@book{13314, abstract = {{Pilze prägen die Lebensmittelindustrie: als wertvolle Helfer bei der Herstellung traditioneller und innovativer Produkte. Ebenso sind sie als Verursacher von Verderb und Mykotoxin-Bildung gefürchtet. Dieses Fachbuch bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über die Rolle von Schimmelpilzen und Hefen in allen Nahrungsmitteln.}}, author = {{Ebel, Frank and Weidenbörner, Martin}}, editor = {{Ulrich, Sebastian}}, isbn = {{978-3-98892-026-3}}, pages = {{452}}, publisher = {{Behr´s Verlag}}, title = {{{Lebensmittel-Mykologie : Verderbsprozesse - Fermentation - biologische Hintergründe }}}, year = {{2026}}, } @misc{12981, abstract = {{The aim of the study was to develop an alternative husbandry system for Japanese quail in a step-by-step procedure. The effects of various floor and nest variants on animal health, eggshell contamination and performance in three housing systems (alternative housing system, AHS; conventional cage system, CCS; floor housing system, FHS) were tested in altogether four laying periods, two of which are described in more detail. The analysis revealed that the plastic grid floor in AHS achieved the poorest results for toe and foot pad hyperkeratosis and foot pad dermatitis. Heavier quail showed more toe pad hyperkeratosis. The claw length was longest in CCS and shortest in FHS. Plumage damage on the head developed sooner and more often in CCS. Heavier quail showed significantly less plumage damage on the head. In general, the plumage condition of quail was better in FHS than in CCS and AHS. For eggshell hygiene, a higher microbial load was found on eggs from FHS, and there were no clear differences between CCS and AHS. The number of second-choice eggs was smallest in CCS and highest in FHS. Particularly the high soiling of eggs that were laid in the litter in FHS stood out. In summary, environmental enrichment had a positive effect on animal health, and FHS achieved the best results. Concerning eggshell hygiene and economic efficiency, the situation is the opposite. A floor material in AHS that suits both foot health and eggshell hygiene was not found, suggesting a need for further research.}}, author = {{Wolf, Lisa and Hohenfeld, Marie-Anna and Rathmann, Lucas and Weinmann, Larissa and Schreiter, Ruben and Schmidt, Paul and Hiereth, Stephanie and Ulrich, Sebastian and Straubinger, Reinhard and Damme, Klaus and Erhard, Michael and Schwarzer, Angela and Hofmann, Philipp and Louton, Helen and Bergmann, Shana}}, booktitle = {{European poultry science : EPS = Archiv für Geflügelkunde}}, issn = {{1612-9199 }}, keywords = {{Alternative housing, Foot pad dermatitis, Animal welfare, Husbandry system, Environmental enrichment}}, number = {{1-2}}, publisher = {{Ulmer}}, title = {{{Impact of various husbandry environments on animal health, eggshell hygiene and performance of Japanese quail layers (Coturnix japonica domestica)}}}, doi = {{10.1016/j.eups.2025.100004}}, volume = {{89}}, year = {{2025}}, } @misc{13233, abstract = {{Atranones are secondary metabolites produced by Stachybotrys chartarum, a mold frequently found in water-damaged indoor environments. In contrast to the well-characterized and highly toxic macrocyclic trichothecenes, atranones have received relatively limited scientific attention. Approximately 60% of S. chartarum isolates from indoor environments produce atranones, while 40% form macrocyclic trichothecenes. No strain has been shown to produce both, indicating that the biosynthetic pathways for these two mycotoxin classes are mutually exclusive. Atranones are dolabellane-like diterpenoids synthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate through multiple enzymatic steps encoded by a specific core gene cluster. While the genetic structure of this cluster has been elucidated, its regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. Notably, although atranone-producing S. chartarum strains have been isolated from indoor settings, no study has yet confirmed the actual production of atranones in indoor environments, leaving the question of real-world exposure unresolved. Experimental studies in cell cultures and animal models indicate that atranones possess pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties, including the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Atranone Q has demonstrated antitumor activity against osteosarcoma cells in vitro, and more recently identified derivatives such as stachatranone and stachybatranone have shown preliminary cardioprotective effects under ischemic conditions. However, these pharmacological effects remain exploratory and require further validation in in vivo models. Major knowledge gaps concern the environmental triggers for atranone biosynthesis, their regulation, actual presence in built environments, and potential health risks. These areas represent key priorities for future research. }}, author = {{Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike and Pfannebecker, Jens and Straubinger, Reinhard K. and Ebel, Frank and Ulrich, Sebastian}}, booktitle = {{Mycotoxin Research}}, issn = {{1867-1632}}, keywords = {{Atranone, Secondary metabolite, Stachybotrys, Stachatranone, Stachybatranone}}, publisher = {{Springer}}, title = {{{Atranone-an underestimated secondary metabolite?}}}, doi = {{10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x}}, year = {{2025}}, } @misc{12940, abstract = {{There are limited data on Lyme borreliosis (LB), a tick-borne disease caused by the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, in horses. Seropositivity is not necessarily associated with clinical disease. Data on seropositivity against Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in German horses are sparse. Therefore, serum samples from horses (n = 123) suspected of having Lyme borreliosis and clinically healthy horses (n = 113) from the same stables were tested for specific antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. The samples were screened for antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi (ELISA and an IgG line immunoblot assay). Furthermore, the samples were examined for antibodies against B. burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum with a validated rapid in-house test (SNAP® 4Dx Plus® ELISA). The clinical signs of suspect horses included lameness (n = 36), poor performance (n = 19), and apathy (n = 12). Twenty-three percent (n = 26) of suspect horses and 17% (n = 18) of clinically healthy horses were seropositive for having a Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection (p = 0.371), showing that the detection of specific antibodies against B. burgdorferi alone is not sufficient for a diagnosis of equine LB. Anaplasma phagocytophilum seropositivity and seropositivity against both pathogens was 20%/6% in suspect horses and 16%/2% in the clinically healthy population, showing only minor differences (p = 0.108). Unspecific testing for antibodies against B. burgdorferi without clinical suspicion of Lyme borreliosis is not recommended since the clinical relevance of seropositivity against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato remains to be elucidated.}}, author = {{Gehlen, Heidrun and Inerle, Katharina and Bartel, Alexander and Stöckle, Sabita Diana and Ulrich, Sebastian and Briese, Beatrice and Straubinger, Reinhard K.}}, booktitle = {{Animals}}, issn = {{2076-2615}}, keywords = {{equine Lyme borreliosis, equine granulocytic anaplasmosis, seroprevalence, co-infection}}, number = {{12}}, publisher = {{MDPI AG}}, title = {{{Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infections in German Horses}}}, doi = {{10.3390/ani13121984}}, volume = {{13}}, year = {{2023}}, } @misc{12941, abstract = {{Stachybotrys chartarum (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) is a toxigenic fungus that is frequently isolated from water-damaged buildings or improperly stored feed. The secondary metabolites formed by this mold have been associated with health problems in humans and animals. Several authors have studied the influence of environmental conditions on the production of mycotoxins, but these studies focused on undefined or complex substrates, such as building materials and media that impeded investigations of the influence of specific nutrients. In this study, a chemically defined cultivation medium was used to investigate the impact of several nitrogen and carbon sources on growth of S. chartarum and its production of macrocyclic trichothecenes (MTs) and stachybotrylactam (STLAC). Increasing concentrations of sodium nitrate were found to positively affect mycelial growth, the level of sporulation, and MT production, while ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride had an inhibitory effect. Potato starch was the superior and most reliable carbon source tested. Additionally, we observed that the level of sporulation was correlated with the production of MTs but not with that of STLAC. In this study, we provide a chemically well-defined cultivation medium suitable for standardized in vitro testing of the capacity of S. chartarum isolates to produce macrocyclic trichothecenes.