---
_id: '13796'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Machine learning systems are increasingly integrated into security-relevant
    applications, making their vul-nerability to adversarial examples a potential
    risk. Banknote authentication is one such use case that ensures trustworthiness
    in financial transactions. In addition to traditional security features, the printing
    technique of banknotes itself is leveraged for authentication. The Intaglio printing
    produces particularly fine print structures that can be analyzed and differentiated
    using spatial frequency analysis, e.g. the wavelet packet transform. Ap-propriate
    feature engineering in the wavelet packet tree allows the extraction of features
    enabling fast and reliable authentication. This paper presents an approach that
    generates adversarial examples by manipulating the feature space, classifying
    counterfeit banknote specimens as genuine. To this end, the variance of the wavelet
    coefficient distribution of individual detail nodes in the wavelet packet tree
    is increased. The approach leads to minimally perturbed images that are visually
    indistinguishable from the original input. The majority of pixels remain unchanged,
    i.e. 77% for the lower-quality and 86% for the high-quality counterfeit. Furthermore,
    the limitations of this approach are discussed, shedding light on its applicability
    and potential challenges.
author:
- first_name: Julian
  full_name: Knaup, Julian
  id: '79206'
  last_name: Knaup
- first_name: Christoph-Alexander
  full_name: Holst, Christoph-Alexander
  id: '64782'
  last_name: Holst
- first_name: Volker
  full_name: Lohweg, Volker
  id: '1804'
  last_name: Lohweg
  orcid: 0000-0002-3325-7887
citation:
  ama: 'Knaup J, Holst CA, Lohweg V. <i>Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack
    on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication</i>. (Institute of Electrical and Electronics
    Engineers, ed.). IEEE; 2024:560-565. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182">10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182</a>'
  apa: 'Knaup, J., Holst, C.-A., &#38; Lohweg, V. (2024). Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial
    Attack on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication. In Institute of Electrical and
    Electronics Engineers (Ed.), <i>8th International Forum on Research and Technologies
    for Society and Industry : IEEE RTSI 2024 - Research and Technologies for Society
    and Industry, International Forum </i> (pp. 560–565). IEEE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182">https://doi.org/10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182</a>'
  bjps: '<b>Knaup J, Holst C-A and Lohweg V</b> (2024) <i>Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial
    Attack on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication</i>, Institute of Electrical and
    Electronics Engineers (ed.). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.'
  chicago: 'Knaup, Julian, Christoph-Alexander Holst, and Volker Lohweg. <i>Hidden
    in Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication</i>.
    Edited by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. <i>8th International
    Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry : IEEE RTSI 2024 -
    Research and Technologies for Society and Industry, International Forum </i>.
    Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182">https://doi.org/10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Knaup, Julian, Christoph-Alexander Holst und Volker Lohweg. 2024. <i>Hidden
    in Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication</i>.
    Hg. von Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. <i>8th International
    Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry : IEEE RTSI 2024 -
    Research and Technologies for Society and Industry, International Forum </i>.
    Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182">10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Knaup, Julian</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Holst, Christoph-Alexander</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lohweg,
    Volker</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Institute of Electrical
    and Electronics Engineers</span> (Hrsg.): <i>Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial
    Attack on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication</i>. Piscataway, NJ : IEEE, 2024'
  havard: 'J. Knaup, C.-A. Holst, V. Lohweg, Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack
    on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2024.'
  ieee: 'J. Knaup, C.-A. Holst, and V. Lohweg, <i>Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial
    Attack on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication</i>. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2024,
    pp. 560–565. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182">10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182</a>.'
  mla: 'Knaup, Julian, et al. “Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack on Wavelet-Based
    Banknote Authentication.” <i>8th International Forum on Research and Technologies
    for Society and Industry : IEEE RTSI 2024 - Research and Technologies for Society
    and Industry, International Forum </i>, edited by Institute of Electrical and
    Electronics Engineers, IEEE, 2024, pp. 560–65, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182">https://doi.org/10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182</a>.'
  short: 'J. Knaup, C.-A. Holst, V. Lohweg, Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack
    on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2024.'
  ufg: '<b>Knaup, Julian/Holst, Christoph-Alexander/Lohweg, Volker</b>: Hidden in
    Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication, hg.
    von Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Piscataway, NJ 2024.'
  van: 'Knaup J, Holst CA, Lohweg V. Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack on
    Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication. Institute of Electrical and Electronics
    Engineers, editor. 8th International Forum on Research and Technologies for Society
    and Industry : IEEE RTSI 2024 - Research and Technologies for Society and Industry,
    International Forum . Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; 2024.'
