---
_id: '13481'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Additive manufacturing (AM), commonly known as 3D-printing, provides a cost-effective
    approach for manufacturing of prototypes. The authors illustrate material analysis
    of suitable 3D-printable materials that can be used to manufacture THz components
    and investigate and provide solutions to challenges occurring during the 3D printing
    process. Samples in this study are 3D-printed using fused filament fabrication
    (FFF) based 3D-printers Ultimaker S5 and Bambu Lab X1E.\r\nWe investigate a total
    of six materials:  High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS), High Density Polyethylene (HDPE),
    Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (TOPAS), Polypropylene (PP), Polycarbonate (PC) and Polytetrafluoroethylene
    (PTFE/ Teflon). We observed that the Teflon material contains PC as material dopant
    to reduce the melting temperature. The authors observed warping of the 3D-structure
    due to the poor adhesion of material on the print-bed. An adhesive fluid or adhesive
    sheet applied on the print-bed before 3D-printing provides proper adhesion. Air
    gaps formed between the adjacent layers during the 3D-printing results into incorrect
    evaluations. The 3D-printing setting of material flow ratio above 100% ensures
    the filling of air gaps created due to layer-by-layer manufacturing. Moreover,
    the direction of nozzle movement also helps in achieving uniformity in 3D-printed
    sample. A minimal layer height of 100 µm for the 3D-printing of all the materials
    provides promising adhesion and better finish. Some materials e.g., PP, PC, TOPAS
    capture humidity, therefore the authors used specialized chambers to maintain
    low humidity during the whole 3D-printing process. Fan speed, low surrounding
    temperature contribute in blocking of the nozzles or premature cooling of the
    samples; therefore, it is necessary to maintain the temperature during 3D-printing.
    \r\nWe investigated these samples using THz-TDS setup to find the most suitable
    material for AM of THz-components. The results reveal that the absorption coefficient
    of TOPAS is the least (α < 0.5 per cm at 0.4 THz) among all the investigated materials.
    Therefore, with the help of material analysis of 3D-printable materials for manufacturing
    of THz-components, the authors introduce fundamental research results for the
    future developments in the field of 3D-printing of THz components. \r\n\r\n[1]
    A. Shrotri, A. K. Mukherjee et. al.: Additive manufacturing and characterization
    of hollow core metal and topas waveguides for Terahertz sensor systems, 2023 IRMMW-THz,
    Montreal, QC, Canada, doi: 10.1109/IRMMW-THz57677.2023.10299134.\r\n[2] A. Shrotri,
    S. Joshi et. al.: THz-Characterization of Inkjet Printable Polymers,2025 French-German
    THz Conference, Siegen, Germany, 2025 \r\n[3] A. Shrotri, A. K. Mukherjee, et.
    al.: THz-Characterization of Additively Manufactured Spiral Shaped Waveguides,
    2023 IEEE APCAP, Guangzhou, China, 2023, pp. 1-2, doi: 10.1109/APCAP59480.2023.10469842\r\n[4]
    S. Joshi, A. Starsaja, et. al.: Additively Manufactured Terahertz Waveguides,
    2025 50th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves
    (IRMMW-THz), Helsinki, Finland, 2025, pp. 1-2, doi: 10.1109/IRMMW-THz61557.2025.11320095\r\n[5]
    A. Shrotri, S. Joshi, et. al.: Terahertz Axicon Lenses, 2025 50th IRMMW-THz, Helsinki,
    Finland, 2025, pp. 1-2, doi: 10.1109/IRMMW-THz61557.2025.11319870           "
author:
- first_name: Abhijeet Narendra
  full_name: Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra
  id: '74090'
  last_name: Shrotri
  orcid: 0000-0003-2116-156X
- first_name: 'Annamarija '
  full_name: 'Starsaja, Annamarija '
  last_name: Starsaja
- first_name: Suraj
  full_name: Joshi, Suraj
  last_name: Joshi
- first_name: Fahd
  full_name: Rushd Faridi, Fahd
  last_name: Rushd Faridi
- first_name: Oliver
  full_name: Stübbe, Oliver
  id: '51864'
  last_name: Stübbe
  orcid: 0000-0001-7293-6893
- first_name: 'Sascha '
  full_name: 'Preu, Sascha '
  last_name: Preu
citation:
  ama: Shrotri AN, Starsaja A, Joshi S, Rushd Faridi F, Stübbe O, Preu S. <i>Overcoming
    Material and Process Challenges in 3D-Printed Terahertz Components</i>.; 2026.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28438.72002">10.13140/RG.2.2.28438.72002</a>
  apa: Shrotri, A. N., Starsaja, A., Joshi, S., Rushd Faridi, F., Stübbe, O., &#38;
    Preu, S. (2026). <i>Overcoming Material and Process Challenges in 3D-printed Terahertz
    Components</i>. 12th International Workshop on THz Technolgy and Applications,
    Kaiserslautern. <a href="https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28438.72002">https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28438.72002</a>
  bjps: <b>Shrotri AN <i>et al.</i></b> (2026) <i>Overcoming Material and Process
    Challenges in 3D-Printed Terahertz Components</i>. .