}}, author = {{Tribelhorn, Katharina and Twarużek, Magdalena and Kosicki, Robert and Straubinger, Reinhard K. and Ebel, Frank and Ulrich, Sebastian}}, booktitle = {{Applied and Environmental Microbiology}}, issn = {{1098-5336}}, number = {{7}}, publisher = {{American Society for Microbiology}}, title = {{{A Chemically Defined Medium That Supports Mycotoxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Enabled Analysis of the Impact of Nitrogen and Carbon Sources on the Biosynthesis of Macrocyclic Trichothecenes and Stachybotrylactam}}}, doi = {{10.1128/aem.00163-23}}, volume = {{89}}, year = {{2023}}, } @misc{12942, abstract = {{The ectoparasite Ixodes ricinus is an important vector for many tick-borne diseases (TBD) in the northern hemisphere, such as Lyme borreliosis, rickettsiosis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, or tick-borne encephalitis virus. As climate change will lead to rising temperatures in the next years, we expect an increase in tick activity, tick population, and thus in the spread of TBD. Consequently, it has never been more critical to understand relationships within the microbial communities in ticks that might contribute to the tick’s fitness and the occurrence of TBD. Therefore, we analyzed the microbiota in different tick tissues such as midgut, salivary glands, and residual tick material, as well as the microbiota in complete Ixodes ricinus ticks using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. By using a newly developed DNA extraction protocol for tick tissue samples and a self-designed mock community, we were able to detect endosymbionts and pathogens that have been described in the literature previously. Further, this study displayed the usefulness of including a mock community during bioinformatic analysis to identify essential bacteria within the tick.}}, author = {{Wiesinger, Anna and Wenderlein, Jasmin and Ulrich, Sebastian and Hiereth, Stephanie and Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia and Straubinger, Reinhard K.}}, booktitle = {{International Journal of Molecular Sciences}}, issn = {{1422-0067}}, keywords = {{Ixodes ricinus, microbiome, tick-borne disease, salivary glands, midgut, endosymbiont, Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii}}, number = {{2}}, publisher = {{MDPI AG}}, title = {{{Revealing the Tick Microbiome: Insights into Midgut and Salivary Gland Microbiota of Female Ixodes ricinus Ticks}}}, doi = {{10.3390/ijms24021100}}, volume = {{24}}, year = {{2023}}, } @misc{12943, abstract = {{Brown trout (Salmo trutta) is an important aquaculture species in Germany, but its production faces challenges due to global warming and a high embryo mortality. Climate factors might influence the fish’s bacterial community (BC) and thus increase embryo mortality. Yet, knowledge of the physiological BC during ontogeny in general is scarce. In this project, the BC of brown trout has been investigated in a period from unfertilized egg to 95 days post fertilization (dpf) using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Developmental changes differed between early and late ontogeny and major differences in BC occurred especially during early developmental stages. Thus, analysis was conducted separately for 0 to 67 dpf and from 67 to 95 dpf. All analyzed stages were sampled in toto to avoid bias due to different sampling methods in different developmental stages. The most abundant phylum in the BC of all developmental stages was Pseudomonadota, while only two families (Comamonadaceae and Moraxellaceae) occurred in all developmental stages. The early developmental stages until 67 dpf displayed greater shifts in their BC regarding bacterial richness, microbial diversity, and taxonomic composition. Thereafter, in the fry stages, the BC seemed to stabilize and changes were moderate. In future studies, a reduction in the sampling time frames during early development, an increase in sampling numbers, and an attempt for biological reproduction in order to characterize the causes of these variations is recommended.}}, author = {{Keiz, Katharina and Ulrich, Sebastian and Wenderlein, Jasmin and Keferloher, Patrick and Wiesinger, Anna and Neuhaus, Klaus and Lagkouvardos, Ilias and Wedekind, Helmut and Straubinger, Reinhard K.}}, booktitle = {{Microorganisms : open access journal }}, issn = {{2076-2607}}, keywords = {{fish, brown trout, Salmo trutta, development, ontogeny, microbiome, bacterial community}}, number = {{1}}, publisher = {{MDPI AG}}, title = {{{The Development of the Bacterial Community of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) during Ontogeny}}}, doi = {{10.3390/microorganisms11010211}}, volume = {{11}}, year = {{2023}}, } @misc{12944, abstract = {{Lyme borreliosis is a vector-borne disease in humans and animals caused by bacteria from the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex (Bbsl). The possible transmission of Bbsl from companion animals to humans via ticks makes this disease important in terms of One Health approaches. Thus, early and accurate diagnosis and treatment are of utmost importance. Today’s standard for the detection of specific antibodies against Bbsl is a two-tiered test system based on an ELISA for screening combined with a line immunoassay (LIA) for confirmation. In this study, 200 canine and 200 equine serum samples with known antibody status were tested with two different LIAs (A and B). Results were compared regarding sensitivity, specificity, the diagnostic outcome for dogs and horses, as well as operability of the test. The results for canine serum samples corresponded to 94.0%, making both LIAs a good choice for LB diagnostic in dogs. For equine serum samples, the agreement of both tests was 65.5%, displaying the challenge equine samples still provide in LB diagnostic. Major concerns were the interpretation of the OspA antigen (AG) signal and the use of unspecific (i.e., p100/p83) or too sensitive signals on the LIA. The operability of both LIAs was equally user-friendly. Regarding the tests’ evaluation, the scanning process provided by LIA A was a major advantage considering the comparability of the tests.}}, author = {{Doff, Sophie and Wenderlein, Jasmin and Wiesinger, Anna and Hiereth, Stephanie and Ulrich, Sebastian and Straubinger, Reinhard}}, booktitle = {{Veterinary Sciences : open access journal}}, issn = {{2306-7381}}, keywords = {{antibody, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, canine, equine, serum diagnosis, line immunoassay}}, number = {{11}}, publisher = {{MDPI}}, title = {{{Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu-lato-Specific Antibodies in Sera of Canine and Equine Origin—A Comparative Study with Two Line Immunoassays}}}, doi = {{10.3390/vetsci9110633}}, volume = {{9}}, year = {{2022}}, } @misc{12945, abstract = {{Stachybotrys chartarum is a toxigenic fungus that is frequently isolated from damp building materials or improperly stored forage. Macrocyclic trichothecenes and in particular satratoxins are the most potent mycotoxins known to be produced by this fungus. Exposure of humans or animals to these secondary metabolites can be associated with severe health problems. To assess the pathogenic potential of S. chartarum isolates, it is essential to cultivate them under conditions that reliably promote toxin production. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was reported to be the optimal nutrition medium for satratoxin production. In this study, the growth of S. chartarum genotype S strains on PDA from two manufacturers led to divergent results, namely, well-grown and sporulating cultures with high satratoxin concentrations (20.8 ± 0.4 µg/cm2) versus cultures with sparse sporulation and low satratoxin production (0.3 ± 0.1 µg/cm2). This finding is important for any attempt to identify toxigenic S. chartarum isolates. Further experiments performed with the two media provided strong evidence for a link between satratoxin production and sporulation. A comparison of three-point and one-point cultures grown on the two types of PDA, furthermore, demonstrated an inter-colony communication that influences both sporulation and mycotoxin production of S. chartarum genotype S strains.}}, author = {{Tribelhorn, Katharina and Twarużek, Magdalena and Soszczyńska, Ewelina and Rau, Jörg and Baschien, Christiane and Straubinger, Reinhard K. and Ebel, Frank and Ulrich, Sebastian}}, booktitle = {{Toxins}}, issn = {{2072-6651}}, keywords = {{Stachybotrys chartarum genotype S, sporulation, satratoxins, macrocyclic trichothecenes, inter-colony communication}}, number = {{8}}, publisher = {{MDPI}}, title = {{{Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum}}}, doi = {{10.3390/toxins14080515}}, volume = {{14}}, year = {{2022}}, } @misc{12946, abstract = {{Ostrich meat is characterized by high nutritional value; however, it remains an exotic product in most countries worldwide. In Europe, only few data are available regarding its microbial contamination, prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, and safety. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the microbiological quality and safety of ostrich meat samples (n = 55), each from one animal, produced in Bavaria, Germany. The provided microbiological status of ostrich meat included mesophilic aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteria, and mesophilic yeast and molds. In terms of food safety, all meat samples were negative for Salmonella spp. and Trichinella spp. Additionally, meat samples and a further 30 stool samples from 30 individuals were investigated for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli genes, with two meat samples that were qPCR-positive. Antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus faecium strains were from meat and stool samples also analyzed; 13 potentially resistant Enterobacteriaceae (meat samples) and 4 Enterococcus faecium (stool samples) were isolated, and their susceptibility against 29 and 14 antimicrobials, respectively, was characterized. The results of this study provide an overview of microbial loads and food safety aspects that may be used as baseline data for the ostrich meat industry to improve their hygienic quality. However, the implementation of monitoring programs is recommended, and microbiological standards for ostrich meat production should be established.