---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\r\n                  <jats:sec>\r\n                    <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\r\n
    \                   <jats:p>Muscle dysmorphia (MD) is characterized by an excessive
    concern of not being muscular enough. Sociocultural influences appear to play
    a central role in the internalization of muscular beauty ideals and the development
    of MD. No study has examined the potential mediating pathways from sociocultural
    pressure sources through internalized beauty standards to an algorithm-defined
    MD diagnosis in the general German population.</jats:p>\r\n                  </jats:sec>\r\n
    \                 <jats:sec>\r\n                    <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\r\n
    \                   <jats:p>\r\n                      A cross-sectional survey
    was conducted among adults (≥ 18 years) in Germany via the Online Platform Prolific\r\n
    \                     <jats:sup>®</jats:sup>\r\n                      . Participants
    completed standardized questionnaires assessing sociocultural influences and internalization
    of different beauty standards (SATAQ-4R) and a clinically algorithm-defined MD,
    operationalized using criteria by Pope et al. [4], following the approach described
    by Mitchison et al. [14]. Data were weighted to approximate representativeness
    for the German population across the key demographics age and gender.\r\n                    </jats:p>\r\n
    \                 </jats:sec>\r\n                  <jats:sec>\r\n                    <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\r\n
    \                   <jats:p>In the total sample, a binary logistic regression
    indicated that internalization of the beauty standards Thin/Low body fat, Muscularity,
    and General Attractiveness significantly predicted algorithm-defined MD, whereas
    sociocultural pressure sources such as Family, Peers, Significant Others, and
    Media were not significant. In linear regression models, Media pressures predicted
    all forms of internalization, while Peer pressure predicted only Muscularity internalization.
    Mediation analyses indicated that internalization, particularly internalization
    of ideals of Muscularity, significantly mediated the relationship between Media
    and Peer pressures and algorithm-defined MD. Gender-specific analyses also showed
    Muscularity internalization as the key mediator for both men and women. In men,
    internalization of General Attractiveness ideals additionally mediated the relationship
    between Media pressure and MD. In women, only Family had a significant effect
    on algorithm-defined MD, mediated via Muscularity Internalization.</jats:p>\r\n
    \                 </jats:sec>\r\n                  <jats:sec>\r\n                    <jats:title>Discussion</jats:title>\r\n
    \                   <jats:p>Our findings highlight that internalization, particularly
    of the Muscularity ideal, appears to be a core mechanism linking sociocultural
    pressures to algorithm-defined MD. These results provide empirical evidence that
    interventions for MD need to focus on modifying internalized appearance ideals,
    especially the Muscularity ideal, to reduce MD symptoms in both men and women,
    with additional attention to General Attractiveness internalization in men.</jats:p>\r\n
    \                 </jats:sec>@eng"
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Marietta
      foaf_name: Lieb, Marietta
      foaf_surname: Lieb
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Christopher
      foaf_name: Zaiser, Christopher
      foaf_surname: Zaiser
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Nora M.
      foaf_name: Laskowski, Nora M.
      foaf_surname: Laskowski
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Georg
      foaf_name: Halbeisen, Georg
      foaf_surname: Halbeisen
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=85780
    orcid: 0000-0002-9529-2215
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Georgios
      foaf_name: Paslakis, Georgios
      foaf_surname: Paslakis
  bibo_doi: 10.1186/s40337-026-01718-3
  bibo_issue: '1'
  bibo_volume: 14
  dct_date: 2026^xs_gYear
  dct_isPartOf:
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/2050-2974
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC@
  dct_title: The impact of peer and media pressure on muscle dysmorphia for men and
    women in the general German population is mediated by the internalization of muscularity
    ideals@
...