---
_id: '12991'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Introduction: This study examines the perception of presence among students
    using virtual reality (VR) compared to iPads. The research aimed to provide deeper
    insights into students' immersive experiences and identify factors influencing
    perceived presence.\r\n\r\nMethod and results: Using a comparative approach, we
    show a significant difference between the two groups, with students using VR reporting
    a heightened sense of immersion. Additionally, participant's previous experience
    with immersive VR affect the presence significantly, while we report no detectable
    effects of age and gender.\r\n\r\nDiscussion: These findings contribute to the
    discussion on innovative teaching methods, supporting the development of more
    effective and inclusive virtual learning environments."
author:
- first_name: Christine
  full_name: Austermann, Christine
  id: '79034'
  last_name: Austermann
- first_name: Florin
  full_name: von Blanckenburg, Florin
  last_name: von Blanckenburg
- first_name: Korbinian
  full_name: von Blanckenburg, Korbinian
  id: '58841'
  last_name: von Blanckenburg
- first_name: Till
  full_name: Utesch, Till
  last_name: Utesch
citation:
  ama: 'Austermann C, von Blanckenburg F, von Blanckenburg K, Utesch T. Exploring
    the impact of virtual reality on presence: findings from a classroom experiment.
    <i>Frontiers in Education</i>. 2025;10. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1560626">10.3389/feduc.2025.1560626</a>'
  apa: 'Austermann, C., von Blanckenburg, F., von Blanckenburg, K., &#38; Utesch,
    T. (2025). Exploring the impact of virtual reality on presence: findings from
    a classroom experiment. <i>Frontiers in Education</i>, <i>10</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1560626">https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1560626</a>'
  bjps: '<b>Austermann C <i>et al.</i></b> (2025) Exploring the Impact of Virtual
    Reality on Presence: Findings from a Classroom Experiment. <i>Frontiers in Education</i>
    <b>10</b>.'
  chicago: 'Austermann, Christine, Florin von Blanckenburg, Korbinian von Blanckenburg,
    and Till Utesch. “Exploring the Impact of Virtual Reality on Presence: Findings
    from a Classroom Experiment.” <i>Frontiers in Education</i> 10 (2025). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1560626">https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1560626</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Austermann, Christine, Florin von Blanckenburg, Korbinian von Blanckenburg
    und Till Utesch. 2025. Exploring the impact of virtual reality on presence: findings
    from a classroom experiment. <i>Frontiers in Education</i> 10. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1560626">10.3389/feduc.2025.1560626</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Austermann, Christine</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">von Blanckenburg, Florin</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">von Blanckenburg, Korbinian</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Utesch,
    Till</span>: Exploring the impact of virtual reality on presence: findings from
    a classroom experiment. In: <i>Frontiers in Education</i> Bd. 10. Lausanne, Frontiers
    Media (2025)'
  havard: 'C. Austermann, F. von Blanckenburg, K. von Blanckenburg, T. Utesch, Exploring
    the impact of virtual reality on presence: findings from a classroom experiment,
    Frontiers in Education. 10 (2025).'
  ieee: 'C. Austermann, F. von Blanckenburg, K. von Blanckenburg, and T. Utesch, “Exploring
    the impact of virtual reality on presence: findings from a classroom experiment,”
    <i>Frontiers in Education</i>, vol. 10, 2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1560626">10.3389/feduc.2025.1560626</a>.'
  mla: 'Austermann, Christine, et al. “Exploring the Impact of Virtual Reality on
    Presence: Findings from a Classroom Experiment.” <i>Frontiers in Education</i>,
    vol. 10, 2025, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1560626">https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1560626</a>.'
  short: C. Austermann, F. von Blanckenburg, K. von Blanckenburg, T. Utesch, Frontiers
    in Education 10 (2025).
  ufg: '<b>Austermann, Christine u. a.</b>: Exploring the impact of virtual reality
    on presence: findings from a classroom experiment, in: <i>Frontiers in Education</i>
    10 (2025).'
  van: 'Austermann C, von Blanckenburg F, von Blanckenburg K, Utesch T. Exploring
    the impact of virtual reality on presence: findings from a classroom experiment.
    Frontiers in Education. 2025;10.'
date_created: 2025-06-17T07:18:39Z
date_updated: 2025-06-17T08:09:55Z
department:
- _id: DEP1500
- _id: DEP1514
doi: 10.3389/feduc.2025.1560626
intvolume: '        10'
keyword:
- virtual reality (VR)
- presence perception
- immersion
- learning environment
- classroom experiment
language:
- iso: eng
place: Lausanne
publication: Frontiers in Education
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2504-284X
publication_status: published
publisher: Frontiers Media
status: public
title: 'Exploring the impact of virtual reality on presence: findings from a classroom
  experiment'
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 10
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '12153'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: In general gender differences have frequently been studied in experimental
    economics, but the findings remain inconclusive. In this study, we focus on gender
    differences in expectations and gender specific stereotypic mindsets in a dictator
    game, building on Blanckenburg, Tebbe, & Iseke (2023). We add to prior work by
    differentiating between stereotypical behavior and stereotypical expectations.