}}, author = {{Beindorf, Philipp-Michael and Kovalenko, Oksana and Ulrich, Sebastian and Geißler, Hanna and Korbel, Rüdiger and Schwaiger, Karin and Dorn-In, Samart and Esteban-Cuesta, Irene}}, booktitle = {{Biology : open access journal}}, issn = {{2079-7737}}, keywords = {{antimicrobial resistance, meat microbiology, Salmonella, STEC, Trichinella}}, number = {{7}}, publisher = {{MDPI}}, title = {{{Investigation of Meat from Ostriches Raised and Slaughtered in Bavaria, Germany: Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial Resistance}}}, doi = {{10.3390/biology11070985}}, volume = {{11}}, year = {{2022}}, } @misc{12947, abstract = {{Stachybotrys chartarum is frequently isolated from damp building materials or improperly stored animal forage. Human and animal exposure to the secondary metabolites of this mold is linked to severe health effects. The mutually exclusive production of either satratoxins or atranones defines the chemotypes A and S. Based upon the genes (satratoxin cluster, SC1-3, sat or atranone cluster, AC1, atr) that are supposed to be essential for satratoxin and atranone production, S. chartarum can furthermore be divided into three genotypes: the S-type possessing all sat- but no atr-genes, the A-type lacking the sat- but harboring all atr-genes, and the H-type having only certain sat- and all atr-genes. We analyzed the above-mentioned gene clusters and their flanking regions to shed light on the evolutionary relationship. Furthermore, we performed a deep re-sequencing and LC-MS/MS (Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry) analysis. We propose a first model for the evolution of the S. chartarum genotypes. We assume that genotype H represents the most ancient form. A loss of the AC1 and the concomitant acquisition of the SC2 led to the emergence of the genotype S. According to our model, the genotype H also developed towards genotype A, a process that was accompanied by a loss of SC1 and SC3.}}, author = {{Ulrich, Sebastian and Lang, Katharina and Niessen, Ludwig and Baschien, Christiane and Kosicki, Robert and Twarużek, Magdalena and Straubinger, Reinhard K. and Ebel, Frank}}, booktitle = {{Journal of Fungi}}, issn = {{2309-608X}}, keywords = {{Stachybotrys, genome, macrocyclic trichothecene, atranone}}, number = {{4}}, publisher = {{MDPI AG}}, title = {{{The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum}}}, doi = {{10.3390/jof8040340}}, volume = {{8}}, year = {{2022}}, } @misc{12948, abstract = {{Diet processing impacts on starch properties, such as the degree of starch gelatinization. This affects digestibility, as shown in laboratory mice fed either a pelleted or an extruded diet. In the present study, the morphology of starch particles throughout the digestive tract of mice was visualized. Thirty-two female C57BL/6J mice were used for a feeding trial. They were fed a commercial maintenance diet for laboratory mice, which was available in pelleted and extruded form, for seven weeks. The mice were sacrificed after the feeding period, and chyme samples were collected from five sites (stomach, anterior and posterior small intestine, caecum, colon). Samples of diets, chyme and faeces were analyzed via stereomicroscopy (stained with Lugol’s iodine) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The starch granules appeared more compact in the pelleted diet, showing first signs of degradation only in the small intestine. The caecum content of both diets group was intensively stained, particles as well as fluid phase, indicating that it contained mainly starch. The SEM pictures of caecum content showed abundant bacteria near starch particles. This suggests selective retention of prae-caecally undigested starch in the murine caecum, likely the site of microbial fermentation.}}, author = {{Wenderlein, Jasmin and Kienzle, Ellen and Straubinger, Reinhard K. and Schöl, Heidrun and Ulrich, Sebastian and Böswald, Linda Franziska}}, booktitle = {{Animals}}, issn = {{2076-2615}}, keywords = {{amylase, carbohydrate metabolism, processing, laboratory animal diets, caecum fermentation}}, number = {{8}}, publisher = {{MDPI AG}}, title = {{{Morphology of Starch Particles along the Passage through the Gastrointestinal Tract in Laboratory Mice Fed Extruded and Pelleted Diets}}}, doi = {{10.3390/ani12080952}}, volume = {{12}}, year = {{2022}}, } @misc{12957, abstract = {{Mit dieser Arbeit sollte die klinische Relevanz von Infektionen mit Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl) sowie Anaplas- ma phagocytophilum (Ap) bei Pferden in Deutschland untersucht und mögliche Assoziationen zwischen typischen klinischen Veränderungen und spezifischen erhöhten Serumantikörperspiegeln gefunden werden. Hierfür wurden Pferde mit dem Verdacht auf eine klinisch manifeste Lyme-Borreliose (LB) deutschlandweit untersucht. Die Tierärzte wurden zudem gebeten, einen Befund- bzw. Fragebogen auszufüllen. Neben einer Blutprobe von dem LB-erkrankten bzw. -verdächtigen Pferd wurde immer auch eine Blutprobe eines gesunden Kontrollpferdes aus dem gleichen Bestand entnommen. Die Blutproben wurden mittels ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) und Line-Immunoassay auf spezifische Antikörper (Ak) gegen Bbsl und zusätzlich mittels eines validierten SNAP-Tests (SNAP® 4Dx Plus® ELISA) auf spezifische Ak für Bbsl und Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Ap) untersucht. Zudem wurde ein manueller Ausstrich auf Einschlusskörperchen in den Granulozyten, die auf eine Ap-Infektion hindeuten, untersucht. Insgesamt wurden 123 LB-Verdachts- und 113 Kontrollpferde an der Studie aufgenommen. 114 Tierarztfragebögen und Blutproben lagen vollständig vor und gingen in die statistische Auswertung ein. Die häufigsten Vorstellungsgründe der LB-Verdachtstiere waren Lahmheit (n = 36; nges = 79; 45,6 %), Leistungsschwäche (n = 19; 24,1 %) und Apathie (n = 12; 15,2 %). Bei fast der Hälfte der Patienten wurden die klinischen Veränderungen bereits seit über sechs Monaten beobachtet (n = 48; nges = 112; 42,9 %). Zahlreiche Tiere zeigten mehrere, oftmals unspezifische klinische Veränderungen (n = 104; nges = 114; 92,2 %) und/oder litten zusätzlich unter einer chronischen Erkrankung (n = 48; nges = 114; 42,5 %). Obwohl in vielen Fällen schon eine weiterführende Infektionsdiagnostik (n = 64 von nges = 114; 56,1 %) durchgeführt worden war, wurden einige Pferde bislang noch nicht weitergehend labordiagnostisch untersucht (n = 14; nges = 114; 12,3 %). Bei 15 % der Probanden (n = 29; nges = 112) war zudem bislang noch keine eingehende Untersuchung einzelner Organsysteme erfolgt. Auf Basis der eigenen serologischen Befunde wurden 51 % (n = 63) der LB Verdachtspferde negativ (49 % der Verdachtspferde; n = 55), 28 % (n = 34) wurden grenzwertig (35 % der Kontrollpferde; n = 40) und 21 % (n = 26) positiv (16 % der Kontrollpferde; n = 18) auf spezifische Ak gegen Bbsl getestet. Ein positiver Ap-spezifischer Ak-Nachweis lag bei 19,5 % der Verdachtspferde (16,8 % der Kontrollpferde) vor. Ein Hinweis auf eine Coinfektion mit Bbsl und Ap konnte bei sieben Verdachtstieren (5,7 %; 2 Kontrollpferde, 1.8 %) gefunden werden. Die Blutausstriche waren bei allen Verdachts- und Kontrolltieren, bei denen sie auswertbar waren (n = 98), ohne besonderen Befund. Die hohe Zahl klinisch inapparenter Verläufe von Infektionen mit Bbsl konnte durch die hohe Zahl seropositiver Probanden (n = 18; nges = 112; 16 %) in der gesunden Kontrollgruppe (KG) bestätigt werden. Insgesamt ergab sich ein kaum differierender Serostatus von Verdachts- und Kontrollpferden (p = 0,887). Es konnten mit dem gewonnenen Datenmaterial keine pathognomonisch definierten, klinischen Veränderungen für die LB bei Pferden herausgearbeitet werden. Weder das gehäufte Auftreten unspezifischer Störungen des Allgemeinbefindens (p = 0,043), noch Lahmheiten (p = 0,782) oder Gelenkschwellungen (p = 0,013) konnten statistisch signifikant im Zusammenhang mit positivem Bbsl-Ak-Nachweis beobachtet werden. Die Chance für einen positiven Ap-Ak-Nachweis war bei Fieber (OR = 3,54 (1,28–9,73)) und Inappetenz (OR = 4,54 (1,44–14,29)) erhöht. Bei Coinfektionen (Bbsl + Ap) wurden zudem auffallend häufig neurologische Veränderungen, wie Kopfnervenausfälle (p = 0,030) und Hinweise auf eine Meningoenzephalitis (p = 0,003) diagnostiziert, wobei letztere Korrelation aufgrund der geringen Anzahl an betroffenen Patienten mit einer Unsicherheit hinsichtlich der Praxisrelevanz behaftet ist.}}, author = {{Gehlen, Heidrun and Inerle, Katharina S and Ulrich, Sebastian and Briese, Beatrice and Straubinger, Reinhard K.}}, booktitle = {{Pferdeheilkunde }}, issn = {{2943-1794 }}, keywords = {{Equine Lyme-Borreliose, Equine Granulozytäre Anaplasmose, Seroprävalenz, Coinfektion}}, number = {{6}}, pages = {{544–553}}, publisher = {{Hippiatrika-Verl. GmbH }}, title = {{{Lyme-Borreliose und Granulozytäre Anaplasmose bei Pferden Teil 2 – Klinische Relevanz (Tierarztbefragung)}}}, doi = {{10.21836/PEM20220606}}, volume = {{38}}, year = {{2022}}, } @misc{12950, abstract = {{The composition of the microbiome is subject to the host’s diet. In commercial laboratory mouse diets, different physical forms of the same diets are available, containing—according to their labels—identical ingredients and nutrient compositions. However, variations in nutrient composition and starch gelatinization due to production processes and their impact on digestibility have been described. In this study, a total of 48 C57BL/J6 mice were assigned to two equal groups and were fed diets (produced with different processes—extruded vs. pelleted) for eight weeks in two biological replicates. At the end of the experiment, samples were collected from five different gastrointestinal regions, including the stomach, small intestine, cecum, large intestine, and an extracorporeal region (feces), and the microbiome was analyzed with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The replicates in both experiments differed significantly in their relative abundances of Muribaculaceae species. Furthermore, the gastrointestinal content of pellet-fed mice contained larger numbers of Lactobacillus species. These results indicate that starch gelatinization and ingredient composition significantly influence microbial makeup. In conclusion, different feed processing methods may affect fundamental digestive and metabolic processes, impacting animal experiments and biasing microbiome data.