  chicago: Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Annamarija  Starsaja, Suraj Joshi, Fahd Rushd
    Faridi, Oliver Stübbe, and Sascha  Preu. <i>Overcoming Material and Process Challenges
    in 3D-Printed Terahertz Components</i>, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28438.72002">https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28438.72002</a>.
  chicago-de: Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Annamarija  Starsaja, Suraj Joshi, Fahd
    Rushd Faridi, Oliver Stübbe und Sascha  Preu. 2026. <i>Overcoming Material and
    Process Challenges in 3D-printed Terahertz Components</i>. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28438.72002">10.13140/RG.2.2.28438.72002</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Starsaja, Annamarija </span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Joshi, Suraj</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Rushd
    Faridi, Fahd</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Stübbe, Oliver</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Preu, Sascha </span>: <i>Overcoming Material
    and Process Challenges in 3D-printed Terahertz Components</i>, 2026'
  havard: A.N. Shrotri, A. Starsaja, S. Joshi, F. Rushd Faridi, O. Stübbe, S. Preu,
    Overcoming Material and Process Challenges in 3D-printed Terahertz Components,
    2026.
  ieee: 'A. N. Shrotri, A. Starsaja, S. Joshi, F. Rushd Faridi, O. Stübbe, and S.
    Preu, <i>Overcoming Material and Process Challenges in 3D-printed Terahertz Components</i>.
    2026. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28438.72002">10.13140/RG.2.2.28438.72002</a>.'
  mla: Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, et al. <i>Overcoming Material and Process Challenges
    in 3D-Printed Terahertz Components</i>. 2026, <a href="https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28438.72002">https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28438.72002</a>.
  short: A.N. Shrotri, A. Starsaja, S. Joshi, F. Rushd Faridi, O. Stübbe, S. Preu,
    Overcoming Material and Process Challenges in 3D-Printed Terahertz Components,
    2026.
  ufg: '<b>Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra u. a.</b>: Overcoming Material and Process Challenges
    in 3D-printed Terahertz Components, o. O. 2026.'
  van: Shrotri AN, Starsaja A, Joshi S, Rushd Faridi F, Stübbe O, Preu S. Overcoming
    Material and Process Challenges in 3D-printed Terahertz Components. 2026.
conference:
  end_date: 2026-03-04
  location: Kaiserslautern
  name: 12th International Workshop on THz Technolgy and Applications
  start_date: 2026-03-03
date_created: 2026-03-09T10:27:23Z
date_updated: 2026-04-08T12:21:44Z
ddc:
- '620'
department:
- _id: DEP5020
- _id: DEP6020
doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.28438.72002
language:
- iso: eng
publication_status: published
related_material:
  link:
  - relation: supplementary_material
    url: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/403571615_Workshop_12th_International_Workshop_on_THz_Technology_and_Applications_Title_Overcoming_Material_and_Process_Challenges_in_3D-printed_Terahertz_Components?channel=doi&linkId=69d4f184b6bee42358233d74&showFulltext=true
status: public
title: Overcoming Material and Process Challenges in 3D-printed Terahertz Components
type: conference_poster
user_id: '83778'
year: '2026'
...