.
    United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); 2024.
conference:
  end_date: 2024-09-21
  location: Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brasil
  name: 23rd International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium
  start_date: 2024-09-17
date_created: 2024-11-08T09:33:17Z
date_updated: 2024-11-08T14:35:51Z
department:
- _id: DEP7018
- _id: DEP1309
keyword:
- Nordmann fir
- Noble fir
- grading
- elastomechanical properties
- ultrasonic testing
- vibration measurement
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://0cdb47ff-77aa-47e5-934f-02cbc1522dca.usrfiles.com/ugd/0cdb47_0e99942089924b718bd01f1cb897f338.pdf
oa: '1'
page: 192-204
publication: Proceedings of the 23rd International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation
  of Wood Symposium
publication_status: published
publisher: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
status: public
title: Nordmann and Noble fir Lamellas for Structural Purposes – Grading and Determination
  of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '12029'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Following storm and calamity events in Europe since the early 2000s, many
    forest owners decided to establish Christmas tree plantations featuring Nordmann
    fir (Abies nordmanniana (STEV.) SPACH) and Noble fir (Abies procera REHD.), which
    are currently transformed into high forests. Climate-related forest damages and
    calamities result in significant depletion of spruce since 2018. Future forests
    should be characterized by a climate-adaptable variety of tree species. Nordmann
    and Noble fir represent possible alternatives to spurce, however from European
    origin they are not yet integrated into European standardization and therefore
    cannot be used for load bearing construction products. Consequently, an assessment
    of the potential of Nordmann and Noble fir of German origin for use in Glued Laminated
    Timber (GLT) is conducted. Selected tensile, compression, shear, and bending properties
    in various anatomical directions are determined on small, defect-free samples
    with destructive and non-destructive methods to establish input parameters for
    Finite Element Analysis (FEA).
author:
- first_name: Martin
  full_name: Hackel, Martin
  id: '79798'
  last_name: Hackel
- first_name: Katja
  full_name: Frühwald-König, Katja
  id: '26232'
  last_name: Frühwald-König
- first_name: Noah
  full_name: Burghaus, Noah
  id: '87337'
  last_name: Burghaus
- first_name: Felix Leonard
  full_name: Stracke, Felix Leonard
  id: '77282'
  last_name: Stracke
citation:
  ama: Hackel M, Frühwald-König K, Burghaus N, Stracke FL. <i>Nordmann and Noble Fir
    -Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive
    Testing</i>. Edinburgh Napier University ; 2024.
  apa: Hackel, M., Frühwald-König, K., Burghaus, N., &#38; Stracke, F. L. (2024).
    Nordmann and Noble fir -Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive
    and Destructive Testing. In <i>Proceedings of the 20th Annual Meeting of the Northern
    European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE2024)</i>.  20th Annual
    Meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE2024),
    Edinburgh, Scotland. Edinburgh Napier University .
  bjps: <b>Hackel M <i>et al.</i></b> (2024) <i>Nordmann and Noble Fir -Determination
    of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing</i>.
    Edinburgh Napier University .
  chicago: Hackel, Martin, Katja Frühwald-König, Noah Burghaus, and Felix Leonard
    Stracke. <i>Nordmann and Noble Fir -Determination of Elastomechanical Properties
    by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing</i>. <i>Proceedings of the 20th Annual
    Meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE2024)</i>.
    Edinburgh Napier University , 2024.
  chicago-de: Hackel, Martin, Katja Frühwald-König, Noah Burghaus und Felix Leonard
    Stracke. 2024. <i>Nordmann and Noble fir -Determination of Elastomechanical Properties
    by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing</i>. <i>Proceedings of the 20th Annual
    Meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE2024)</i>.
    Edinburgh Napier University .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hackel, Martin</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Frühwald-König, Katja</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Burghaus,
    Noah</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Stracke, Felix Leonard</span>:
    <i>Nordmann and Noble fir -Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive
    and Destructive Testing</i> : Edinburgh Napier University , 2024'
  havard: M. Hackel, K. Frühwald-König, N. Burghaus, F.L. Stracke, Nordmann and Noble
    fir -Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive
    Testing, Edinburgh Napier University , 2024.
  ieee: M. Hackel, K. Frühwald-König, N. Burghaus, and F. L. Stracke, <i>Nordmann
    and Noble fir -Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive
    and Destructive Testing</i>. Edinburgh Napier University , 2024.
  mla: Hackel, Martin, et al. “Nordmann and Noble Fir -Determination of Elastomechanical
    Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing.” <i>Proceedings of the
    20th Annual Meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering
    (WSE2024)</i>, Edinburgh Napier University , 2024.
  short: M. Hackel, K. Frühwald-König, N. Burghaus, F.L. Stracke, Nordmann and Noble
    Fir -Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive
    Testing, Edinburgh Napier University , 2024.
  ufg: '<b>Hackel, Martin u. a.</b>: Nordmann and Noble fir -Determination of Elastomechanical
    Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing, o. O. 2024.'
  van: Hackel M, Frühwald-König K, Burghaus N, Stracke FL. Nordmann and Noble fir
    -Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive and Destructive
    Testing. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Meeting of the Northern European Network
    for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE2024). Edinburgh Napier University ; 2024.
conference:
  end_date: 2024-10-24
  location: Edinburgh, Scotland
  name: ' 20th Annual Meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and
    Engineering (WSE2024)'
  start_date: 2024-10-23
date_created: 2024-11-08T09:37:43Z
date_updated: 2024-11-08T14:29:56Z
department:
- _id: DEP7018
- _id: DEP1309
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385514080_Nordmann_and_Noble_fir_-Determination_of_Elastomechanical_Properties_by_Non-Destructive_and_Destructive_Testing
oa: '1'
publication: Proceedings of the 20th Annual Meeting of the Northern European Network
  for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE2024)
publication_status: published
publisher: 'Edinburgh Napier University '
status: public
title: Nordmann and Noble fir -Determination of Elastomechanical Properties by Non-Destructive
  and Destructive Testing
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2024'
...