}}, author = {{Wenderlein, Jasmin and Böswald, Linda F. and Ulrich, Sebastian and Kienzle, Ellen and Neuhaus, Klaus and Lagkouvardos, Ilias and Zenner, Christian and Straubinger, Reinhard K.}}, booktitle = {{Animals}}, issn = {{2076-2615}}, keywords = {{feed processing, starch gelatinization, laboratory mouse, diet, intestinal microbiome}}, number = {{3}}, publisher = {{MDPI AG}}, title = {{{Processing Matters in Nutrient-Matched Laboratory Diets for Mice—Microbiome}}}, doi = {{10.3390/ani11030862}}, volume = {{11}}, year = {{2021}}, } @misc{12951, abstract = {{Leptospirosis is a neglected worldwide zoonotic bacterial disease with a high prevalence in subtropical and tropical countries. The prevalence of Leptospira spp. in humans, cattle and dogs is unknown in Bhutan. Therefore, we sought to find out whether humans, cattle or dogs had been infected in the past with leptospires by measuring antibodies in the serum. We therefore collected blood from 864 humans ≥13 years of age, 130 bovines and 84 dogs from different rural and urban areas in Bhutan and tested the serum for antibodies specific for leptospires with a screening of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and a confirmatory microscopic agglutination test (MAT). In humans, 17.6% were seropositive by ELISA and 1.6% by MAT. The seropositivity was stronger in bovines (36.9%) and dogs (47.6%). “Having had a fever recently” (OR 5.2, p = 0.004), “working for the military” (OR 26.6, p = 0.028) and “being unemployed” (OR 12.9, p = 0.041) (reference category = housemaker) were statistically significantly associated with seropositivity when controlled for the effects of other risk factors. However, due to the small number of positive test results, the findings on risk factors should be interpreted with caution. Based on the serogroups found in the three species, dogs could be a source of infection for humans, or dogs and humans are exposed to the same environmental risk factors Clinical leptospirosis in humans and domestic animals should be investigated by testing blood and urine for the presence of leptospires by molecular methods (qPCR).}}, author = {{Dreyfus, Anou and Ruf, Marie-Thérèse and Mayer-Scholl, Anne and Zitzl, Theresa and Loosli, Nadine and Bier, Nadja Seyhan and Hiereth, Stephanie and Ulrich, Sebastian and Poppert, Sven and Straubinger, Reinhard K. and Stenos, John and Tshokey, Tshokey}}, booktitle = {{Pathogens}}, issn = {{2076-0817}}, keywords = {{leptospirosis, microscopic agglutination test (MAT), seroprevalence, cattle, yak, dog, one health, Bhutan}}, number = {{3}}, publisher = {{MDPI}}, title = {{{Exposure to Leptospira spp. and Associated Risk Factors in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan}}}, doi = {{10.3390/pathogens10030308}}, volume = {{10}}, year = {{2021}}, } @misc{12952, abstract = {{Straw is the main by-product of grain production, used as bedding material and animal feed. If produced or stored under adverse hygienic conditions, straw is prone to the growth of filamentous fungi. Some of them, e.g. Aspergillus, Fusarium and Stachybotrys spp. are well-known mycotoxin producers. Since studies on mycotoxins in straw are scarce, 192 straw samples (wheat n = 80; barley n = 79; triticale n = 12; oat n = 11; rye n = 12) were collected across Germany within the German official feed surveillance and screened for the presence of 21 mycotoxins. The following mycotoxins (positive samples for at least one mycotoxin n = 184) were detected: zearalenone (n = 86, 6.0–785 μg/kg), nivalenol (n = 51, 30–2,600 μg/kg), deoxynivalenol (n = 156, 20–24,000 μg/kg), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (n = 34, 20–2,400 μg/kg), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (n = 16, 40–340 μg/kg), scirpentriol (n = 14, 40–680 μg/kg), T-2 toxin (n = 67, 10–250 μg/kg), HT-2 toxin (n = 92, 20–800 μg/kg), T-2 tetraol (n = 13, 70–480 μg/kg). 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol (30 μg/kg) and T-2 triol (60 μg/kg) were only detected in one barley sample. Macrocyclic trichothecenes (satratoxin G, F, roridin E, and verrucarin J) were also found in only one barley sample (quantified as roridin A equivalent: total 183 μg/kg). The occurrence of stachybotrylactam was monitored for the first time in four samples (n = 4, 0.96–7.4 μg/kg). Fusarenon-X, 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol, satratoxin H and roridin-L2 were not detectable in the samples. The results indicate a non-negligible contribution of straw to oral and possibly inhalation exposure to mycotoxins of animals or humans handling contaminated straw.}}, author = {{Ulrich, Sebastian and Gottschalk, Christoph and Biermaier, Barbara and Bahlinger, Eunike and Twarużek, Magdalena and Asmussen, Sarah and Schollenberger, Margit and Valenta, Hana and Ebel, Frank and Dänicke, Sven}}, booktitle = {{Archives of animal nutrition = Archiv für Tierernährung}}, issn = {{1477-2817}}, keywords = {{Fusarium, mycotoxins, stachybotrylactam, stachybotrys, straw, trichothecenes, zearalenone}}, number = {{2}}, pages = {{105--120}}, publisher = {{Taylor & Francis }}, title = {{{Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw}}}, doi = {{10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877075}}, volume = {{75}}, year = {{2021}}, } @misc{12953, abstract = {{Starch gelatinization is a major determinant of carbohydrate digestibility and varies with diet processing. Laboratory rodent diets are often marketed as identical, but are sold in different forms, regardless of the markedly higher starch gelatinization in extruded than in pelleted diets. Our hypothesis was that this would impact energy and nutrient digestibility in mice fed pellets or extrudate, respectively. Trial 1 showed that feeding C57BL/6 mice a standard maintenance diet in extruded form results in a significantly higher digestibility of organic matter, energy, and carbohydrates than the identical diet in pelleted form. The replication of the experiment, however, revealed a variation between batches of the same pelleted diet regarding starch and total dietary fiber contents. Given the significant differences in diet digestibility and the potential impacts of digestibility on nutrient utilization, the intestinal microbiome, and intermediary metabolism, trials performed with differently processed diets are not comparable. This might partly explain failures to reproduce results, especially in gastrointestinal or microbiome research. Considering this impact on experimental animals, the degree of starch gelatinization should be declared in the diet information for laboratory animal diets. The differences between batches of laboratory animal diets as observed in the pellets are not acceptable.}}, author = {{Böswald, Linda F. and Wenderlein, Jasmin and Straubinger, Reinhard K. and Ulrich, Sebastian and Kienzle, Ellen}}, booktitle = {{Animals}}, issn = {{2076-2615}}, keywords = {{standardization, carbohydrate digestibility, feed processing, starch gelatinization, gut}}, number = {{2}}, publisher = {{MDPI}}, title = {{{Processing Matters in Nutrient-Matched Laboratory Diets for Mice—Energy and Nutrient Digestibility}}}, doi = {{10.3390/ani11020523}}, volume = {{11}}, year = {{2021}}, } @misc{12954, abstract = {{Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum is a cellulolytic mould with the ability to produce highly cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes. Two chemotypes are defined according to their ability to produce either atranones or satratoxins. S. chartarum has been well known as the causative agent of the lethal disease stachybotryotoxicosis in horses. Further investigations revealed that this disease is strictly correlated with the presence of macrocyclic trichothecenes. Furthermore, their occurrence in water-damaged buildings has been linked to adverse health effects such as the sick building syndrome. As the chemotypes cannot be characterized via phenotypic criteria, different methods such as PCR, MALDI–TOF MS, LC–MS/MS, thin-layer chromatography and cytotoxicity assays have been used so far. Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) is commonly used for the differentiation of bacteria and yeasts, but this technique is also applicable to filamentous fungi. Hence, this study aimed at evaluating to which extent a reliable differentiation of S. chartarum chemotypes A and S is possible. Besides, another objective was to verify if the recently introduced third genotype of S. chartarum can be identified. Therefore, 28 strains including the two chemotypes and the third genotype H were cultivated on malt extract agar (MEA) and potato dextrose agar in three biological replicates. Each sample was applied to FT-IR measurements on day 7, 14 and 21 of cultivation. In this study, we achieved a distinction of the chemotypes A and S via FT-IR spectroscopy after incubation for 7 days on MEA. In terms of genotype differentiation, the PCR detecting satratoxin- and atranone-gene clusters remained the only applicable method.