conference:
  end_date: 2024-09-20
  location: Milano, Italy
  name: 8th Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry Innovation
    (RTSI)
  start_date: 2024-09-18
corporate_editor:
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
date_created: 2026-06-03T07:47:55Z
date_updated: 2026-06-03T08:46:01Z
department:
- _id: DEP5023
doi: 10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761182
keyword:
- Printing
- Technological innovation
- Wavelet domain
- Perturbation methods
- Authentication
- Feature extraction
- Wavelet analysis
- Wavelet packets
- Security
- Wavelet coefficients
language:
- iso: eng
page: 560-565
place: Piscataway, NJ
publication: '8th International Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and
  Industry : IEEE RTSI 2024 - Research and Technologies for Society and Industry,
  International Forum '
publication_identifier:
  eisbn:
  - 979-8-3503-6213-8
  isbn:
  - 979-8-3503-6214-5
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
status: public
title: 'Hidden in Plain Sight: Adversarial Attack on Wavelet-Based Banknote Authentication'
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '13816'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The dataset comprises six image sections of one genuine and two counterfeit
    banknote-like specimens. The images were captured at 1200dpi and the sections
    are each 256x256 pixels in size. The genuine banknote specimen was produced with
    Intaglio printing and the counterfeits with offset printing processes of varying
    quality. There are 150 instances for each of the six image sections, with 50 samples
    of each of the three classes available, so in total almost 900 images are provided.
author:
- first_name: Julian
  full_name: Knaup, Julian
  id: '79206'
  last_name: Knaup
- first_name: Christoph-Alexander
  full_name: Holst, Christoph-Alexander
  id: '64782'
  last_name: Holst
- first_name: Volker
  full_name: Lohweg, Volker
  id: '1804'
  last_name: Lohweg
  orcid: 0000-0002-3325-7887
citation:
  ama: Knaup J, Holst CA, Lohweg V. <i>Banknote Authentication Based on Intaglio Print</i>.
    Zenodo; 2024. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.11119014">10.5281/ZENODO.11119014</a>
  apa: Knaup, J., Holst, C.-A., &#38; Lohweg, V. (2024). <i>Banknote Authentication
    based on Intaglio print</i>. Zenodo. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.11119014">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.11119014</a>
  bjps: <b>Knaup J, Holst C-A and Lohweg V</b> (2024) <i>Banknote Authentication Based
    on Intaglio Print</i>. Zenodo.
  chicago: Knaup, Julian, Christoph-Alexander Holst, and Volker Lohweg. <i>Banknote
    Authentication Based on Intaglio Print</i>. Zenodo, 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.11119014">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.11119014</a>.
  chicago-de: Knaup, Julian, Christoph-Alexander Holst und Volker Lohweg. 2024. <i>Banknote
    Authentication based on Intaglio print</i>. Zenodo. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.11119014">10.5281/ZENODO.11119014</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Knaup, Julian</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Holst, Christoph-Alexander</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lohweg,
    Volker</span>: <i>Banknote Authentication based on Intaglio print</i> : Zenodo,
    2024'
  havard: J. Knaup, C.-A. Holst, V. Lohweg, Banknote Authentication based on Intaglio
    print, Zenodo, 2024.
  ieee: 'J. Knaup, C.-A. Holst, and V. Lohweg, <i>Banknote Authentication based on
    Intaglio print</i>. Zenodo, 2024. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.11119014">10.5281/ZENODO.11119014</a>.'
  mla: Knaup, Julian, et al. <i>Banknote Authentication Based on Intaglio Print</i>.
    Zenodo, 2024, <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.11119014">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.11119014</a>.
  short: J. Knaup, C.-A. Holst, V. Lohweg, Banknote Authentication Based on Intaglio
    Print, Zenodo, 2024.
  ufg: '<b>Knaup, Julian/Holst, Christoph-Alexander/Lohweg, Volker</b>: Banknote Authentication
    based on Intaglio print, o. O. 2024.'
  van: Knaup J, Holst CA, Lohweg V. Banknote Authentication based on Intaglio print.
    Zenodo; 2024.
date_created: 2026-06-15T13:11:49Z
date_updated: 2026-06-15T13:15:35Z
department:
- _id: DEP5023
doi: 10.5281/ZENODO.11119014
publisher: Zenodo
status: public
title: Banknote Authentication based on Intaglio print
type: research_data
user_id: '83781'
year: '2024'
...