    Accordingly, we extended the classic dictator game by three steps in order to
    study whether recipients develop stereotypical beliefs regarding the dictator’s
    gender based on the amount of money the dictator has allocated to them. First,
    we asked recipients to estimate the amount. We then revealed the amount the dictator
    actually allocated to the recipient and finally, we asked the recipient to assess
    the dictator’s gender. In contrast to and building on previous results which show
    no gender differences regarding the amount the dictators allocate, we find evidence
    for stereotypical expectations of the recipients based on the amount the dictator
    allocates to them.
article_number: '102742'
author:
- first_name: Christine
  full_name: Austermann, Christine
  id: '79034'
  last_name: Austermann
- first_name: Korbinian
  full_name: von Blanckenburg, Korbinian
  id: '58841'
  last_name: von Blanckenburg
- first_name: Anja
  full_name: Iseke, Anja
  id: '68702'
  last_name: Iseke
  orcid: 0000-0002-1823-1427
- first_name: Eva
  full_name: Tebbe, Eva
  id: '61596'
  last_name: Tebbe
citation:
  ama: 'Austermann C, von Blanckenburg K, Iseke A, Tebbe E. Stereotypical behavior
    vs. expectations: Gender differences in a dictator game. <i>Journal of Economic
    Psychology</i>. 2024;103. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2024.102742">10.1016/j.joep.2024.102742</a>'
  apa: 'Austermann, C., von Blanckenburg, K., Iseke, A., &#38; Tebbe, E. (2024). Stereotypical
    behavior vs. expectations: Gender differences in a dictator game. <i>Journal of
    Economic Psychology</i>, <i>103</i>, Article 102742. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2024.102742">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2024.102742</a>'
  bjps: '<b>Austermann C <i>et al.</i></b> (2024) Stereotypical Behavior vs. Expectations:
    Gender Differences in a Dictator Game. <i>Journal of Economic Psychology</i> <b>103</b>.'
  chicago: 'Austermann, Christine, Korbinian von Blanckenburg, Anja Iseke, and Eva
    Tebbe. “Stereotypical Behavior vs. Expectations: Gender Differences in a Dictator
    Game.” <i>Journal of Economic Psychology</i> 103 (2024). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2024.102742">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2024.102742</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Austermann, Christine, Korbinian von Blanckenburg, Anja Iseke und Eva
    Tebbe. 2024. Stereotypical behavior vs. expectations: Gender differences in a
    dictator game. <i>Journal of Economic Psychology</i> 103. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2024.102742">10.1016/j.joep.2024.102742</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Austermann, Christine</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">von Blanckenburg, Korbinian</span> ;
    <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Iseke, Anja</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Tebbe,
    Eva</span>: Stereotypical behavior vs. expectations: Gender differences in a dictator
    game. In: <i>Journal of Economic Psychology</i> Bd. 103. Amsterdam, Elsevier (2024)'
  havard: 'C. Austermann, K. von Blanckenburg, A. Iseke, E. Tebbe, Stereotypical behavior
    vs. expectations: Gender differences in a dictator game, Journal of Economic Psychology.
    103 (2024).'
  ieee: 'C. Austermann, K. von Blanckenburg, A. Iseke, and E. Tebbe, “Stereotypical
    behavior vs. expectations: Gender differences in a dictator game,” <i>Journal
    of Economic Psychology</i>, vol. 103, Art. no. 102742, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2024.102742">10.1016/j.joep.2024.102742</a>.'
  mla: 'Austermann, Christine, et al. “Stereotypical Behavior vs. Expectations: Gender
    Differences in a Dictator Game.” <i>Journal of Economic Psychology</i>, vol. 103,
    102742, 2024, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2024.102742">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2024.102742</a>.'
  short: C. Austermann, K. von Blanckenburg, A. Iseke, E. Tebbe, Journal of Economic
    Psychology 103 (2024).
  ufg: '<b>Austermann, Christine u. a.</b>: Stereotypical behavior vs. expectations:
    Gender differences in a dictator game, in: <i>Journal of Economic Psychology</i>
    103 (2024).'
  van: 'Austermann C, von Blanckenburg K, Iseke A, Tebbe E. Stereotypical behavior
    vs. expectations: Gender differences in a dictator game. Journal of Economic Psychology.
    2024;103.'
date_created: 2024-12-04T11:50:49Z
date_updated: 2025-06-25T13:02:38Z
department:
- _id: DEP1512
- _id: DEP1514
doi: 10.1016/j.joep.2024.102742
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001269464200001'
intvolume: '       103'
isi: '1'
keyword:
- Gender differences
- Stereotypes
- Dictator game
- Economic behavior and expectations
language:
- iso: eng
place: Amsterdam
publication: Journal of Economic Psychology
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0167-4870
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Stereotypical behavior vs. expectations: Gender differences in a dictator
  game'
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 103
year: '2024'
...