}}, author = {{Ekruth, Julia and Gottschalk, Christoph and Ulrich, Sebastian and Gareis, Manfred and Schwaiger, Karin}}, booktitle = {{Mycopathologia}}, issn = {{1573-0832}}, keywords = {{Aspergillus nidulans, Fungal biology, Gas chromatography, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Western Blot, Bacillus subtilis}}, number = {{6}}, pages = {{993--1004}}, publisher = {{Springer }}, title = {{{Differentiation of S. chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Chemotypes A and S via FT-IR Spectroscopy}}}, doi = {{10.1007/s11046-020-00495-0}}, volume = {{185}}, year = {{2021}}, } @misc{12958, abstract = {{Cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes such as satratoxins are produced by chemotype S strains of Stachybotrys chartarum. Diseases such as stachybotryotoxicosis in animals and the sick building syndrome as a multifactorial disease complex in humans have been associated with this mold and its toxins. Less toxic non-chemotype S strains of S. chartarum are morphologically indistinguishable from chemotype S strains, which results in uncertainties in hazard characterization of isolates. To selectively identify macrocyclic trichothecene producing S. chartarum isolates, a set of sat14 gene-specific primers was designed and applied in a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay using neutral red for visual signal detection. The assay was highly specific for S. chartarum strains of the macrocyclic trichothecene producing chemotype and showed no cross-reaction with non-macrocyclic trichothecene producing S. chartarum strains or 152 strains of 131 other fungal species. The assay’s detection limit was 0.635 pg/rxn (picogram per reaction) with a reaction time of 60 min. Its high specificity and sensitivity as well as the cost-saving properties make the new assay an interesting and powerful diagnostic tool for easy and rapid testing.}}, author = {{Köck, Johannes and Gottschalk, Christoph and Ulrich, Sebastian and Schwaiger, Karin and Gareis, Manfred and Niessen, Ludwig}}, booktitle = {{Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry and Analusis}}, issn = {{1618-2650}}, keywords = {{Aspergillus nidulans, Basidiomycetes, Fungi, Strigolactone, Liquid chromatography, Solid-phase microextraction}}, number = {{19}}, pages = {{4801--4813}}, publisher = {{Springer }}, title = {{{Rapid and selective detection of macrocyclic trichothecene producing Stachybotrys chartarum strains by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)}}}, doi = {{10.1007/s00216-021-03436-y}}, volume = {{413}}, year = {{2021}}, } @misc{12961, abstract = {{Zu den Zecken-übertragenen Erkrankungen beim Pferd in Deutschland zählen neben der Equinen Granulozytären Anaplasmose (EGA, verursacht durch Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ap) auch die Equine Lyme-Borreliose (verursacht durch den Borrelia-burgdorf-eri-sensu-lato-Komplex), die Frühsommer-Meningoencephalitis (FSME-Virus) und die Equine Piroplasmose (Babesia caballi, Theileria equi). Die EGA ist nicht kontagiös, so dass in der Regel innerhalb eines Bestandes nur einzelne Pferde betroffen sind. Der Schweregrad der Erkrankung ist vom Alter des Pferdes und der Dauer der Erkrankung abhängig. Zumeist tritt Apathie und Fieber auf. Jüngere Pferde (< 4 Jahre) entwickeln meist nur mildere klinische Veränderungen als ältere Pferde. In den meisten Fällen weist die EGA bei jungen Pferden und vor allem in Endemiegebieten, einen subklinischen oder milden Verlauf auf. Als Erregerreservoir dienen vor allem kleine wildlebende Säuger wie z.B. Nagetiere. Die Diagnose der EGA basiert auf der epizootischen Anamnese (jahreszeitlich und regional typisches Auftreten, vorhandene Zeckenexposition) sowie klinischen und labordiagnostischen Befunden. Der direkte Erregernachweis erfolgt durch Teilgensequenzierung, direkten mikroskopischen Nachweis oder Kultivierung. Auch indirekte Erregernachweisverfahren zur Diagnose der EGA in Form serologischer Laboruntersuchungen (Morulae bzw. Einschlusskörperchen) stehen zur Verfügung. Dabei kommen in der Regel ELISAs und Immunfluoreszenztests zum Einsatz. Ein Anstieg der Antikörperspiegel um das vierfache Niveau, lässt eine sichere Diagnose zu. Spezifische Antikörper gegen Ap können ab dem 14. Tag post infectionem und bis zu zwei Jahre später nachgewiesen werden. Die EGA kann effektiv mit Antibiotika behandelt werden. Dadurch wird die Erkrankungsdauer signifikant verkürzt und die Schwere der Erkrankung gemindert. Da Ap ein intrazelluläres Pathogen ist, sind Tetrazykline die Antibiotika der Wahl (Oxytetrazyklin intravenös in einer Dosis von 7 mg/kg Körpergewicht einmal täglich über 5–7 Tage). Da bisher keine Impfung gegen die EGA zur Verfügung steht, sind die Prophylaxe-Maßnahmen auf die Verhinderung oder Minderung einer Zeckenexposition beschränkt.}}, author = {{Gehlen, Heidrun and Inerle, Katharina and Ulrich, Sebastian and Lehmann, Beatrice and Straubinger, Reinhard K.}}, booktitle = {{Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine}}, issn = {{2943-1794}}, keywords = {{Pferd, Anaplasmose, Infektion, Diagnostik, Prävention}}, number = {{1}}, pages = {{25--33}}, publisher = {{Hippiatrika GmbH}}, title = {{{Anaplasmose beim Pferd – Ein Literaturreview unter Berücksichtigung aktueller Diagnose- und Therapieverfahren H. Gehlen et al. Pferdeheilkunde – Equine Medicine 37 (2021)25 Pferdeheilkunde – Equine Medicine 37 (2021) 1 (Januar/Februar) 25–33 Anaplasmose beim Pferd – Ein Literaturreview unter Berücksichtigung aktueller Diagnose- und Therapie- verfahren sowie möglicher Präventionsmaßnahmen}}}, doi = {{10.21836/PEM20210104}}, volume = {{37}}, year = {{2021}}, } @misc{12955, abstract = {{Ein 10 Monate alter, männlich intakter Rhodesian Ridgeback wurde wegen chronischen Dickdarmdurchfalls und Hämatochezie vorgestellt. Der Hund stammte aus Deutschland und hatte das Land nie verlassen. Die Laboruntersuchung des vorbehandelnden Tierarztes ergab neben einer Neutrophilie eine Hyperkaliämie und eine Hyponatriämie. Mit einem Serumbasalkortisolwert von 4,3 µg/dl konnte ein Hypoadrenokortizismus weitgehend ausgeschlossen werden. Eine vom Tierarzt durch geführte antibiotische Behandlung hatte keine Besserung bewirkt. Daher war der Hund mit Prednisolon behandelt worden. Unter 2-wöchiger Prednisolongabe kam es zu einer deutlichen Verstärkung des Durchfalls sowie einem Gewichtsverlust von 6 kg. Bei Vorstellung an der Medizinischen Kleintierklinik der LMU München war der Hund im Allgemeinbefinden mittelgradig reduziert, deutlich abgemagert, dehydriert, hypovolämisch und hatte eine rektale Körpertemperatur von 39,6 °C. Bei der sonografischen Untersuchung zeigte sich eine generalisiert verdickte Dickdarmwand und koloskopisch eine hochgradig ulzerativ veränderte Dickdarmschleimhaut. Histologischer Befund war eine ulzerative granulomatöse Kolitis. Durch die Periodic-Acid-Schiff-Reaktion ließen sich in den Schnitten der Dickdarmbioptate mikrobielle Strukturen darstellen, die für eine Algeninfektion diagnostisch waren. Die bei der mikrobiellen Untersuchung anzüchtbaren Prototheken wurden mittels MALDI-TOF-MS als Prototheca zopfii identifiziert. Zum Nachweis einer möglichen Immundefizienz wurden die Immunglobuline im Serum bestimmt. Die IgM-Konzentration war erniedrigt, während sich IgG- und IgA-Konzentration im Referenzbereich befanden. Aufgrund der Verschlechterung des Allgemeinbefindens, der vorsichtigen Prognose und der hohen Kosten eines Therapieversuchs wurde der Hund eine Woche später euthanasiert und der Tierkörper pathologisch untersucht. Histopathologisch wurden Prototheken auch in den abdominalen Lymphknoten, jedoch nicht in den Augen oder im zentralen Nervensystem identifiziert. Der Fall zeigt, dass eine Prototheken-Infektion auch bei Hunden aus Deutschland als Differenzialdiagnose für chronischen Dickdarmdurchfall in Betracht gezogen werden sollte, insbesondere bei Patienten mit ulzerativer granulomatöser Kolitis. Sie kann bei der histologischen Untersuchung ohne Spezialfärbung leicht übersehen werden.}}, author = {{Geisen, Vera and Mayer, Christian and Harrer, Julia and Hartmann, Katrin and Ulrich, Sebastian and Unterer, Stefan}}, booktitle = {{Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere}}, issn = {{2567-5842}}, keywords = {{Hund - Algeninfektion - chronischer Durchfall - Protothekose - Prototheca zopfii}}, number = {{05}}, pages = {{369--375}}, publisher = {{Thieme }}, title = {{{Ulzerative granulomatöse Kolitis durch Prototheca spp. bei einem Rhodesian Ridgeback in Deutschland}}}, doi = {{10.1055/a-1238-1554}}, volume = {{48}}, year = {{2020}}, } @misc{12956, abstract = {{Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum had been linked to severe health problems in humans and animals, which occur after exposure to the toxic secondary metabolites of this mold. S. chartarum had been isolated from different environmental sources, ranging from culinary herbs and improperly stored fodder to damp building materials. To access the pathogenic potential of isolates, it is essential to analyze them under defined conditions that allow for the production of their toxic metabolites. All Stachybotrys species are assumed to produce the immunosuppressive phenylspirodrimanes, but the highly cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes are exclusively generated by the genotype S of S. chartarum. In this study, we have analyzed four genotype S strains initially isolated from three different habitats. We grew them on five commonly used media (malt-extract-agar, glucose-yeast-peptone-agar, potato-dextrose-agar, cellulose-agar, Sabouraud-dextrose-agar) to identify conditions that promote mycotoxin production. Using LC-MS/MS, we have quantified stachybotrylactam and all S-type specific macrocyclic trichothecenes (satratoxin G, H, F, roridin E, L-2, verrucarin J). All five media supported a comparable fungal growth and sporulation at 25 °C in the dark. The highest concentrations of macrocyclic trichothecenes were detected on potato-dextrose-agar or cellulose-agar. Malt-extract-agar let to an intermediate and glucose-yeast-peptone-agar and Sabouraud-dextrose-agar to a poor mycotoxin production. These data demonstrate that the mycotoxin production clearly depends on the composition of the respective medium. Our findings provide a starting point for further studies in order to identify individual components that either support or repress the production of mycotoxins in S. chartarum.}}, author = {{Ulrich, Sebastian and Schäfer, Cornelius}}, booktitle = {{Journal of Fungi}}, issn = {{2309-608X}}, keywords = {{Stachybotrys, genotype, macrocyclic trichothecenes, stachybotrylactam}}, number = {{3}}, publisher = {{MDPI }}, title = {{{Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media}}}, doi = {{10.3390/jof6030159}}, volume = {{6}}, year = {{2020}}, } @misc{12962, abstract = {{Background Borrelia burgdorferi is a tick-borne spirochete that causes Lyme borreliosis (LB). After an initial tick bite, it spreads from the deposition site in the dermis to distant tissues of the host. It is generally believed that this spirochete disseminates via the hematogenous route. Borrelia persica causes relapsing fever and is able to replicate in the blood stream. Currently the exact dissemination pathway of LB pathogens in the host is not known and controversially discussed. Methods In this study, we established a strict intravenous infection murine model using host-adapted spirochetes. Survival capacity and infectivity of host-adapted B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (Bbss) were compared to those of B. persica (Bp) after either intradermal (ID) injection into the dorsal skin of immunocompetent mice or strict intravenous (IV) inoculation via the jugular vein. By in vitro culture and PCR, viable spirochetes and their DNA load in peripheral blood were periodically monitored during a 49/50-day course post-injection, as well as in various tissue samples collected at day 49/50. Specific antibodies in individual plasma/serum samples were detected with serological methods. Results Regardless of ID or IV injection, DNA of Bp was present in blood samples up to day 24 post-challenge, while no Bbss was detectable in the blood circulation during the complete observation period. In contrast to the brain tropism of Bp, Bbss spirochetes were found in ear, skin, joint, bladder, and heart tissue samples of only ID-inoculated mice. All tested tissues collected from IV-challenged mice were negative for traces of Bbss. ELISA testing of serum samples showed that Bp induced gradually increasing antibody levels after ID or IV inoculation, while Bbss did so only after ID injection but not after IV inoculation. Conclusions This study allows us to draw the following conclusions: (i) Bp survives in the blood and disseminates to the host’s brain via the hematogenous route; and (ii) Bbss, in contrast, is cleared rapidly from the blood stream and is a tissue-bound spirochete.}}, author = {{Liang, Liucun and Wang, Jinyong and Schorter, Lucas and Nguyen Trong, Thu Phong and Fell, Shari and Ulrich, Sebastian and Straubinger, Reinhard K.}}, booktitle = {{Parasites & vectors}}, issn = {{1756-3305}}, keywords = {{Lyme borreliosis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Tick-borne relapsing fever, Borrelia persica, Blood clearance}}, number = {{1}}, publisher = {{BioMed Central }}, title = {{{Rapid clearance of Borrelia burgdorferi from the blood circulation}}}, doi = {{10.1186/s13071-020-04060-y}}, volume = {{13}}, year = {{2020}}, } @misc{12963, abstract = {{The genus Borrelia comprises vector-borne bacterial pathogens that can severely affect human and animal health. Members of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex can cause Lyme borreliosis, one of the most common vector-borne diseases in the Northern hemisphere. Besides, members of the relapsing fever group of spirochetes can cause tick-borne relapsing fever in humans and various febrile illnesses in animals in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. Borrelia spp. organisms are fastidious to cultivate and to maintain in vitro, and therefore, difficult to work with in the laboratory. Currently, borrelia identification is mainly performed using PCR and DNA sequencing methods, which can be complicated/frustrating on complex DNA templates and may still be relatively expensive. Alternative techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) are not well established for Borrelia spp., although this technique is currently one of the most used techniques for rapid identification of bacteria in microbiological diagnostic laboratories. This is mainly due to unsatisfactory results obtained by use of simple sample preparation techniques and medium-contamination obscuring the mass spectra. In addition, comprehensive libraries for Borrelia spp. MALDI-TOF MS have yet to be established. In this study, we developed a new filter-based chemical extraction technique that allows measurement of high quality Borrelia spp. spectra from less than 100,000 bacteria per spot in MALDI-TOF MS. We used 49 isolates of 13 different species to produce the largest mass-library for Borrelia spp. so far and to validate the protocol. The library was successfully established and identifies >96% of used isolates correctly to species level. Cluster analysis on the sum spectra was applied to all the different isolates, which resulted in tight cluster generation for most species. Comparative analysis of the generated cluster to a phylogeny based on concatenated multi-locus sequence typing genes provided a surprising homology. Our data demonstrate that the technique described here can be used for fast and reliable species and strain typing within the borrelia complex.}}, author = {{Neumann-Cip, Anna-Cathrine and Fingerle, Volker and Margos, Gabriele and Straubinger, Reinhard K. and Overzier, Evelyn and Ulrich, Sebastian and Wieser, Andreas}}, booktitle = {{Frontiers in Microbiology}}, issn = {{1664-302X}}, keywords = {{Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, MALDI-TOF MS, typing, sample preparation, MALDI-TOF MS library, strain typing, automatic identification}}, publisher = {{Frontiers Media SA}}, title = {{{A Novel Rapid Sample Preparation Method for MALDI-TOF MS Permits Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Species and Isolate Differentiation}}}, doi = {{10.3389/fmicb.2020.00690}}, volume = {{11}}, year = {{2020}}, } @misc{12964, abstract = {{Antibodies represent an important element in the adaptive immune response and a major tool to eliminate microbial pathogens. For many bacterial and viral infections, efficient vaccines exist, but not for fungal pathogens. For a long time, antibodies have been assumed to be of minor importance for a successful clearance of fungal infections; however this perception has been challenged by a large number of studies over the last three decades. In this review, we focus on the potential therapeutic and prophylactic use of monoclonal antibodies. Since systemic mycoses normally occur in severely immunocompromised patients, a passive immunization using monoclonal antibodies is a promising approach to directly attack the fungal pathogen and/or to activate and strengthen the residual antifungal immune response in these patients.}}, author = {{Ulrich, Sebastian and Ebel, Frank}}, booktitle = {{Journal of Fungi}}, issn = {{2309-608X}}, keywords = {{monoclonal antibodies, invasive fungal infections, therapy, prophylaxis, opsonization}}, number = {{1}}, publisher = {{MDPI }}, title = {{{Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections}}}, doi = {{10.3390/jof6010022}}, volume = {{6}}, year = {{2020}}, } @misc{12965, abstract = {{The Bacillus (B.) cereus group consists of nine recognized species which are present worldwide. B. cereus play an important role in food-borne diseases by producing different toxins. Yet, only a small percentage of B. cereus strains are able to produce the heat stable cereulide, the causative agent of emetic food poisoning. To minimize the entry of emetic B. cereus into the food chain, food business operators are dependent on efficient and reliable methods enabling the differentiation between emetic and non-emetic strains. Currently, only time-consuming cell bioassays, molecular methods and tandem mass spectrometry are available for this purpose. Thus, the aim of the present study was to establish a fast and reliable method for the differentiation between emetic/non-emetic strains by MALDI-TOF MS. Selected strains/isolates of the B. cereus group as well as other Bacillus spp. (total n = 121) were cultured on sheep blood agar for 48 h before analysis. Subsequently, the cultures were directly analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS without prior extraction steps. The samples were measured in the mass range of m/z 800–1800 Da. Using ClinProTools 3.0 statistical software and Flex analysis software (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Bremen, Germany), a differentiation between emetic/non-emetic isolates was possible with a rate of correct identification of 99.1% by means of the evaluation of two specific biomarkers (m/z 1171 and 1187 Da).}}, author = {{Ulrich, Sebastian and Gottschalk, Christoph and Dietrich, Richard and Märtlbauer, Erwin and Gareis, Manfred}}, booktitle = {{Food Microbiology}}, issn = {{1095-9998}}, keywords = {{MALDI-TOF MS, Bacillus cereus, Cereulide, Food intoxication}}, pages = {{75--81}}, publisher = {{Academic Press }}, title = {{{Identification of cereulide producing Bacillus cereus by MALDI-TOF MS}}}, doi = {{10.1016/j.fm.2019.01.012}}, volume = {{82}}, year = {{2019}}, } @misc{12966, abstract = {{The fungus Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum was isolated from culinary herbs, damp building materials, and improperly stored animal forage. Two distinct chemotypes of the fungus were described that produced either high-cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes (S type) or low-cytotoxic atranones (A type). Recently, two distinct gene clusters were described that were found to be necessary for the biosynthesis of either macrocyclic trichothecenes (21 SAT (Satratoxin) genes) or atranones (14 ATR (Atranone) genes). In the current study, PCR primers were designed to detect SAT and ATR genes in 19 S. chartarum chemotype S and eight S. chartarum chemotype A strains. Our analysis revealed the existence of three different genotypes: satratoxin-producing strains that harbored all SAT genes but lacked the ATR gene cluster (genotype S), non-satratoxin-producing strains that possessed the ATR genes but lacked SAT genes (genotype A), and a hitherto undescribed hybrid genotype among non-satratoxin-producing strains that harbored all ATR genes and an incomplete set of SAT genes (genotype H). In order to improve the discrimination of genotypes, a triplex PCR assay was developed and applied for the analysis of S. chartarum and S. chlorohalonata cultures. The results show that genes for macrocyclic trichothecenes and atranones are not mutually exclusive in S. chartarum. Correlation of the new genotype-based concept with mycotoxin production data shows also that macrocyclic trichothecenes are exclusively produced by S. chartarum genotype S strains.}}, author = {{Ulrich, Sebastian and Niessen, Ludwig and Ekruth, Julia and Schäfer, Cornelius and Kaltner, Florian and Gottschalk, Christoph}}, booktitle = {{Mycotoxin Research}}, issn = {{1867-1632}}, keywords = {{Acetyltransferases, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Fungal Genes, Fungal genetics, Fungal genomics, Saccharomyces cerevisiae}}, number = {{1}}, pages = {{83--91}}, publisher = {{Springer}}, title = {{{Truncated satratoxin gene clusters in selected isolates of the atranone chemotype of Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes}}}, doi = {{10.1007/s12550-019-00371-x}}, volume = {{36}}, year = {{2019}}, } @misc{12967, abstract = {{Objectives To evaluate matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) combined with the Sepsityper kit (Bruker Daltoniks GmbH, Bremen) for the direct detection of bacterial species from inoculated blood cultures from dogs and cats. Materials and Methods Canine and feline blood samples were inoculated with typical sepsis-causing bacteria such as Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus canis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at two distinct concentrations (each in triplicate), resulting in 72 blood culture bottles incubated at 37°C. Samples were comparatively analysed with MALDI-TOF MS after preparation with the Sepsityper kit and also by standard bacteriology (culturing and biochemical characterisation). Results Bacterial species identified from agar plates and by MALDI-TOF MS from blood culture bottles were identical for all samples. The MALDI Biotyper software (Bruker Daltoniks) correctly identified all bacterial strains from inoculated canine and feline blood with analysis indicating very good precision. Clinical Significance MALDI-TOF MS analysis combined with the Sepsityper kit is a reliable tool for a quick detection of veterinary-relevant bacterial species directly from blood culture bottles. This approach could reduce the time for identification of critical species to only 24 hours.}}, author = {{Ulrich, Sebastian and Gottschalk, C. and Straubinger, R. Kk and Schwaiger, K. and Dörfelt, R.}}, booktitle = {{Journal of Small Animal Practice}}, issn = {{0022-4510}}, number = {{1}}, pages = {{42--45}}, publisher = {{Wiley-Blackwell}}, title = {{{Acceleration of the identification of sepsis‐inducing bacteria in cultures of dog and cat blood}}}, doi = {{10.1111/jsap.13056}}, volume = {{61}}, year = {{2019}}, } @misc{12971, abstract = {{The genus Stachybotrys produces a broad diversity of secondary metabolites, including macrocyclic trichothecenes, atranones, and phenylspirodrimanes. Although the class of the phenylspirodrimanes is the major one and consists of a multitude of metabolites bearing various structural modifications, few investigations have been carried out. Thus, the presented study deals with the quantitative determination of several secondary metabolites produced by distinct Stachybotrys species for comparison of their metabolite profiles. For that purpose, 15 of the primarily produced secondary metabolites were isolated from fungal cultures and structurally characterized in order to be used as analytical standards for the development of an LC-MS/MS multimethod. The developed method was applied to the analysis of micro-scale extracts from 5 different Stachybotrys strains, which were cultured on different media. In that process, spontaneous dialdehyde/lactone isomerization was observed for some of the isolated secondary metabolites, and novel stachybotrychromenes were quantitatively investigated for the first time. The metabolite profiles of Stachybotrys species are considerably influenced by time of growth and substrate availability, as well as the individual biosynthetic potential of the respective species. Regarding the reported adverse effects associated with Stachybotrys growth in building environments, combinatory effects of the investigated secondary metabolites should be addressed and the role of the phenylspirodrimanes re-evaluated in future research.}}, author = {{Jagels, Annika and Lindemann, Viktoria and Ulrich, Sebastian and Gottschalk, Christoph and Cramer, Benedikt and Hübner, Florian and Gareis, Manfred and Humpf, Hans-Ulrich}}, booktitle = {{Toxins}}, issn = {{2072-6651}}, keywords = {{Stachybotrys spp., metabolite profiles, LC-MS/MS, satratoxins, phenylspirodrimanes, stachybotrychromenes, biosynthetic production}}, number = {{3}}, publisher = {{MDPI}}, title = {{{Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS}}}, doi = {{10.3390/toxins11030133}}, volume = {{11}}, year = {{2019}}, } @misc{12973, abstract = {{Psychrophilic and psychrotolerant clostridia (n = 110) were isolated from vacuum-packed meat (beef and lamb), fresh venison and from skin and fecal samples of wild boars. They were identified to species level using MALDI-TOF MS, sequence and phylogeny analysis of the 16S rRNA and species specific multiplex qPCR. The results of all three methods were concordant. The majority of isolates were identified as C. tagluense-like Group I (n = 34) and Group II (n = 42). Thirty-five isolates could be identified to species level as follows: C. estertheticum (n = 15), C. frigoriphilum (n = 13), C. frigidicarnis (n = 1) and C. bowmanii (n = 5). This is the first report of detection and identification of C. frigoriphilum and C. tagluense-like Group II as causative agents of blown pack spoilage of beef. The species specific multiplex qPCR developed in this study could be applied to identify and to quantify the Clostridium species described above in suspicious meat juice samples.}}, author = {{Dorn-In, Samart and Schwaiger, Karin and Springer, Claudia and Barta, Leonard and Ulrich, Sebastian and Gareis, Manfred}}, booktitle = {{International Journal of Food Microbiology}}, issn = {{1879-3460}}, keywords = {{Blown pack spoilage, MALDI-TOF MS, PCR, 16S rRNA, C. frigoriphilum, C. tagluense-like}}, pages = {{162--169}}, publisher = {{Elsevier }}, title = {{{Development of a multiplex qPCR for the species identification of Clostridium estertheticum, C. frigoriphilum, C. bowmanii and C. tagluense-like from blown pack spoilage (BPS) meats and from wild boars}}}, doi = {{10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.08.020}}, volume = {{286}}, year = {{2018}}, } @misc{12974, abstract = {{BACKGROUND Fruits and vegetables have increasingly been related to foodborne outbreaks. Besides surface contamination, a possible internalization of microorganisms into edible parts of plants during growth has already been observed. To examine an actual risk for the consumer, microbial contamination of the rind and pulp of 147 muskmelons from international trade was assessed using cultural and biochemical methods, polymerase chain reaction and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS One hundred percent of the rind samples [3.69–8.92 log colony forming units (CFU) g−1] and 89.8% of the pulp samples (maximum load 3.66 log CFU g−1) were microbiologically contaminated. Among the 432 pulp isolates, opportunistic and potentially pathogenic bacteria were identified, mainly Staphylococcus spp. (48.9%), Clostridium spp. (42.9%) and Enterobacteriaceae (27.9%). Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and isolates of the Bacillus cereus group were found on the rind (1.4%, 0.7% and 42.9%, respectively) and in the pulp (0.7%, 1.4% and 4.7%). Clostridium perfringens was isolated from the rind of seven melons. CONCLUSION The present study revealed a regularly occurring internal contamination of melons. Possible health risks for consumers because of an occurrence of microorganisms in melon pulp should be considered in future food safety assessments. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.}}, author = {{Esteban‐Cuesta, Irene and Drees, Nathalie and Ulrich, Sebastian and Stauch, Peter and Sperner, Brigitte and Schwaiger, Karin and Gareis, Manfred and Gottschalk, Christoph}}, booktitle = {{Journal of the science of food and agriculture : incorporating Agri-Biotech}}, issn = {{1097-0010}}, keywords = {{foodborne pathogens, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterobacteriaceae, vegetables}}, number = {{13}}, pages = {{5074--5081}}, publisher = {{Wiley}}, title = {{{Endogenous microbial contamination of melons (Cucumis melo) from international trade: an underestimated risk for the consumer?}}}, doi = {{10.1002/jsfa.9045}}, volume = {{98}}, year = {{2018}}, } @misc{12975, abstract = {{Properly handled fish is usually marketed as “fresh fish” until day 10 after fishing. About 40% of the total fishery that is used for direct human consumption is marketed in fresh form stored at temperatures up to +2 °C. Currently, there are no validated methods available for controlling the recommended period of storage. Apart from being a potential source for food fraud, spoiled fish represents a major source of foodborne illnesses and intoxications. In this study, a rapid MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry based screening method was developed using the vitreous fluid of fish eyes as specimen for the examination of different days of storage. The vitreous fluid was collected from n = 100 freshly fished brown trouts at day 0, 3, 7, 9, and 11 post mortem (n = 20 brown trouts each day of examination). The samples were immediately measured by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in linear positive mode (mass range m/z 2000–20,000 Da). For quality assurance the experiment was repeated with a set of brown trouts (n = 100) originating from the same fish farm and with brown trouts (n = 100) originating from a different fish farm. For specificity testing rainbow trouts (n = 10) were examined accordingly. All obtained mass spectra were processed by means of MALDI Biotyper OC 3.1 and ClinProTools 3.0 software. The MALDI Biotyper approach showed limited applicability for the identification of the time of storage. However, it was suitable to reliably discriminate between the closely related species brown and rainbow trout. Processing by ClinProTools revealed four crucial mass peaks (m/z 2594 Da, m/z 4857 Da, m/z 4879 Da, m/z 4899 Da) which enabled a reliable differentiation between day 0 and 3, 7, 9, 11 (rate of correct identification > 90%) as well as the differentiation between day 3 and 7, 9, 11 (rate of correct identification > 72%). However, this approach showed limited applicability within the end of the tested period of storage when comparing between day 7, 9, or 11.}}, author = {{Ulrich, Sebastian and Beindorf, Philipp–Michael and Biermaier, Barbara and Schwaiger, Karin and Gareis, Manfred and Gottschalk, Christoph}}, booktitle = {{Food Control}}, issn = {{0956-7135}}, keywords = {{MALDI-TOF, Mass spectrometry, Freshness, Fish, Quality control, Authenticity}}, number = {{10}}, pages = {{281--289}}, publisher = {{Elsevier }}, title = {{{A novel approach for the determination of freshness and identity of trouts by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry}}}, doi = {{10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.005}}, volume = {{80}}, year = {{2017}}, } @misc{12976, abstract = {{The consumption of edible insects (entomophagy) will gain greater significance facing the increasing global population, which is suggested to reach 9 billion people in 2050 (FAO., 2009). Due to their high amount of proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals insects represent a valuable source of essential nutrients. While the consumption of insects is very common in many countries of Africa and Asia, there is a far smaller acceptance for entomophagy in Western cultures. Though, products such as noodles or burger paddies made from insect meal have a better compliance and can already be purchased in some countries of the European Union. This processing step however involves the risk of adulteration, because there is no more possibility to authenticate the insects once they are ground. The aim of this study was to investigate whether edible insects could be measured and distinguished by MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry). Therefore, different kinds of edible insects (buffalo worms, mealworms, crickets and grasshoppers) were purchased via online shops and ground subsequently. The insect powder was extracted by vigorously shaking in diluted formic acid and measured by MALDI-TOF MS. The measurement provided reproducible as well as specific mass spectra and enabled a precise differentiation of the different species.}}, author = {{Ulrich, Sebastian and Kühn, Ulrike and Biermaier, Barbara and Piacenza, Nicolo and Schwaiger, Karin and Gottschalk, Christoph and Gareis, Manfred}}, booktitle = {{Food Control}}, issn = {{0956-7135}}, keywords = {{MALDI-TOF MS, Mass spectrometry, Edible insects, Authenticity, Food quality}}, number = {{6}}, pages = {{96--101}}, publisher = {{Elsevier}}, title = {{{Direct identification of edible insects by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry}}}, doi = {{10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.01.010}}, volume = {{76}}, year = {{2017}}, } @misc{12977, abstract = {{Stachybotrys (S.) spp. are omnipresent cellulolytic molds. Some species are highly toxic owing to their ability to synthesize various secondary metabolites such as macrocyclic trichothecenes or hemolysins. The reliable identification of Stachybotrys at species level is currently limited to genome-based identification. This study aimed to establish a fast and reliable MALDI-TOF MS identification method by optimizing the pre-analytical steps for protein extraction for subsequent generation of high-quality fingerprint mass spectra. Eight reference strains of the American Type Culture Collection and the Technical University of Denmark were cultivated in triplicate (biological repetitions) for 2 days in malt extract broth. The mycelia (1.5 ml) were first washed with 75 % ethanol and an additional washing step with dimethyl sulfoxide (10 %) was added to remove unspecific low weight masses. Furthermore, mycelia were broken with roughened glass beads in formic acid (70 %) and acetonitrile. The method was successfully applied to a total of 45 isolates of Stachybotrys originating from three different habitats (indoor, feed, and food samples; n = 15 each): Twenty-seven isolates of S. chartarum and 18 isolates of S. chlorohalonata could be identified by MALDI-TOF MS. The data obtained exactly matched those obtained by genome-based identification. The mean score values for S. chartarum ranged from 2.509 to 2.739 and from 2.148 to 2.622 for S. chlorohalonata with a very good reproducibility: the relative standard deviations were between 0.3 % and 6.8 %. Thus, MALDI-TOF MS proved to be a fast and reliable alternative to identification of Stachybotrys spp. by nucleotide amplification and sequencing.}}, author = {{Ulrich, Sebastian and Biermaier, Barbara and Bader, Oliver and Wolf, Georg and Straubinger, Reinhard K. and Didier, Andrea and Sperner, Brigitte and Schwaiger, Karin and Gareis, Manfred and Gottschalk, Christoph}}, booktitle = {{ Analytical & bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry, Analusis and Quimica analitica}}, issn = {{1618-2650}}, keywords = {{Stachybotrys spp, MALDI-TOF MS, Mass spectrometry, Filamentous fungi}}, number = {{27}}, pages = {{7565--7581}}, publisher = {{Springer}}, title = {{{Identification of Stachybotrys spp. by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry}}}, doi = {{10.1007/s00216-016-9800-9}}, volume = {{408}}, year = {{2016}}, } @misc{12978, abstract = {{Diet change and fatness are supposed to challenge the immune system of the cow. Therefore, immunological and haematological consequences of adaptation to and continued feeding of a high-energy diet were studied in eight non-pregnant, non-lactating Holstein cows over 16 weeks. Blood haptoglobin concentration remained unaltered, suggesting that an acute phase reaction was not induced. Stimulation ability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and stimulated oxidative burst capacity of granulocytes increased significantly in the course of the experiment after an initial drop. While total leucocyte counts increased, the proportion of granulocytes increased and that of lymphocytes decreased at the same time as the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes did. Capability of rumen microbes to detoxify the immune-modulating mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) was not compromised as indicated by the exclusive presence of de-DON as the detoxified DON metabolite in blood. In conclusion, both diet change and prolonged positive energy balance influenced the bovine immune system.}}, author = {{Dänicke, Sven and Meyer, Ulrich and Winkler, Janine and Ulrich, Sebastian and Frahm, Jana and Kersten, Susanne and Valenta, Hana and Rehage, Jürgen and Häussler, Susanne and Sauerwein, Helga and Locher, Lena}}, booktitle = {{Archives of Animal Nutrition}}, issn = {{1477-2817}}, keywords = {{Dairy cowsdeoxynivalenol, energy consumption, functional responses, haematology, leucocytes, mycotoxins, zearalenone}}, number = {{1}}, pages = {{1--16}}, publisher = {{Taylor & Francis}}, title = {{{Haematological and immunological adaptations of non-pregnant, non-lactating dairy cows to a high-energetic diet containing mycotoxins}}}, doi = {{10.1080/1745039x.2015.1117561}}, volume = {{70}}, year = {{2015}}, } @misc{12979, abstract = {{Physiological consequences of adaptation to and continued feeding of a high-energetic diet were studied in eight non-pregnant, non-lactating dairy Holstein cows over a period of 16 weeks. The first six weeks served as an adaptation period from the low energetic straw-based diet (3.8 MJ NEL/kg DM) to the high-energetic ration (7.5 MJ NEL/kg DM). Intake of dry matter (DM) increased with dietary energy concentration from 9 to 20 kg/d up to week 9 to 12 and decreased thereafter. The initial live weight (LW) of 550 ± 60 kg was increased linearly and corresponded to an average daily LW gain of 2.3 ± 0.3 kg. Energy balance increased approximately nine-fold to a maximum of 114 MJ NEL/d in week 10. Ruminal fermentation pattern was completely changed from an acetate dominating profile to a propionate based one, which was paralleled by a marked increase in the rumen fluid endotoxin concentration. Unlike blood glucose concentration, which increased continuously, that of cholesterol and triglycerides started to increase after an initial stagnation. In conclusion, both ruminal adaptation to a high-energetic diet and the continued feeding of such a diet induced digestive and metabolic adaptations in non-pregnant, non-lactating cows characterised by a progressing positive energy balance.}}, author = {{Dänicke, Sven and Meyer, Ulrich and Winkler, Janine and Schulz, Kirsten and Ulrich, Sebastian and Frahm, Jana and Kersten, Susanne and Rehage, Jürgen and Breves, Gerhard and Häußler, Susanne and Sauerwein, Helga and Locher, Lena}}, booktitle = {{Archives of Animal Nutrition}}, issn = {{1477-2817}}, keywords = {{blood chemistry, dairy cows, endotoxins, energy balance, energy content, rumen fermentation}}, number = {{6}}, pages = {{460--477}}, publisher = {{Taylor & Francis}}, title = {{{Description of a bovine model for studying digestive and metabolic effects of a positive energy balance not biased by lactation or gravidity}}}, doi = {{10.1080/1745039x.2014.973243}}, volume = {{68}}, year = {{2014}}, }